LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIVERSIDE 


w^  .^-  ^ 


LMPORTANT  EVENTS 


^  Book  of  Bates 


HISTORICAL,  BIOGRAPHICAL,  POLITICAL, 

RELIGIOUS,  LITERARY,  SCIENTIFIC, 

AND  INDUSTRIAL 


COMPlLEn   BY 

GEOKGE  W.  POWERS 

/u 


NEW  YORK  :  4C  East  Utii  Street 
THOMAS  Y.  CHOWKLL  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON:  Kxt  I'l  ic<  iiamk  Strkkt 


Copyright,  1899, 
By  T.  y.  Crowell  &  Company. 


i 


PREFACE, 


This  book  is  a  compilation  intended  for  the  use 
of  the  general  reader.  In  condensing  the  recorded 
history  of  6,(X>()  years  within  the  limits  deemed  de- 
sirable, many  events  are  necessarily  emitted  which 
might  be  considered  of  equal  importance  with 
those  selected.  This  is  unavoidable.  No  attempt 
has  been  made  to  compete  with  the  many-volumed 
encyclopedias  and  works  of  historical  reference 
from  which  the  materials  for  this  work  have  been 
derived.  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  compiler 
rather  to  present  a  thread  of  history  running 
through  the  careers  of  the  nations  which  have 
played  a  more  or  less  important  part  in  human 
affairs,  that  may  assist  the  reader  of  current  news 
and  literature  in  better  understanding  the  present 
by  a  glance  at  the  past.  More  than  one-half  of 
the  space  has  been  devoted  to  the  continent  of 
America,  the  larger  portion  to  affairs  in  the  United 
States.  The  minor  States  of  America,  North  and 
South,  have  received  comi)aratively  more  atten- 
tion tiian  their  relative  imj)ortance  in  the  world's 
liistory  would  suggest;  but  the  rapidly  growing 
political,  commercial,  and  social  intercourse  of 
our  own   country  with   these  peoples,   and    our 

Hi 


IV 


PREFACE. 


recent  war  with  Spain  and  the  resultant  close  con- 
nection with  Spanisli  Americans,  give  an  especial 
interest  to  their  previous  history.  It  has  been 
impossible  to  reconcile  the  conflicting  dates  in 
what  are  considered  *'  standard  "  authorities. 
This  would  have  involved  an  amount  of  research 
entirely  outside  the  scope  of  this  work.  The  dif- 
ficulty encountered  by  every  one  who  has  given 
the  least  attention  to  chronological  matters  is  so 
clearly  expressed  by  Mr.  Louis  Heilprin,  the  able 
editor  of  the  historical  and  biographical  data  in 
the  Appletou  publications  and  author  of  ''  Histor- 
ical Reference  Book,"  that  a  few  words  from  the 
preface  of  the  latter  work  will  clearly  illustrate 
this  feature  of  chronology.  ''It  is  little  under- 
stood to  what  extent  encyclopedic  publications 
contradict  each  other  in  the  matter  of  dates.  A 
vast  amount  of  confusion  prevails,  even  with 
regard  to  the  events  of  ordinary  history.  Uni- 
form accuracy  is  seldom  achieved,  owing  to  the 
amount  of  labor  involved.  .  .  .  Even  able  and 
conscientious  historians  will  often  slip  into  chron- 
ological errors.  The  utmost  confusion  prevails  in 
books  respecting  dates  in  the  seventeenth  century 
and  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  .  .  . 
[This  resulted  from  the  clianges  brought  about 
by  the  Gregorian  Calendar,  adopted  by  the  Euro- 
pean nations  at  ditferent  times.  In  England  the 
change  took  place  in  1752.  when  the  day  follow- 
ing Sept.  2  was  reckoned  as  the  llth.]     The  same 


PREFACE.  V 

writer  will  not  iinfreqiiently  use  the  old  style  in 
one  place,  and  the  new  in  another,"  etc.  Many 
other  causes  for  the  discrepancies  of  dates  in  his- 
torical matters  exist,  which  it  would  require  a  treat- 
ise rather  than  a  preface  to  explain.  Therefore, 
if  any  reader  of  this  book  should  find  that  the 
dates  do  not  always  correspond  with  his  favorite 
*'  authority,"  he  will  readily  see  the  reason.  The 
principal  authorities  consulted,  and  to  which  the 
compiler  is  very  much  indebted,  are  the  **  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,"  Ai)p]etou'8  publications,  Heil- 
prin's  ^'  Historical  Reference  Book,"  Haydn's 
*' Book  of  Dates,"  Harper's  <' Manual  of  Facts," 
Drake's  *' American  Biography,"  ''Canadian  Bi- 
ography," "  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,"  *'  Review 
of  Reviews,"  ''Current  History,'*  Duruy's  and 
Hske's  Histories,  "  Century  Dictionary  of 
Names,"  Webster's  "  International  Dictionary," 
and  New  York  World  Ahnnnac.  Special  his- 
tories of  tlie  ditlerent  countries  have  also  been 

consulted. 

G.  W.  P. 

Boston,  May,  1899. 


IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

A   BOOK   OF  BATES. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

Semi-MiithirnI,  Trnditional^  and  Conjpclural  Historj/, 

500-1 400. 

A.n. 

500     Pre-Toltec  Period. 

503      Mexican  history  begins. 

600      Toltecs  established  throughout  Mexico. 

861     The  Xorsenian  Nadodd  discovers  Iceland. 

982      Eric  the   Red   discovers  and  names   Green- 
lan.l. 

985      Bjarni  sights  laud  at  Cape  Cod  or  Nantucket. 
1000     Leif  Ericsson  sails  for  Western  land. 
1002     Thorwald,  Eoif's  })rother,  visits  Vinland. 

1004  Thorwald    killed    in    a    skirmish    \vith    the 

native."^ 

1005  'riiorntiun  Karlsefne  lauds  iu  IJliodt;  Island, 

and  stays  in  Vinlan<l  three  years. 
1050      ImuI  of  the  Toltec  power  in  Mexico. 
1090     Aztecs  }>egiu  th«'ir  journey  towards  Mexico. 
1325      Aztecs  found  (he  city  of  M«'xic(). 
1 


[MPOKTAM"    EVENTS. 


1349     Esquimaux  appear  in  Greenland. 
1400     Communication  with  Greenland  ceases. 


Period  of  Authentic  Discovery,  Exploration,  and 
Conquest,  1492-16 16. 

1492  Columbus  sails  from    Palos,   Aug.  3  ;  lands 

on  Guanahani,  Oct.  12  ;  discovers  Cuba, 
Oct.  28. 

1493  Columbus  sails  on    his    second    expadition, 

Sept.  25. 
Cattle  first  brought  to  Amer.  by  Columbus. 

1494  Columbus  discovers  Jamaica,  May  3. 

1497  John  Cabot  dis.  X.  Amer.  continent,  June  24. 

1498  Columbus  sails  on  his  third  voyage,  May  30. 

1499  First  voyage  of  Amerigo  Vespucci. 

1500  Gaspar  Cortereal  discovers  Labrador. 

1501  Xegro  slaves  imported  into  Hispaniola. 

1502  Columbus  sails  on  his  fourth  voyage,  ^Nlay  9. 
1504  Columbus  finally  leaves  the  Xew  World  for 

Spain. 
Cape  Breton  discovered  by  French  fishermen. 
1506     Columbus  d.  at  Valladolid,  May  20  ;  b.  U36  ? 

1511  Velasquez  subjugates  Cuba. 

1512  Florida  discovered  by  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon. 

1513  Vasco  de  Balboa  discovers  Pacific  Ocean. 
1517     Mexico  discovered  by  Fernando  de  Cordova. 
1519     Hernando  Cortez  lands  in  Mexico. 

1524     \'erazzano  enters  bay  of  Xew  York.  April. 
1534     Jacques  Cartier  enters  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 


1535     Grijalva's  expedition  discovers  California. 
1540     I)e  Soto  conquers  Louisiana. 
1562     Jean  Ribault  explores  coast  of  Florida. 
1565     St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  founded  by  Menendez. 

1583  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  takes  possession  of 

Newfoundland. 

1584  Raleigh's  first  exp.  lands  in  Virginia,  July  13. 

1585  John  Davis  discovers  Davis  Straits.  [10. 

1586  Sir  Francis  Drake  visits  Roanoke  Inlet.  June 

1587  Virginia  Dare,  first   English  child  born  in 

America,  Aug.  18. 
1602     Bart.  Gosnold  discovers  Cape  Cod,  May  H. 
1605     De  Monts  takes  possession  of  Maine,  May. 
1609     Henry  Hudson  explores  Hudson  River,  Sept. 

11-22. 
1614     (apt.  Jolin  Smith  explores  Xew  Eng.  coast. 
1616     (ireat  mortality  among  Indians  in  New  Eng. 


Colonial  Period — British   America. 

1603  Simon  Bradstreet,  col.  gov,  of  Mass.,  born; 

d.  March  27,  1097. 

1604  Joliti    Eliot,   Apostle   to  Ww    Indians,  born; 

d.  May  20,  1090. 
1607     .loliM  Harvard,  foiind«'r  of  Harvard  College, 
i). ;  d.  Sept.  U,  10:;s. 
Jamestown,  Va.,  set.  I)y  tli«'   l-lng..  May   \'-'>. 
('apt.  John  Smith  sav«'d  by  i'curaliontjis,  Dec, 
1611     Stephen  Daye,  first  printer  in  N.E.,  born; 
d.  Dec.  22,  1008. 


4  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1614     Manhattan  (Xew  York)  settled  by  the  Dutch 

New  Jersey  settled  by  the  Dutch. 
1616     Slaves  first  brought  to  Va.  by  the  Dutch. 
1618     Powhatan,  Indian  sachem  in  Ya.,  dies,    [17 

1620  Maiifoicer  sails  from  Plymouth,  Eng.,  Sept 
Peregrine  White,  first  white  child  born  in 

Xew  England,  Nov. ;  d.  July  22,  1704. 
Mayflower  reaches  Plymouth,  Mass.,  Dec.  16 
Pilgrims  land,  Dec.  21. 

1621  John  Carver,  first  gov.  of  Plym.  col.,  dies. 
Miles  Standish  captain  of  Plymouth  colony, 

Feb.  17. 

Samoset,  first  Indian  who  vis.  the  Pilgrims. 

Treaty  between  Plymouth  colony  and  Mas- 
sasoit,  Mar.  22. 

William  Bradford  governor  of  Plymouth. 

First  Thanksgiving  in  Plymouth,  Sept. 

Fortune  arrives  at  Plymouth,  Nov.  11. 

Cotton-seed  planted  in  Yirginia. 
1623     New  Hampshire  settled. 

Lord  Baltimore  founds  a  colony  at  Ferry- 
land,  Newfoundland. 

Ship  Anne  arrives  at  Plymouth,  Aug. 

[The    Mayflower,   Fortune.,   and  Anne,   are  usually 
spoken  of  as  the  "  Pilgrim  "  sliips.] 

1628  John  Endicott  governor  of  Mass.,  May  30. 

1629  .lohn  Winthrop  governor  of  Mass.,  Aug.  20. 
Transfer  of  Mass.  govt,  to  New  England. 

1630  First  church  of  Boston  gathered  at  Charles- 

town,  July. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  5 

1630  Boston  (Indian  Shawmut)  settled,  Sept.  17. 
Famine  in  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony. 

1632  Edward  Winslow  governor  of  Plj-mouth. 

1633  Wouter  Van  Twiller  gov.  of  New  York. 
Connecticut  settled  by  the  English. 

1634  Maryland  settled  by  Lord  Baltimore. 

1636  Rhode  Island  set.  by  Koger  Williams,  June. 
John  Mason,  capt.,  founder  of  N.  H.,  d.  Dec. 
Pequot  war  begins  in  Mass.  ;  ends,  1(337. 

1637  John    Winthrop  gov.  of  Mass.,  dies  Mar.  26, 

1()4!>. 

1638  William  Kieft  governor  of  New  York. 
Delaware  settled  by  the  Swedes. 

John  Harvard  bequeaths  his  library  to  found 

a  college,  Sept.  14. 
New  Haven  settled. 

1639  Printing-press  estab.  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  selected  as  site  of  Harvard 

College,  March  13. 
First  Baptist  chuicli   in    America,  at   }*rovi- 

dence,  R.I. 
First  Constitution  of  Conn,  adopted,  April. 
Increase   Mather,  pres.  of  Harvard    College, 

born  June  21  ;  dies  Aug.  23,  1723. 

1640  Reformed  Dutch  Church  estab.  in  New  York. 
Manufacture  of  cloths  began  in  Mass. 
Thomas  (iorges  dep.  gov.  of  Maine,  Mar.  10. 

1642  First  Commencement  at  Harvard  College. 
Sir  William  Berkeley  gov.  of  Virginia. 

1643  Anne  Hutchinsdn,  religious  enthusiast,  dies. 


b  IMPORTANT    EYEXTS. 

1643  Brewster  dies  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  18. 
Swedes  settle  in  Pennsylvania. 

1644  Anabaptists  banished  from  Massachusetts. 

1645  Free  schools  established  at  Eoxbury,  Mass. 

1646  John  Eliot  preaches  first  sermon  to  Indians, 

Oct.  28. 

1647  Peter  Stuyvesant  gov.  of  Xew  York,  May  11. 
Law  passed  in  Mass.  estab.  grammar  schools. 

1648  Margaret  Jones,  first  witch  executed  in  Mass. 
Elihu  Yale,  patron  of  Yale   College,  born ; 

dies  July  22,  1721. 
1650     Baptists  arrested  and  fined  in  Mass. 

1652  John  Cotton,  Puritan  minister,  d. ;  b.  1585. 
Mint  established  in  Boston,  John  Hull  mint- 
master. 

Samuel  Sewall,  jurist,  born  ;  dies  1730. 
Pres.  Dunster  of  Harvard  indicted  for  reli- 
gious opinions,  and  forced  to  resign. 

1653  North  Carolina  settled,  July. 

1654  Charles  Chauncy,  pres.  of  Harvard  ;  d,  1072. 
Col.  AVood  explores  Kentucky. 

1655  Edward  Winslow,  gov.  of  Plymouth  colony. 

dies;  born  1595. 
Delaware  brought  under  Dutch  rule,  Sept. 

1656  Anne  Hibbins  executed  as  a  witch  in  Boston. 
Quakers  arrive  in  Boston,  July. 

1657  AVm.  Bradford,  2d  gov.  of  Plymouth  colony, 

dies  ;  born  1589. 

1658  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall  dies  ;  born  1586. 

1659  Quakers  hung  in  Boston. 


NORTH    AMERK  A.  i 

1660  Whalley  and  Goft>,  regicides,  ar.  in  Boston. 

1661  Eliot  translates  New  Testament  into  Indian. 

1663  Cotton  Mather,  b.  Feb.  12  ;  d.  Feb.  13, 1728. 

1664  First  Baptist  church  in  Massachusetts. 
Surrender   of  Fort  Amsterdam  to  English, 

Sept.  8. 
Richard  Nicolls  gov.  of  New  York. 

1665  John  Endicott,  gov.  of  Mass.,  d. ;  born  1.588  ? 
John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  gov.  of  Connecticut. 
Philip  Carteret,  first  Eng.  gov.  of  N.  Jersey. 
Prov.  government  estab.  in  Maine,  June  23. 

1668     Francis  Lovelace  gov.  of  New  York,  Aug.  28. 

1670  John  Davenport,  Puritan  divine,  d, ;  b.  l.">97. 
South  Carolina  settled  ;  W.  Sayle  first  gov. 

1671  French  settle  in  Michigan. 

First  slaves  come  to  South  Carolina. 

1672  George  Fo.x,  founder  of  Quakers,  visits  R.I. 

1673  New  York  and  New  Jersey  surrendered  to 

the  Dutch. 

1674  New  Netherlands  and   Now  Jersey  restored 

to  England. 
Edmund  .\ndros  gov.  of  New  York,  July  1. 

1675  Kjw^  P)iili]t's  Indian  war  in  Mass. 

1676  Nathaniel  IJaoon  rebellion  in  Virginia. 
Philip    (Kinff    I'liiliji)     Ponietaconi,     Indian 

chief,   .shot. 

1680  (iovernment  of  .Maine  organized  by  Mass. 
John  liiickner  brings  a  priuting-press  to  Va. 

1681  William   Peiin   receives  charter  of  Pennsyl- 

vania, March  4. 


8  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1682  Penn  lands  at  Newcastle,  Penn.,  Oct.  27. 

1683  First  assembly  in  New  York  under  Eng.  rule. 

1684  Charter  of  Mass.  revoked  by  England. 

1685  First  printing-press  in  Philadelphia. 
First  Episcopal  church  in  New  Jersey. 

1686  First  Episcopal  cliurch  in  Boston. 
City  of  Albany  incorporated,  July  22. 

1687  Thomas  Prince,  divine  and  hist.,  b. ;  d.  1758. 

1689  Gov.  Andros  arrested  by  people  of  Boston. 

1690  Sir  William  Phipps  (or  Phips)  captures  Port 

Royal,  N.S.,  April-May. 
Colonial  Congress  called  at  New  York,  Apr.  2. 
First  paper-mill  in  America,  built  by  Ritten- 

house,  in  Pennsylvania. 
Huguenots  of  France  come  to  Virginia. 

1691  Maine  united  with  Massachusetts,  Oct.  7. 
Second  charter  granted  Mass.  by  Eng.,  Oct.  7. 

1692  Witchcraft  delusion  begins  at  Salem,  Mass., 

March. 
William  and  Mary  Coll.  chartered,  Va.,  Feb. 

1695  First  Episcopal  church  in  Philadelphia. 

1696  Sir  Wm.  Pepperell,  general,  b.  June  29  ;  d. 

July  6,  1759. 

1697  Remarkable  escape  of  Mrs.  Hannah  Dustin 

from  Indians,  March. 

1699  Capt.  Kidd,  pirate,  arrested  in  Boston  ;   hung 

in  London,  May  24,  1701. 

1700  First  quarantine  act  passed  in  Penn. 
Williamstown  made  capital  of  Virginia, 

1701  Charter  for  Yale  College  granted,  Oct.  9. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  \f 

1701  Philadelphia  incorporated  as  a  city,  Oct.  28. 

1702  First  issue  of  pajier  luoiiey  in  America,  in 

Soutli  Carolina. 

1703  Jonathan  Edwards,  met.,  born  ;   dies  1758. 

1704  Boston   News  Letter,  first  paper   in   Boston, 

April  24. 

1705  First  Baptist  church  in  Connecticut. 
First  church  in  North  Carolina  built. 

1706  Benjamin  Franklin  born  in  Boston,  Jan.  17  ; 

dies  April  17,  1790. 

1707  Stephen   Hopkins,   signer  of  Declaration  of 

Independence,  b.  Mar.  7  ;  d.  July  19, 1785. 

1709  Slave-market  estab.  in  Wall  Street,  N.  York. 
Thomas  Short,  first  printer  in  Connecticut. 

1710  3,000    German    Lutherans    arrive    in    .New 

York,  June  14. 
1714     Schooners  first  built,  at  Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
1716     First  iron-works  established  in  Pennsylvania. 
Philip  Livingston,  signer  Dec.  of  Ind.,  born 
Jan.  15;  d.  June  12,  1778. 

1718  Israel  Putnam,  Rev.  gen.,  b.  Jan.  7  ;  d.  May 

2!>,  1790. 
Ksek  Hopkins,  first  com.  of  Am.  navy,  born  ; 

d.  Feb.  20,  1802. 
David  Brainerd,  missionary  to  the  Indians, 

b.  April  20;  d.  Oct.  9,  1747.  [1044. 

Wm.  Penn  dies  in  Kng.,  July  .'JO  ;  b.  Oct.  14, 

1719  Scotch-Irish  settle  in  New  Hampshire. 
1721      Inoculation   against  small-pox   practised    in 

Boston. 


10  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1721  lioger  Sherman,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind.,  b. 

April  19;  d.  July  23,  1793. 
Peyton  Randolph,  pres.  of  first  Am.  Con- 
gress, born ;  d.  Oct.  22,  1775. 

1722  Sanmel  Adams,  Rev.  patriot,  b.  Sept.  27 ;  d. 

Oct.  2,  1803. 

1723  Franklin  arrives  in  Philadelphia,  Oct. 

1724  Father  Sebastian  Rasle,  French  priest,  killed 

at  Norridgevrock,  Me.,  Aug.  12. 

1725  James  Otis,  orator  and  patriot,  b.  Feb.  o  ;  d. 

May  23,  1783. 
Neiv  York  Gazette,  first  paper  in  N.  Y.,  Oct. 

1726  Wm.  Prescott,  Rev.  col.,  b.  Feb.  20 ;  d.  Oct. 

13,  1795. 

1727  Artemas  AVard,  Rev.  gen.,  b.  Xov.   27;    d. 

Oct.  27,  1800.  [d.  May  12,  179.5. 

Ezra  Stiles,  pres.  of  Yale  College,  b.  Dec.  15  ; 
AVm.  Ellery,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind.,  b.  Dec. 

22;  d.  Feb.  15,  1820. 
First  newspaper  printed  in  Maryland. 

1728  Horatio  Gates,  gen.,  b.;  d.  April  10,  1806. 
John  Stark,  gen.,  b.  Aug.  28  ;  d.  May  8,  1822. 

1729  Brit,  government  formally  recognizes  New- 

foundland as  a  colony. 

1730  Baltimore  laid  out. 

1731  Robert  Treat  Paine,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind., 

b.  March  11;  d.  May  11,  1814. 
Samuel  Huntington,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind., 

b.  July  3  ;  d.  Jan.  5,  1796. 
Wm.  Moultrie,  Rev.  gen.,  b.;  d.  Sept.  27, 1805. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  11 

1731  Franklin  founds  library  of  Phil.,  Nov.  8. 

1732  Richard  Henry  Lee  born  Jan.  20  ;  d.  June  19, 

1794.  [1795. 

Francis  ^Marion,  Rev.  gen.,  born ;  d.  Feb.  27, 
George  Washington  born  Feb.  22 ;  d.  Dec. 

14,  1799. 
First  stage  runs  between  Boston  and  X.  Y. 
Poor  Richard's  Almanac  issued. 

1733  Gen.  Oglethorpe  settles  Georgia. 
Savannah,  Georgia,  founded.  [7,  1800. 
Robert  Morris,  financier,  b.  Jan.  20 ;  d.  May 
Trustees  prohibit  rum  in  Ga.,  Aug.  11  ;  re- 
pealed by  order  of   House  of  Commons, 
July  14,  1742. 

First  Freemasons'  lodge  in  Amer.,  in  Boston. 

1734  Francis  L.  Lee,  signer  of  Dec.  of   Ind.,  b. 

Oct.  14;  d.  April,  1797.  [1818. 

1735  Paul  Revere,  patriot,  b.  Jan.  1  ;  d.  May  10, 
John  Adams  (2d  pres.)  born  Oct.  19  ;  dies 

July  4,  1826. 

1736  Ann  Lee,  founder  of  the  Shakers  in  Amer- 

ica, b.  Feb.  29;  d.  Sej.t.  8,  1784. 
John  Wesley  preaches  at  Savannah,  March  7. 
Patrick  Henry  born  May  29  ;  d.  June  0, 1799. 
Virginia  Gazette,  first  newspaper  in  Va.,  Aug. 

1737  John  Hancock  b.  Jan.  12;  d.  Oct.  8,  1793. 
John  S.  Copley,  historical  painter,  b.  .July  '•\ ; 

d.  Sept.  9,  I8i:5. 
Charles  Carroll,  last  surviving  signer  ut  I)«'o. 
of  Ind.,  b.  Sept.  20;  dies  Nov.  14,  1832. 


12  IMPORTANT   EVEXTS. 

1738  Francis  Hopkinson,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind., 

born  ;  d.  May  9,  1791. 
Rufus  Putnam,  gen.,  and  pioneer  settler  of 

Ohio,  b.  April  9 ;  d.  May  4,  1824. 
Benjamin  West,  painter,  b,  Oct.  10 ;  d.  Mar. 

10,  1820. 

1739  Richmond,  Va.,  settled  by  Wm.  Byi-d. 
Geo.  Clinton,  vice-pres.  U.  S.,  b.  July  26 ;  d. 

April  20,  1812. 

1740  George  Whitefield  arrives  in  Amer.  July  23. 
Xegro  insurrection  in  South  Carolina. 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  statesman,  b.  Aug.  7 ; 

d.  1809. 
Arthur  Lee,  diplomatist,  b.  Dec.  20 ;  d.  Dec. 
14,  1792.  [b.  June  11. 

1741  Joseph  Warren,  gen.,  killed  at  Bunker  Hill, 
John   Murray,  founder   of    Universalism  in 

Amer.,  b.  Dec.  10;  d.  Sept.  3,  1815. 

1742  Faneuil  Hall  built  in  Bos.,  by  Peter  Faneuil. 
Joseph  Brant,  Mohawk  chief,  born;  d.  1807. 
Nathaniel  Greene,  Rev.  gen.,  b.  May  27  ;  d. 

June  19,  1786. 

1743  John   Fitch,  inventor  (steamboat),  b.   Jan. 

21 ;  d.  July  2,  1798. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  estab.  in  Phil,  by  Franklin. 
Thomas  Jefferson  (3d  pres.)  b.  April  2 ;   d. 

July  4,  1826. 
James  Rumsey,  inventor  (steamboat),  born ; 

d.  Dec.  23,  1792. 

1744  Hostilities  with  Six  Nations  (Indians). 


NORTH    AMERICA.  13 

1744  Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  Rev.  patriot,  b.  Feb.  23 ; 

d.  April  26,  1775. 
Elbridge  Gerry,  signer  of  Dec.  of  Ind.,  born 
,7uly  17;  d.  Nov.  23,  1814. 

1745  Louisburg  captured  by  N.  E.  troops,  June  17. 
Francis  Asbury,  first  Meth.  bishop  in  Amer., 

b.  Aug.  20;  d.  March  31,  1816. 
John  Jay,  first  chief-justice  of  U.  S.,  b.  Dec. 

12;  d.  May  17,  1829.  [16,  1826. 

Lindley  Murray,  grammarian,  born;  d.  Feb. 

1746  College  of  Xew  Jersey  (Princeton)  incor. 

1747  John  Paul  Jones,  com.,  b.  July  6 ;  d.  July 

18,  1792. 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  statesman,  b.  Nov.  27  ; 

d.  Feb.  26,  1813. 
Scotch  Highlanders  settle  in  N.  Carolina. 

1748  Harper's  Ferry  named  after  Robert  Harper. 

1749  \orth  Carolina  Gazette,  first  paper  in  N.  C. 

1750  Christopher  Gist  explores  the  Ohio  country. 
Steplien  (iirard,  banker,  founder  of  Girard 

College,  b.  May  21  ;  d.  Dec.  26,  1831. 
Henry  Knox,  gen.,  b.  July  2.') ;  d.  Oct.  2'),  1806. 
Nicholas  Riddle,  naval  com.,  b.  Sept.  10;  d. 

March  7,  1778. 

1751  .lames  Madi.son  (1th  pres.)  born  Mar.  16;  d. 

June  28,  l.s;;<;.  [isjo. 

1752  (iouverntMir   .Morris  b.  .Jan.  31  ;    d.    Xov.   6, 
Timotliy  Dwiglit,  pres.  of  Yale  College  born 

May  il;  d.  Jan.  11,  1817. 
Franklin  experiments  on  electricity,  June  5. 


14  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1752  First   theatre    in    the    Colonies    opened    at 

AVilliamsburg,  Va.,  Sept.  5. 

1753  Benj.  T.  Rumford,  count,  b.  March  26  ;  d. 

Aug.  21,  1814. 
Wm.  Hull,  gen.,  b.  June  24  ;  d.  Xov.  29, 1825. 
First   regular   theatre    in   Xew   York    City 

opened  in  Xassau  St.,  Sept.  17. 
Phillis  Wheatley,  negro  poetess,  b.  in  Africa  ; 

d.  Dec.  5,  1784. 

1754  Kentucky  settled  by  Daniel  Boone. 
King's  College  (now  Columbia)  founded. 
Convention  at  New  York  to  consider  Colo- 
nial Confederacy,  June  19.  [5,  1822. 

1755  Thomas  Truxtun,  com.,  b.  Feb.  17  ;  d.  May 
Rufus  King,  vice-pres.,  born  March  24 ;  dies 

April  29,  1827.  [June  17. 

French  Acadians  removed  from  Grand  Pre, 
G^en.  Braddock  defeated  at  Fort  Duquesne, 

July  9. 
Battle  of  Lake  George,  Sept.  8.  [1835. 

John  ]\Iarshall,  jurist,. b.  Sept.  24 ;  d.  July  6, 

1756  Henry  Lee  ("  Light-Horse  Harry  "  )  b.  Jan. 

29;*^  d.  March  25,  1818. 
Aaron  Burr,  third  vice-pres.  U.  S.,  b.  Feb.  6  ; 

d.  Sept.  14,  1836. 
New  Hampsliire  Gazette  established,  Aug. 
Fort  Oswego  sur.  to  Montcalm,  Aug.  14. 
Richard  Dale,  com.,  b.  Nov.  6 ;  dies  Feb.  24, 

1826. 
First  general  hospital  opened  at  Phil.,  Dec. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  1/5 

1757  Alex.  Hamilton  b.  Jan.  11 ;  d.  July  12,  1804. 
Furt  William  Henry  sur.  to  French,  Aug.  9. 

1758  Fisher  Ames  b.  April  9  ;  d.  July  4,  1S08. 
James  Monroe  (5th  pres.)  b.  April  28 ;  dies 

July  4,  1831. 
Charles  Pinckney  born;  d.  Oct.  29,  1824. 
Fort  Frontenac  sur.  to  English,  Aug.  27. 
Noah  Webster,  lexicographer,  b.  Oct.  16;  d. 

May  28,  1843. 
Newport  Mercury  established.  [1818. 

1759  Joshua  Barney,  com.,  b.  July  G  ;  dies  Dec.  1, 
Fort  Niagara  captured  by  British,  July  25. 
Battle    of    Quebec    (Plains    of    Abraham), 

Wolfe  and  Montcalm  killed,  Sept.  13. 

1760  Montreal  sur.  to  the  British,  Sept.  8. 
Mason  and  Dixon  line  surveyed. 

1761  Albert  Gallatin  b.  Jan.  29  ;  d.  Aug.  12,  1849. 
Edward  Preble,  com.,  b.  Aug.   15;  d.  Aug. 

25,  1807.  [June  9,  1826. 

Jedidiah  Morse,  geographer,  b.  Aug.  23  ;  d. 
Bennington,  Vt.,  settled. 

1762  F^nglish  settle  in  New  Brunswick.  [17. 

1763  First  newspaper  in  Ga.,  O'eor(/ia  (nizette,  X\n\ 
Pontiac  war  on  frontiers.  [1848. 
John  Jacob  Astor  b.  .July  17;  d.  March  2!i, 
Massacre  of  Wyoming,  Oct.  15. 

Wm.  Franklin  last  royal  gov.  of  New  Jersey. 

1764  Jltirtfonl  Cournnt  established. 

Brown    University  chartered  as  College  of 
Rhode  Island. 


16  TMPORTAXT    EVEXTS. 

1764  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  (Tlie  Patroon)  horn 

Nov.  1 ;  d.  Jan.  26,  1839. 

1765  Robert  Fulton,  engineer  and  inventor,  b. ;  d. 

Feb.  24,  1815.  [May  30. 

Speech   of    Patrick   Henry  on    Stamp  Act, 
Delegates    from    Anglo-American     colonies 

meet  in  New  York,   Oct.  7. 
Stamp  Act  passed  by  British  Parliament, 

March,  goes  into  effect  Nov.   1. 
Eli  \\Tiitney  (cotton-gin)  b.  Dec.  8 ;  d.  Jan. 

8,  1825. 

1766  Robert  B.  Thomas,  founder  of  Old  Farmer's 

Almanack,  b. ;  d.  May  19,  1816.  [1813. 
Alex.  Wilson,  ornithol.,  b.  July  6  ;  d.  Aug.  23, 
First  Methodist  Society  in  Amer.  organized 

in  New  York. 
First  Medical  Society  in  American  colonies, 

New  Jersey,  org.  July  23. 

1767  John  Quincy  Adams  (6th  pres.)  b.  July  11 ; 

d.  Feb.  23,  1848. 
Andrew  Jackson  (7th  pres.)  b.  March  15;  d. 
June  8,  1845. 

1768  Pittsburg  (Penn.)  Gazette  established. 
Tecumseh,  Indian  chief,  b. ;  d.  Oct.  5,  1813. 
James  Barron,  com.,  born  ;  d.  April  21,  1851. 

1769  De  Witt  Clinton  b.  March  2 ;  d.  Feb.  11, 1828. 
Term  "  doctor  "  first  applied  to  medical  prac- 
titioners in  America. 

Jonathan    Trumbull     gov.    of    Connecticut 
("  Brother  Jonathan  "). 


NORTH    AMERICA.  17 

1769  Daniel  Boone  explores  Kentucky. 
Dartmouth   College   (Hanover,   X.H.)   char- 
tered,  Dec.  30. 

1770  Boston  Massacre,  March  5. 

Joseph   Ilopkinson,   author    ("  Hail   Colum- 
bia"), b.  Nov.  12;  d.  Jan.  15,  1842. 
Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey,  chartered. 

1771  Hosea  Ballou,  eminent  Universalist,  b.  Apr. 

30  ;  d.  June  7,  1852. 
Isaac  T.  Hopper,  Quaker  philanthropist,  b. 

Dec.  3;  d.  May  7,  1852. 
John  Rodgers,  coin.,  born;  d.  Aug.  1,  1838. 
North  American^  Philadelphia,  established. 
Wm.  Tryon,  last  royal  gov.  of  New  York. 
"  Green  Mountain  Boys  "  organized. 

1772  Josiah  Quincy,  mayor  of  Boston,  b.  Feb.  4  ; 

d.  July  1,  1804. 
William  Wirt,  b.  Nov.  8;  d.  Feb.  18,  1834. 

1773  Wm.  II.  Harrison  (9th  pres.)  b.  Feb.  9;  dies 

April  4,  1841.  [16,  1838. 

Nathaniel  Bowditch  b.  March  26  ;  d.  March 
John  Randolph  of  Roanoke,  b.  June  2;  dies 

May  24,  1833. 
Tea    thrown  overboard    in    Boston    Harbor, 

I)»*o.  16.  [first  issued. 

MdrijUuiil  JoiiriKil   and   Haltiinort'   Adrcrliser 

1774  Passage  of  Boston  Port  Bill  by  British  Par- 

lianuMit,  March  7.  [1833. 

Wm.  Bainbridge,  com.,  b.  May  7  ;  d.  July  28, 
First  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  Phil.,  Sept.  5. 


18  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1774  Congress  adopts    a  declaration  of  Colonial 

rights,  Oct.  U.  [Feb.  1. 

1775  Prov.  Cong,  of  Mass.  meets  at  Cambridge, 
Isaac  Hull,  com.,  b.  March  9  ;  d.  Feb.  13, 1843. 
First  Autislavery   society   formed   in   Phil., 

April  U. 
Battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  April  19. 
Second  Cont.  Cong,  meets  in  Phil.,  May  10. 
Ethan  Allen  capt.  Ft.  Ticonderoga,  May  10. 
Crown  Point  surrenders,  May  12. 
Benedict  Arnold   captures  St.  Johns.  Can., 

May  16.  [May  20. 

Articles  of  Union  and  Confederation  adopted, 
Washington    appointed  commander-in-chief 

of  American  forces,  June  15. 
Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  June  17. 
Washington    takes    command    of    army    at 

Cambridge,  July  3. 
Lyman    Beecher,  preacher,    born    Oct.   12 ; 

dies  Jan.  10,  1863. 
Gen.  Montgomery  capt.  ^lontreal,  Nov.  13. 
Montgomery  attacks  Quebec,  and  is  killed, 

Dec.  31.  ' 

1776  First    Union    flag    unfurled   at    Cambridge, 

Mass.,  Jan.  1. 
"  Common    Sense "    published    by    Thomas 

Paine,  Jan.  8. 
British  evacuate  Boston,  ^larch  17. 
Congress  authorizes  privateering,  March  23. 
Declaration  of  Independence,  July  4. 


NOKTll    AilEliKJA.  19 


Events  in  /'>ritish  American  Colonies  after  jhrmafinn 
of  the    United  States. 

1788     King's  College,  Windsor,  N.S.,  founded. 
1791     Canada  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower. 
1796     Thomas  C.  Halihurton,  judge  and  humorist 
("  Sam  Slick  "),  b.  Dec. ;  d.  Aug.  27, 1865. 

1798  Sir  Wm.  E.  Logan,  geologist,  born  April  20  ; 

dies  June  22,  1875.  [May  8, 1887. 

1799  Sir  Wm.  Young,  chief  justice  X.  S.,  b. ;   dies 

1800  The  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  the  first  canal  iu  Can. 
1807     Sir  Francis  Hincks,  statesman,  born  Dec.  11 ; 

dies,  Aug.  18,  1885. 
1809      \\.  I).  Wilmot,  statesman,  born  Oct.  16. 

1814  Sir  A.  G.  Archibald,  statesman,  born  May  18. 
Sir  George  E.  Cartier  b.  Sept.  G  ;  d.  May  20, 

187:}. 

1815  Thomas  Gait,  judge,  born  Aug.  12. 

1817  Sir  Alex.  Gait,  statesman,  b.  Sept.  6  ;  d.  Sept. 

19,  1893.  [June  25,  1896. 

1818  Sir  Leonard  Tilley,  statesman,  b.  May  8;  d. 
1820     Sir  .J.  W.  Dawson,  geologist,  born. 

Elzear  A.  Tascliereau,  cardinal,  b.  Feb.  17  ; 
dies  April  12,  1898. 
1827     Sir  Charles  Tupper,  statesman,  b.  .July  2. 

1832  Xcwfoundland  obtains  a  colonial  legislature. 

1833  Advertiser^  the  first  daily  n^'wspaper  in  Mon- 

treal. 
1836      First  railway  in  Canada  ()[iimh'(I. 


20  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1837  Papineau  and  ^Mackenzie  rebellion  in  Can- 

ada. 

1838  Canadian  rebellion  suppressed. 

1840  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  reunited. 

1841  Sir  Wilfred  Laurier,  statesman,  b.  Nov.  24. 
1844     John  Rose,  jurist,  born  Oct.  11. 

1847  George  E.  Foster,  statesman,  born  Sept.  3. 

1850  Riots  in  Montreal,  Parliament  House  burned. 
Canadian  clergy  reserves  abolished. 

1854  First  oil-wells  dug.  [8. 

1855  Niagara  Falls  suspension  bridge  opened.  Mar. 

1856  Grand  Trunk  railroad  opened. 
1858  Ottawa  made  capital  of  Canada. 

Decimal  system  of  coinage  adopted. 

1860  Prince  of  Wales  visits  Canada. 

Victoria  railroad  bridge  over  St.  Lawrence  at 
Montreal  opened,  Aug.  25. 

1861  Gold  found  in  Xova  Scotia. 

1862  J.  S.  Macdonald  premier  of  Canada. 

1864  Southern  U.  S.  Confederates  in  Canada  plan 

raids.  [Mar.  7. 

1865  Confederation  rejected  by  Xew  Brunswick, 

1866  Invasion  of  Canada  threatened  by  Fenians. 
Canadian  Parliament  first  meets  at  Ottawa. 

1867  Dominion  of   Canada  formed    Mar.  29,  by 

union  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  Nova 

Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick. 
Lord  Monck  sworn  as  viceroy  of  Can.,  July  2. 
New  parliament  meets  at  Ottawa,  Nov.  6. 

1868  Agitation  against  confederation  in  N.S.,  Jan. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  21 

1868  ]\riirder  of  Tliomas  D'Arcy  McGee,  cabinet 

minister,  April  7. 
Fenian  raid  into  Canada  repelled,  May. 
Sir  John  Young  governor-general,  Nov.  27. 

1869  Xewfonndland  refuses  to  join  the  Dom.,  Mar. 
Hudson    Bay   Ter.  purchased  by   Dominion 

of  Canada,  Nov.  [completed. 

Clifton  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls 

1870  Rupert's  Land  made  the  Province  of  Mani- 

toba, Aug. 

1871  British  Columbia  united  to  the  Dominion. 
Departure  of  last  bat.  of  royal  troops,  Nov. 
Uniformity  of  currency  established  through 

the  Dominion. 

1872  Lord  Dufferin  governor-gen.,  inaug.,  June  25. 

1873  Sir  Josepli  Howe,  lieut.-gov.  of  N.S.,  d.  June  ; 

born  Dec.  1804.  [81. 

J.  W.  Johnston,  statesman,  d.  Xov.  21,  aged 
Prince  Edward  Island  joins  the  Dominion. 

1875  Icelanders  settle  in  Northwest  Territories, 

1876  intercolonial  railroad  opened  from   (Quebec 

to  Halifax. 

1877  (in-at  fire  at  St.  Joiin,  X.B.,  June  20-22. 
Canada  and  U.S.  Fishery  Com.  at  Halifax, 

June-Nov.  [Canada,  Oct.  14. 

1878  Marquis  of  Lome  appointed  governor-gen.  of 
Halifax  fishery  award  paid  by  U.  S.,  Nov.  21. 

1879  Dominion    Industrial    Kxhibition  at    Ottawa 

opened,  Sept.  24. 

1880  Koyal  Canadian  .\cademy  of  Arts  fouiuU'd. 


22  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1881  Cou tract  for   new    Pacific  railway  ratified, 

Feb.  1 ;  opened,  May  18,  1885. 
Victoria,  steamer,  sunk  on  the  Thames,  great 
loss  of  life,  ]May  24. 

1882  Xorthwest  Ter.  beyond    ^Manitoba    divided 

into  four  new  ter.,  —  Assiniboia,  Saskat- 
chewan, Alberta,  Athabraska,  July. 

Sir  Hugh  Allan,  founder  of  Allan  line  of 
steamers,  d.  Dec.  7  ;  b.  Sept.  20,  1810. 

First  colony  of  Russians  settle  in  X.  W.  Ter. 

1883  Conflicts  between  Orangemen  and  Catholics 

in  Newfoundland.  [20. 

Niagara  Falls  cantilever  bridge  opened,  Dec. 
Standard  time  adopted  in  Canada. 

1884  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  governor-general  of 

Canada,  Oct.  22. 

1885  Insurrection  in  Northwest  Ter.,  led  by  Louis 

David  Kiel,  about  March  20. 
Riel  surrenders  May  15;  hanged,  Nov.  16. 

1886  Fisheries  dispute  with  the  United  States. 
A^ancouver  City  founded. 

1887  Great  railway  bridge  over  St.  Lawrence  at 

Lachine  completed.  July  30. 

Joint  committee  on  fisheries  dispute  ap- 
pointed, about  Aug.  30. 

Anthracite  coal  first  mined  in  Canada. 

1888  Lord  Stanley  app.  gov.-gen.  of  Can.,  June  11. 
1890     Dominion  Commons  unanimously  resolve  on 

adhesion  to  Great  Britain,  Jan.  29. 
Great  storms  in  Newfoundland. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  23 

1891  Indians  of  Ontario  and  (Quebec  petition  for 
leave  to  elect  their  own  chiefs,  Feb.  4. 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  completed,  Mar.28. 

First  mail  steamer  of  the  Pacific  mail  ser- 
vice arrives  at  Vancouver  from  Yokohama, 
April  28. 

Sir  John  Macdonald,  statesman,  d.  ,hme  6 ; 
born  1814. 

Hon.  Joseph  C.  Abbott  becomes  premier, 
June  14. 

Fishery  disputes  among  English,  American, 
and  French  fishermen  in  Newfoundland. 

Motion  in  favor  of  unrestricted  reciprocity 
with  U.  8.  rejected,  July  20. 

Sir  Hector  Louis  Langevin  and  other  ofHcials 
charged  with  corruption  ;  Langevin  exon- 
erated, July-Sept. 

St.  Clair  Tunnel,  connecting  Canadian  and 
U.S.  Railways,  opened  Sept.  10. 

1892  Dominion  discriminates  against  U.S.  in  use 

of  Welland  canal,  April  4. 
Alexander  ^Lackenzie,  former  premier,  dies 

April  17,  aged  70. 
Great  fire  in  St.  John's,  Newfoundland.  July 

8-11.  [2r,. 

Sir  Wm.  Ritchie,  clii«'f-justiro,  d.  about  Sept. 
Sir  John  S.  I).  'riK)mj>s()n,  jjn'micr,  Nov. 

1893  Canal  tolls  arranged  with  the  V.S.,  .Ian.  14. 
Treaty  for  reciprocal  trade  between    Frano«; 

and  Canada,  Feb.  9. 


24  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1893  Destructive  fire  and  hurricane  at    Halifax, 

K.S.,  Aug.  12. 

Earl  of  Aberdeen,  gov.-gen.,  arrives  at  Ot- 
tawa, Sept  25.  [72. 

Sir  John  Abbott,  statesman,  d.  Oct.  30,  aged 

1894  Intercolonial  Cong.  op.  at  Ottawa,  June  28. 
Prominent  members  of   Xewfoundland  As- 
sembly unseated  for  bribery. 

1895  First  exhibition  at  Regina,  X.  W.  Canada, 

July  30. 

1896  Prof.  Cox  of  McGill  University  locates  a  ball 

by  Rontgen  rays,  Feb.  7. 

W.  C.  McDonald  gives  $500,000  to  McGill 
Univ.,  bringing  his  gifts  up  to  S2,000,000, 
March  25. 

Sir  Charles  Tupper,  premier,  May  1. 

T.  W.  Anglin,  ex-speaker  H.  C,  d.  May  3. 

A  new  rail  route  between  Quebec,  St.  John, 
and  Halifax  opened,  June  22. 

Wm.  D.  Balfour,  statesman,  d.  Aug.  19. 

Central  Canada  Exhibition  opened  at  Ot- 
tawa, Sept.  21. 

Lieut.-gov.  Fraser  of  X.  Brun.  d.  Xov.  24. 

Behring  Sea  Claims  Commission  in  session 
at  Victoria,  B.C.,  Xov.  25. 

Xewfoundland  government  purchases  rail- 
way system,  Dec.  2. 

1897  School  question  settled  in  Manitoba,  Mar.  25. 
Commission   for    Yukon    gold    region    ap- 
pointed, Aug.  9. 


NORTH    AMERICA.  25 

1897  British    Science   Association    in    session    at 

Toronto,  Aug.  l-S. 

Meeting  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  in  To- 
ronto, Oct.  'J'-i. 

Joint  commission  to  settle  difficulties  with 
U.  S.,  Nov.  19. 

1898  Sir  F.  D.  Middleton,  gen.,  d.  Jan.  24,  aged  72. 
Influx  ot  miners  to  Yukon  gold  region. 


Colonial  Period.  —  French  America. 

1607  Poutrincourt  estab.  first  permanent  French 

settlement  in  Amenca  at  Port  Royal. 

1608  Champlain  settles  Quebec.  July  3. 
1611     French  Jesuits  reach  Port  Royal. 

1613  Port  Royal  burned  by  (iov.  Argall  of  ^'a. 

1620  Champlain  governor  of  Canada. 

1628  l*ort  Royal  taken  by  English. 

1629  Sir  David  Kirke  captures  Quebec. 

1632     Richelieu   obtains    restoration   of    territory, 

Marrh  2!>. 
1634     Jesuits  send  missionaries  to  Indians. 

1639  I'rsuline  Convent  established  at  Quebec. 

1640  French  at  (jJreen  Ray,  Wisconsin. 

1641  Montreal  founded. 

1659     Laval,  first  bishop  of  t^uebec. 

French  fur  traders  exjdore  Lak«'  Supfrior. 

1668  .Manpiette  establishes  mission  at  Sault  Ste. 

.Marie,  April. 

1669  I. a  Salle  sails  down  the  Ohio  to  the  Miss. 


26  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1670  Maine,  east  of  the  Penobscot,  occupied  by 

the  French. 

1671  The  French  occupy  about  Lakes  Huron  and 

Superior. 

1672  Count  de  Froutenac  governor  of  Canada. 

1673  Fort  Frontenac  (Kingston,  Ont.)  built. 
Marquette  and  Joliet  in  Iowa. 

1679     French  at  Niagara  Falls. 
1682     La  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi  to  the  Ar- 
kansas, and  names  the  valley  Louisiana. 
1685     French  in  Texas  under  La  Salle. 

1689  French  occupy  Hudson  Bay  Territory. 
Iroquois  capt.  jNIontreal  and  Lachine,  Aug.  25. 

1690  Settlements  at  Salmon  Falls,  X.H..  and  Fal- 

mouth, Me. 

1691  Acadia  retaken  by  the  French.  [Jan. 

1692  York,  Me.,  attacked  by  French  and  Indians. 
1696     Frontenac  invades  New  York. 

1698  Frontenac  dies  Nov.  28;  born  1620. 

1699  DTberville  enters  the  Mississippi  from  the 

Gulf.  [troit,  July. 

1701  La  Motte  Cadillac  establishes  a  post  at  De- 
Bienville  in  command  in  Louisiana. 

1702  French  settle  in  Alabama,  on  bank  of  Mobile 

River. 

1703  Philippe  de  Rigaud,  ;^Larquis  de  Vaudreuil, 

governor  of  Canada. 
1710     Port  Royal,  Acadia,  captured  by  Eng.  fleet. 
1713     Treaty  of  Utrecht  gives  Acadia  to  the  Eng. 
French  establish  a  trading-post  at  Natchez. 


NUKTH    AMKKK  A.  27 

1716  French  in  the  Ohio  valley. 

1717  Illinois  joined  to  Louisiana. 

1718  New  Orleans  founded. 

1719  Negroes  brought  from  Africa  to  Louisiana. 

1720  French  fortify  Louisburg. 

1722     New  Orleans  made  oajntal  of  Louisiana. 

1725     Vaudreuil  governor  of  Canada. 

1729     Massacre  of  French  at  Natchez  by  Indians. 

1731     French  established  at  Lake  Champlain. 

1733      Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  settled. 

1736     VtTendrye  builds  Fort  Rouge,  near  i>resent 

Winnipeg. 
1745     >hirquis  (iallissoniere  governor  of  Canada. 
Louisburg  captured  by  British  provincials. 
1749     Fort  Rouille  (Toronto)  built  by  the  French. 

1751  Sugar-cane  introduced  into  Louisiana. 

1752  English  trading-posts  destroyed  by  French. 
De  Menneville,  Marquis  Duquesne,  governor 

of  Canada. 

1753  French  build  forts  in  the  Ohio  country. 

1754  (ieo.  Washington  captured  by  the  FrtMich. 

1755  Acadiaiis  transj»orted  from  Grand  Vv(t. 
French  defeat  Hraddock  at  Fort  Duipiesne. 

1756  Montcalm  in  Quebec. 
Acadians  arrive  at  New  Orleans. 

1757  Fort  William  Henry  captured  by  French. 

1758  Louisburg  captured  by  (ien.  Amherst,  July. 
Fort  Frontenac  surr»Mi<l»'rs  to  Col.  Bradstreet. 
French  abandon  Fcjrt  Duipjesne. 

1759  (Quebec  surrenders  to  Knglish,  Sept.  18. 


28  IMPORTANT   EVENTS. 

1760     Pierre  Francois,  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil,  last 
French  governor  of  Canada- 
Canada  surrendered  to  the  British. 

1762  Louisiana  ceded  to  Spain. 

1763  Acadia  permanently  ceded  to  the  British. 
1800     Spain  cedes  Louisiana  to  France. 

1803     Pres.  Jefferson  purchases  La.  from  France 
Apr.  30  ;  end  of  French  power  in  Amer. 


Colonial  Period.  —  Spanish  America. 

1511     Havana  founded  by  Velasquez. 
1519     Panama  settled  by  Pedrarias. 
Cortez  lands  in  Mexico. 

1521  Captures  the  city  of  Mexico. 

1522  Mexico  constituted  a  kingdom. 
1528     Spaniards  land  in  Florida. 

1535  ]\Iendoza  establishes  mint  in  Xew  Spain. 

1567  Menendez  builds  fort  at  St.  Augustine. 

1586  Sir  Francis  Drake  destroys  fort  at  St.  Augus- 
tine. 

1665  St.  Augustine  pillaged  by  Eng.  buccaneers. 

1719  French  capture  Pensacola. 

1722  Pensacola  restored  to  Spain. 

1740  Oglethorpe,  gov.  of  Georgia,  attacks  Florida. 

1762  Louisiana  acquired  from  France,  Nov.  3. 

1763  Florida  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  Feb.  10. 

1764  English  troops  occupy  Baton  Rouge,  Feb. 
1766  Large  colony  of  Acadiaus  arrive  in  La. 

Antonio  d'UUoa  takes  possession  of  La. 


NORTH    AMKRICA.  29 

1768     Revolt  of  French  against  Spanish  rule  in  La. 
1779     Baton  Rouge  captured  from  the  British. 
1789     Settlers  from  Xo.  Carolina  arr.  in  Louisiana. 
1795     Sugar  first  produced  from  cane  in  Louisiana. 
United  States  allowed  to  deposit  merchan- 
dise in  New  Orleans,  Oct.  27. 
1800     l^ouisiana  transferred  to  France  by  Spain. 
1817     Unsuccessful  insurrections  in  Mexico. 
1821     Mexico  becomes  independent  of  Spain. 

1850  Cuba  invaded  by  American  filibusters  under 

Lopez. 

1851  Second  invasion  by  filibusters;  Lopez  shot. 

1868  Insurrection  of  Creoles  in  Cuba,  under  Ces- 

pedes,  Sept. 

1869  Filibusters  again  attack  Cuba. 

1870  Continual  insurrections  in  CuVja. 

1873     Slavery  abolished  in  Porto  Rico,  March  23. 
American    steamer    Virginius    raptured     by 
Spanish  gunboat,  Oct.  31. 
1878     Surrender  of  insurgent  gov.  in  Cuba,  Vfh.  21. 
1880     Gradual  emancipation  of  slaves  promulgated, 

Feb.  18. 
1886     Slavery  absolutely  abolished  in  Cuba. 
1888     Destructive  cyclone  in  Cuba.  1,000  lives  lost, 

Sept.  4. 
1895     Insurrections  break  oiU.  afn-sh  in  ( Uba. 
Marshal  Campos  arrives  in  Cuba,  April. 
Yellow  fever  epidemic,  great  mortality,  July. 
Cul)a  demands  autonomy  under  Spain,  .July. 
Guerrilla  warfare  continues,  August,  et  cet. 


30  IMPORTAXT    EVEXTS. 

1895  Spanish  warship,  Christopher  Colon,  wrecked 

off  the  coast  of  Cuba,  about  200  lives  lost, 
Sept.  29. 

1896  Weyler    issues    his    famous    reconcentrado 

order,  Oct.  21. 
Gen.  Maceo,  Cuban  leader,  killed,  Dec.  7. 

1897  "NVeyler  recalled,  and  Blanco  appointed  cap- 

tain-general, Oct.  2, 

1898  Hostile  demonstrations   at   Havana  against 

Americans,  Jan.  15-20.  [15. 

Battleship  Maine  blown  up  at  Havana,  Feb. 

Court  of  Inquiry  begins  its  sessions  at  Ha- 
vana, Feb.  20. 

Armistice  offered  by  Spain  to  the  Cuban 
insurgents,  March  12.  [March  19. 

Maine  Court  of  Inquiry  completes  its  labors, 

Consul-general  Lee  leaves  Havana,  Apr.  9. 

The  blockade  of  Cuban  ports  begun,  Apr.  22. 

Nashville  captures  5?/ena  Ventura,  G.rst  prize, 
April  22. 

Batteries  at  Matanzas  bombarded,  April  27. 

Attack  on  Cienfuegos  by  torpedo-boat  TI7;?.<f- 
low,  Ensign  Bagley  killed,  May  11. 

Sampson  bombards  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico, 
May  12. 

Cervera  in  Santiago  harbor,  May  19. 

Forts  at  harbor  of  Santiago  bomb.,  May  31. 

Sampson  joins  Schley  at  Santiago,  June  1. 

Lieut.  Hobson  sinks  the  Merrimac  in  Santi- 
ago harbor,  June  3. 


NUKTH    AMERICA.  ol 

1898  Marines  win  vict.  at  Guaiitanamo,  June  12. 
Fight  at  El  Caney  by  Gen.  Shafter,  July  1,  2. 
Cervera's  fleet  totally  destroyed,  July  3. 
Santiago  surrenders,  July  17. 

Gen.  Miles  lands  in  Porto  Rico,  July  25. 

Blockade  of  Cuba  raised,  Aug.  12. 

American  army  and  navy  take  possession  of 
Porto  Rico,  Oct.  18. 

(Jen.  (iarcia,  Cuban  leader,  di<\s  in  Washing- 
ton, Dec.  11. 

Columbus's  bones  removed  to  Spain,  Dec.  12. 

Fitzhugii  Lee  back  in  Havana,  Dec.  14. 

1899  Spanish  power  ceases  in  America,  Jan.  1. 


32  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 

1776  United  States  declares  its  indepen.  July  4. 
British  Gen.  Howe  lands  in  X.  Y.,  Aug.  22. 
Americans  evacuate  Xew  York,  Sept.  14. 
Battle  on  Lake  Champlain,  Oct.  11-13. 
Fort  "Washington  capt.  by  British,  Nov.  16. 
Washington  crosses  the  Delaware,  Dec.  8. 
Third  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Balti- 
more, Dec.  20. 

Battle  of  Trenton,  X.J.,  Dec.  26. 

1777  Battle  of  Princeton,  Jan.  3.  [Mar.  4. 
Fourth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Phil., 
Roger  B.  Taney  h.  Mar.  17  ;  d.  Oct.  12, 1864. 
Henry  Clay,  statesman,  born   April  12  ;  dies 

June  29,  1852. 
Union  flag  adopted  by  Congress,  June  14. 
British  evacuate  Xew  Jersey,  June  30. 
Lafayette  commis.  major-general,  July  31. 
Battle  of  Bennington,  Vt.,  Aug.  16. 
Battle  of  Brandy  wine,  Sept.  11. 
Count  Pulaski  com.  brigadier-gen..  Sept.  15. 
British  army  occupy  Philadelphia.  Sept.  27. 
Fifth  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  Lancaster,  Penn., 

Sept.  27.  [Sept.  30. 

Sixth    Cont.    Cong,   meets  at    York,  Penn., 
Battle  of  Germantown,  Oct.  4. 
Battle  of  Saratoga,  Oct.  7. 
Surrender  of  Burgoyne,  Oct.  17. 


UNITED    STATES.  33 

1777  Articles  of  Confederation  adopted,  Nov.  15. 
American  army   at  Valley  Forge,  Dec.  18. 

1778  Treaty  of  alliance  with  France,  Feb.  6. 
Baron  Steuben  joins  American  army,  Feb. 
Rembrandt  Peale,  painter,  b.  Feb.  22 ;  dies 

Oct.  3,  1860. 
Treaty  with  France  ratified  by  Cong.,  May  1. 
British  evacuate  Philadelphia,  June  18. 
Battle  of  Monmouth,  }s.J.,  June  28. 
Seventh  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  Phil.,  July  2. 
Massacre  of  Wyoming  by  Indians  and  Tories, 

July  4.  [Nov.  7,  1869. 

Charles    Stewart,  admiral,  b.  July    18;  dies 
French  fleet  ent.  Narragansett  Bay,  July  29. 
Battle  of  Rhode  Island,  Aug.  29. 
Franklin  app.  minister  to  France,  Sept.  14. 
Massacre  at  Cherry  Valley,  Nov.  10. 
John  Jay  chosen  pres.  of  Congress,  Dec.  10. 
British  capture  Savannah,  Ga.,  Dec.  29. 

1779  First  Soc.  of  Universalists  in  U.S.,  org.  Jan.  1. 
Stephen   Decatur,  Jr.,  com.,  b.  Jan.  n ;  dies 

March  22,  1820. 

British  driven  from  Poil  Koyal,  S.  ('.,  by 
Moultrie,  Feb,  '.). 

Battle  of  Kettle  Creek,  (ia.,  Feb.  11. 

Fort  Stony  Point  capt.  by  Wayne,  July  16. 

Francis  S.  Key,  poet  ("  Star-spangled  Ban- 
ner"), b.  Aug.  1  ;  d.  Jan.  11,  1843. 

Benj.  Silliman,  physici.st,  b.  Aug.  8;  dies 
Nov.  24,  1864. 


34  IMPORTANT   EVEXTS. 

1779  James  K.  Paulding,  author,  b.  Aug.  22  ;  dies 

April  5,  1860. 

Joseph    Story,  jurist,  born   Sept.    18 ;    dies 
Sept.  10,  184.5.  [Sept.  23. 

Paul  Jones    capt.  British  war-ship  Seraph, 

Samuel  Huntington  of  Conn.,  pres.  of  Con- 
gress, Sept.  28. 

Pulaski  killed  at  siege  of  Savannah,  Oct.  9. 

British  evacuate  Rhode  Island,  Oct.  11-25. 

Washington  AUston,  painter,  born   Xov.  5 
dies  July  9,  1843. 

Amer.  army  in  winter  quarters  at   Morris 
town,  Dec.  [Jan.  10 

1780  Gen.  Chas.  Lee  dismissed  from  Amer.  army 
David  Porter,  com.,  b.  Feb.  1  ;  d.  Mar.  3, 1843 
Bank  of  Penn.  (first  in  U.  S.)  chart.,  Mar.  1 
Wm.  Ellery  Channing,  b.  April  7  ;  dies  Oct 

2,  1842.  [10 

Gen.  Clinton  besieges  Charleston,  S.C,  April 
John  J.  Audubon,  ornithologist,  born  May  4 

dies  Jan.  27,  1851. 
"  Dark  Day"  in  Xew  England.  May  19. 
Battle  of  Ramsour's  Mills,  X.C,  June  20. 
First  Free-will  Baptist  church  in  America, 

organized  in  Durham,  N.H.,  June  30. 
French    army   under   Rochambeau   reaches 

Newport,  R.I.,  July  10.  [IG. 

Battle  of  Camden,  S.C,  Amer.  defeated,  Aug. 
Richard  Rush  b.  Aug.  29  ;  d.  July  30,  1859. 
Benedict  Arnold  turns  traitor,  Sept. 


UNITED    STATES.  85 

1780  Major  Andr6  capt.,  Sept.  23  ;  hanged,  Oct.  2. 
Battle  of  Charlotte,  N.C.,  Sept.  26. 

Battle  of  King's  Mountain,  S.C.,  Oct.  7. 
Gen.    Nathaniel    Greene    supersedes    Gates, 
Oct.  14. 

1781  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.H.,  founded. 
Lemuel  Shaw,  jurist,  b.  Jan.  9  ;  d.  Mar.  30, 

1861.  [17. 

Battle  of  Cowpens,   S.C.,    Amer.  vict.,  Jan. 

Robert  Morris  app.  supt.  of  finances,  Feb.  20. 

Bat.  of  (iuilford  Court  House,  N.C.,  Mar.  15. 

Augusta,  Ga.,  captured  by  Amer.,  June  a. 

Thomas  McKean  of  Del.,  pres.  of  Conti- 
nental Congress,  July  10. 

Cornwallis  retires  to  Yorktown,  Aug.  4. 

French  fleet  arr.  in  the  Chesapeake,  Aug.  30. 

Benedict  Arnold  burns  New  London,  Conn., 
Sept.  6. 

Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  S.C,  Sept.  8. 

James  Lawrence  (com.  of  Chesapeake)  born 
Oct.  1  ;  dies  June  5,  1813. 

Wm.  Miller,  prophet  of  the  Millerites,  born; 
dies  Dec.  20,  1840. 

Richard  ^L  Johnson,  9th  vice-pres.  of  U.  S., 
born  Oct.  17:  dies  Nov.  19,  1850. 

Cornwallis  surr.  at  Y<^rkl<)wn,  Oct.  19. 

John  Hanson  of  Maryland  pres.  of  Continen- 
tal Congress,  Nov.  5. 

Bank  of  N.  .Vmerica  cstab.  at  Phil.,  Dec.  31. 

1782  First  Eng.  Bible  printed  in  U.  S.,  at  Phil. 


36  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1782  Xicholas  Longworth  b.  Jan.  16  ;  d.  Feb.  10, 

1863. 
Daniel  Webster  b.  Jan.  18  ;  d.  Oct.  24,  1852. 
JohnC.  Calhoun  b.  Mar.  18;  d.  Mar.  31, 1850. 
Holland  recognizes  indep.  of  U.  S.,  April  19. 
Congress  adopts  Great  Seal  of  U.  S.,  June  20. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  evac.  by  British,  July  11. 
Jesse  D,  Elliott,  com.,  born  July   14 ;   dies 

Dec.  10,  1845. 
Last  blood  of  Revolution  shed,  in  Georgia ; 

Col.  John  Laurens  killed   in   a  skirmish, 

Aug.  27.  [at  Phil. 

First  manuf .  of  fustians  and  jeans  in  U.  S., 
Lewis  Cass  b.  Oct.  9  ;  d.  June  17,  1866. 
Elias  Boudinot  of  N.  J.,  pres.  of  Continental 

Congress,  Nov.  4.  [Nov.  30. 

Preliminary  articles  of  peace  signed  at  Paris, 
Martin  Van  Buren  (8th  pres.)  born  Dec.  5  ; 

dies  Oct.  13,  1862. 
British  evacuate  Charleston,  S.C,  Dec.  14. 
French  army  embarks  from  Boston,  Dec.  24. 

1783  Washington  College.  Chestertown,  ]\Id.,  org. 
Sweden  recognizes  indep.  of  U.  S.,  Feb.  5. 
Denmark  recognizes  indep.  of  U.  S.,  Feb.  25. 
Spain  recognizes  indep.  of  U.  S.,  Mar.  24. 
Washington  Irving,  author,  b.  April  3  ;  dies 

Nov.  28,1859.  [11. 

Cong,  proclaims  cessation  of  hostilities,  Apr. 
Cong,  ratifies  preliminary  treaty  with  Great 

Britain,  April  15. 


UNITED    STATES.  37 

1783  Order  of  Cincinnati  formed,  May  13. 
Eightli  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  Princeton,  N.J., 

June  30.  [July. 

Independence  of  U,  S.  recognized  by  Russia, 
Samuel  C.  Keid,  designer  of  tlie   U.  S.  flag, 
b.  Aug.  25  ;   d.  Jan  28,  1861. 
'    Treaty  of  peace  with  Gt.  Brit,  signed,  Sept.  3. 
AVashington's  Farewell  Address  to  the  army, 
2so\.  2,  [gress,  Nov.  3. 

Thomas  Mifflin  of  Penn.  pres.  of  Cont.  Con- 
American  army  disbanded,  Nov.  3. 
British  evacuate  Long  Island,  Dec.  4. 
Thos.  McDonough,  com.,  b.  Dec.  23  ;  d.  Nov. 

16,  1825. 
Washington  resigns  commission  as  comman- 
der-in-chief, Dec.  23. 

1784  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis,  Md.,  organized. 
First  cotton  sent  to  England. 

Congress  adopts  decimal  currency. 

University  of  State  of  New  York  established. 

American  Daily  Advertisery  first  daily  news- 
paper in  America,  issued  at  Phil. 

Congress  ratifies  treaty  of  peace,  Jan,  14. 

Charles  Morris,  com.,  b.  July  26  ;  d.  Jan.  27, 
1856. 

Joseph  E.  Worcester,  lexicographer,  b.  Aul(. 
24;  d.  Oct.  27,  1865. 

Zachary  Taylor  (12th  ]>res. )  b.  Sept.  24  ;  dies 
July  9,  1850.  [Nov.  1. 

Tenth  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  Trenton,  N.J., 


38  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1784  Methodist  Episc.  Ch.  organized  at  Baltimore, 

Dec.  24. 

1785  City  Directory  of  Phil.,  first  pub.  in  U.  S. 
Eleventh  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  N.Y.,  Jan.  11. 
Samuel    Woodworth,    poet    ( "  Old    Oaken 

Bucket  "  ),  b.  Jan.  13  ;  d.  Dec.  9,  1842. 
John   Adams   appointed   minister   to   Great 

Britain,  Feb.  24. 
Thomas  Jefferson  appointed  minister  to  Fr., 

March  10.  [1866. 

John  Pierpont,  poet,  b.  April  6  ;  d.  Aug.  27, 
First  Episcopal  ordination  in  U.  S.  at  Mid- 

dletown,  Conn.,  Aug.  3. 
Treaty  between  Prussia  and  U.  S.,  Aug.  5. 
Oliver  H.  Perry,  com.,  b.  Aug.  23 ;  d.  Aug. 

23,  1819. 
Twelfth  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  N.  Y.,  Nov.  7. 
John  Hancock  of  Mass.,  pres.  of  Cont.  Cong., 

Nov.  23.  [March  11,  1848. 

Henry  \Mieaton,  publicist,  b.  Nov.  27  ;  dies 

1786  James  Rumsey  propels  boat  by  steam  on 

Potomac,  ]\Iarch. 
Wm.  R.  King,  vice-pres.  of  U.  S.,  b.  April  7  ; 

dies  April  18,  1853. 
Amos  Lawrence  b.  Apr.  20 ;  d.  Dec.  31, 1852. 
Thomas  Nuttall,  naturalist,  b. ;  d.  Sept.  10, 

1859. 
First  spinning-jenny  in  U.  S.,  at  Prov.,  R.  I. 
Nathaniel    Gorham   pres.    of    Cont.    Cong., 

June  6. 


UNITED    STATES.  39 

1786  Win  field  Scott  b.  June  13 ;  d.  ]\Iay  20,  1866. 
Ordinance  establishing  coinage  passed,  Aug. 
Daniel  Shays'  rebellion  in  Western  Mass. 
David  Crockett,  backwoodsman,  b.  Aug.  17  ; 

d.  March  6,  1836.  [passed,  Oct.  10. 

Ordinance  to  establish  United  States  Mint 
Thirteenth  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  N.Y.,  Nov.  <i. 
Wm.  L.  Marcy  b.  Dec.  12;  d.  July  4,  1857. 

1787  Arthur  St.  Clair  of  Penn.  pres.  of  Congress, 

I'Vl..  2. 
Geo.  W.  Rodgers,  com.,  b. ;  d.  May  21,  1832. 
Convention  to  form  constitution  for  U.  S. 

meets  at  Phil.,  May  25. 
Congress   enacts   ordinance    for    Northwest 

Territory,  July  13. 
Treaty  between  U.  S.  and  ^lorocco,  July  18. 
First  manuf.  of  cotton  in  V.  S.,  at  Beverly, 

Mass. 
Manufacture  of  salt  at  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  begun. 
Fir.st  newspaper  published  in  Kentucky,  at 

Lexington,  Aug. 
John  J.  Crittenden,  b.  Sept.  10;  d.  July  26, 

1H63.  [5. 

Fourteenth  Cont.  Cong,  meets  at  N.Y.,  Nov. 
Richard  H.  Dana,  b.  Nov.  15  ;  d.  Feb.  2,  1870. 
Thou).  11.  fJallaudet,  founder  of  first  inst.  in 

America  for  instruction   of  the  deaf  and 

dumb,  I).  Dec.  10;  d.  Sept.  0,  1851. 

1788  Cyrus  (irifhn  of  Virginia  pres.  of  C.)nt.  Con- 

gress, Jan.  22. 


40  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1788  First    lead-mining    in    America,    near    Du- 

buque, la. 
Joshua  Bates  born  ;  dies  Sept.  24,  1864. 
James  Gadsden  {Gadsden  Purchase)  b.  ]\Iay 

15  ;  d.  Dec.  26,  1858. 
Adoniram  Judson,  b.  Aug.  0  ;  d.  Apr.  12, 1850. 
Alexander  Campbell,  founder  of  the  Camp- 

bellites,  b.  Sept.  12 ;  d.  March  14,  1866. 
Last  Cont.  Congress  adjourns,  Oct.  21. 

1789  Tammany  Society  formed. 

Electors  vote  for  first  pres.  of  U.  S.,  Feb. 
First  U.  S.  Congress  meets  at  X.  Y. ;  George 

Washington    chosen    pres.    of    U.  S.   and 

John  Adams  vice-pres.,  April  6. 
Washington  takes  oath  of  office,  April  30. 
Jared  Sparks  b.  May  10;  d.  Mar.  14,  1866. 
First  U.  S.  tariff  bill  passed,  July  4. 
Dep't  of  Foreign  Affairs  organized,  July  27. 
War  and  Xavy  Dep'ts  organized,  Aug.  7. 
Treasury  Department  organized,  Sept.  2. 
Supreme  Court  of  U.  S.  estab.,  Sept. 
James  Fenimore  Cooper  b.  Sept.  15  ;    dies 

Sept.  14,  1851. 
Washington  visits  Xorthern  States,  Oct.  15. 
Levi  Woodbury  b.  Dec.  22;  d.  Sept.,  1851. 
Catherine  M.  Sedgwick  b.  Dec.  28  ;  d.  July 

31,  1867.  [4. 

1790  Second  session  of  Cong,  meets  in  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
Sec.  Hamilton  reports  on  public  debt,  Jan.  14. 
First  copyright  law  passed. 


UNITED    STATKS.  41 

1790  Act  passed  ordering  census,  March  1. 
John  Tyler  (10th  pres.)  b.  March  29  ;  d.  Jan. 

18,  1862. 
Franklin  dies  at  Phil.,  April  17,  aged  84. 
Fitz-Greene  Halleck  b.  July  8;  d.  Nov.  19, 

1867.  *  [July  10. 

Act  passed  for  acquisition  of  Dist.  of  Col., 
First  mechanical  patent  issued,  July  31. 
Columbia,  Capt.  Robert  Gray,  first  American 

ship    to    make  voyage   round   the  world, 

returns  to  Boston,  Aug.  10. 
Wm.  B.  Shubrick,  adm.,  b.  Oct.  31 ;  d.  May 

27,  1874. 
Third  session  of  Cong,  opens  in  Phil.,  Dec.  6. 

1791  Anthracite  coal  discovered  in  Pennsylvania. 
Vermont  (1 1th  State)  admitted,  Jan.  18. 
United  States  bank  incorporated,  Feb.  8. 
Peter  Cooper,  founder  of  Cooper  Institute, 

b.  Feb.  12;  d.  April  4,  1883. 
First  Congress  adjourns,  March  3. 
James  Buchanan    (ir>th  pres.)  b.  April  23; 

d.  June  1,  1868. 
Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  inventor  (telegraph),  b. 

April  27;  d.  April  2,  1872. 
George  Ticknor,  author,  b.  Aug.  1  ;  d.  Jan. 

26,1871.  [Aug.  7. 

Great  Britain  ai»j>oints  first  minister  to  V.  S., 
Lydia  H.  H.  Sigourney  b.  Sept.  1  ;  d.  June 

10,  1865. 
Second  Congress  opens  at  Phil..  Oct.  24. 


42  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1791  Charles  Sprague,  poet,  b.  Oct.  26  ;   d.  Jan. 

1875. 
Amend,  to  Const.,  I.-X.,  ratified,  Dec.  15. 

1792  Corner-stone  of  AVhite  House,  Wasli.,  laid. 
Lowell  Mason  b.  Jan.  8;  d.  Aug.  11,  1872. 
Congress   grants  bounty  for  fisljing-vessels, 

Feb.  16. 
United  States  Mint  established,  April  2. 
Matthew  Yassar  (Vassar  Coll.)  b.  April  29  ; 

d.  June  23,  1868. 
Laws  passed  organizing  militia,  May  8. 
Capt.  Robert  Gray  discovers  mouth  of  river 

Columbia,  May  11. 
Kentucky  (15th  State)  admitted,  June  1. 
John  Howard  Payne  b.  June  9  ;  d.  April  10, 

1852. 
Chester  Harding,  portrait  painter,  b.  Sept.  1 ; 

d.  April  1,  1866. 
Second  presidential  election,  Xov.  6. 
Abbott  Lawrence,  founder  of  Scien.  School 

at  Harvard,  b.  Dec.  16  ;  d.  Aug.  18,  1855. 

1793  Thaddeus  Stevens  b.  April  4;  d.  Aug.  11, 

1868. 
First  Synod  of  German  Reformed  Church, 

at  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Sentinel,  first  newspaper  of  the  Northwest, 

appears  at  Cincinnati,  O. 
U.  S.  Mint  at  Phil,  begins  to  coin  money. 
Washington  receives  all  the  electoral  votes ; 

John  Adams,  vice-pres.,  Feb.  13. 


UNITED    STATES.  4o 

1793  Sam.  Houston  h.  Marcli  'J  ;  d.  July  25,  1803. 
Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  ethnologist,  b.  March 

28;  d.  Dec.  10,  1864. 
Eli  Whitney  invents  cotton-gin. 
Pres.  issues  ]troc,  of  neutrality,  April  22. 
Edward   Hitchcock,   geologist,   b.  May  24  ; 

dies  Feb.  27,  18G4. 
Great  Britain  and  France  seize  neutral  ships 

with  war  supplies,  May-June. 
S.  G.  Goodrich  ("  Peter  Parley  "),  b.  Aug.  19  ; 
d.  May  9,  1860.  [iugton,  Sept.  18. 

Corner-stone  of  U.  S.  Capitol  laid  by  Wash- 
Political  parties  assume  names  of  Republi- 
can and  Federalist. 
Third  Congress  opens  at  Phil.,  Dec.  2. 

1794  New  York  Commercial  Adcerlisrr  appears. 
Lfi  Moniteur,  first  newspaper  in  Louisiana. 
First    regular  theatre    in    Boston   opens   in 

Federal  St.,  Feb.  4. 
Amend.  XT.  to  Constitution  adopted.  Mar.  5. 
Act    authorizing    formation    of    U.    S.    N., 

March  1 1 . 
American  vessels  forbidihMi   to  supply  slaves 

to  another  nation,  March  22.  [26, 

Embargo  laid  on  shipping  for  60  days,  March 
Matthew  C.  Perry,  coni.,   b,    Ajiril   10  ;    dies 

March  1,  l8o8. 
Edward  Everett  b.  Apr.  11  ;  d.  Jan.  15,  1865. 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt  b.  May  27  ;  dies  Jan. 

4,  1877. 


44  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1794  Xeutrality  act  passed,  June  5. 
Post-office  department  permanently  estab. 
Whiskey  insurrection  in  Pa.,  July-Nov. 
Sylvester  Graham,  vegetarian  advocate,  b. ; 

d.  Sept.  11,  1851. 
Wm.  Cullen  Bryant  b.  Xov.  3;  d.  June  12, 

1878. 
Ed.  T.  Taylor  ("  Father  Taylor  "),  preacher, 

Boston,  b.  Dec.  25  ;  d.  April  5,  1871. 

1795  Anti-Rent  troubles  begin  in  N.  Y.,  Jan.  7. 
Stringent  naturalization  law  passed,  Jan.  29. 
Hamilton,  secretary  of  treasury,  resigns,  Jan. 
Act  passed  for  redemption  of  public  debt. 
University  of  Tenn.  at  Knoxville  opened. 
University  of  N.  Carolina  opened,  Feb.  13. 
Geo.  Peabody  b.  Feb.  18;  d.  Xov.  4,  1869. 
James  Harper,  founder  of  Harper  &  Bros., 

publishers,  b.  April  13;  d.  Mar.  27,  1869. 
Silas  AVright  b.  May  24  ;  d.  Aug.  27,  1847. 
Josh.  R.  Giddings  b.  Aug.  6  ;  d.  May  27, 1864. 
J.  Rodman  Drake  b.  Aug.  7  ;  d.  Sept.  21, 1820. 
Washington  signs  treaty  with  Eng.,  Aug.  14. 
James  Gordon  Bennett,  founder  New  York 

Herald,  b.  Sept.  1  ;  d.  June  1,  1872. 
Treaty  with  Algiers,  Sept.  5. 
James  G.  Percival  b.  Sept.  15  ;  d.  May  2, 1856. 
Robert  F.  Stockton,  com.,  b. ;  d.  Oct.  7, 1866. 
Treaty  with  Spain  opening  Miss.,  Oct.  20. 
John  P.  Kennedy,  secretary  of  navy,  b.  Oct. 

25 ;  d.  Aug.  18,  1870. 


UNITED    STATES.  46 

1795  James  K.  Polk  (11th  pres.)  b.  Nov.  2;  dies 

June  15,  1849.  [7. 

Fourth  Congress  opens  at  Philadelphia,  Dec. 

1796  Congress  sustains  Jay's  treaty  with  England, 

April  30. 
Junius  Brutus  Booth,  English  tragedian,  b. 

May  1  ;  d.  Nov.  30,  1852. 
John   G.  Palfrey,  historian,  b.  May  2 ;  dies 

April  26,  1881.  [1859. 

Horace  ^Mann,  educator,  b.  May  4  ;  d.  Aug.  2, 
William   Prescott,  historian,  b.  May  4 ;    d. 

Jan.  28,  1859.  [187r,. 

Reverdy  Johnson  born  May  21  ;  d.  Feb.  10, 
Tennessee  (16th  State)  admitted,  June  1. 
John  M.  Clayton  b.  July  24  ;  d.  Nov.  0, 1856. 
First  gaslight  in  America  at  Phil.,  Aug. 
Washington  issues  his  ''  Farewell  Address," 

Sept.  19. 
Third  presidential  election,  Nov.  8.  [6. 

Second  session  of  Cong,  opened  at  Phil.,  Dec. 

1797  P^lectoral  votes  declare  John  Adams  pres.  ; 

Thomas  Jefferson  vice-pres.,  Feb.  8. 
Mary  Logan,  founder  of  Mt.  Ilolyoke  Sem., 

b.  Feb.  28;  d.  Mar.  5,  1849. 
Gerrit  Smith  b.  Mar.  0  ;  d.  Dec.  29,  1874. 
Special  session  of  Cong,  to  consider  relations 

with  France,  Mar.  25. 
Theophilus  Parsons,  jurist  an<l   writ<'r,  born 

May  17  ;  d.  Jan.  26,  1882.  [appears. 

Medical  Repository,  first  med.  journal  in  Am., 


46  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1797  Cong,  prohibits  privateering  against  friendly 

nations,  June  14. 
Cong,  authorizes  raising  80,000  militia  for 

three  months,  June  24.  [Oct.  4. 

Commissioners    app.  to  treat   with   France, 
Thurlow  AVeed,  journalist,  b.  Xov.  15  ;  dies 

Nov.  22,  1882.  [1878. 

Hiram  Paulding,  adm.,  b.  Dec.  11  ;  d.  Oct.  20, 

1798  K.  Dunglison   ('•  Dunglison's    Med.  Diet."), 

b.  Jan.  4  ;  d.  April  1,  1869. 

Charles  Wilkes,  adm.,  b. ;  d.  Feb.  8,  1877. 

Mississippi  Territory  organized,  April  3. 

"  Hail  Columbia  "  written,  April  29  ;  first 
sung.  May.  [^J^ay  4. 

Harper's   Ferry  selected  as  site  for  armory. 

Congress  auth.  provisional  army,  May  28. 

Congress  auth.  seizing  of  hostile  French  ves- 
sels. May  28. 

Imprisonment  for  debt  abolished,  June  6. 

Commercial  intercourse  with  France  sus- 
pended, June  12. 

Washington  com.-in  chief  of  army,  June  17. 

Uniform  rule  of  naturalization  adopted, 
June  18.  [July  14., 

Alien  and  sedition   laws   passed,  June    25, 

Marine  corps  organized,  July  11. 

John  A.  Dix   b.  July  24;  d.  April  21,  1879. 

Samuel  G.  Drake  b.  Oct.  11 ;  d.  June  14, 1875. 

Silas  H.  Stringham,  adm.,  b.  Xov.  7  ;  d.  Feb. 
7,  1876. 


UNITED    STATES.  4i' 

1799  General  post-office  estab.,  March  '2. 

John  Lowell,  founder  of  Lowell  Institute, 
Boston,  b.  :May  11  ;  d.  March  4,  1880. 

Baltimore  American  be'gins  pub..  May  14. 

Rufus  Choate  b.  Oct.  1 ;  d.  July  13,  1859. 

A.  Bronson  Alcott  b.  Nov.  'J9  ;  d.  Mar.  4, 
1888. 

Sixth  Cong,  assembles  at  Phil.,  Dec.  '2. 

1800  University  of  Vermont  opened. 

Millard  Fillmore  (13th  pres.)  b.  Jan.  7  ;  dies 
Mar.  8,  1874.  [(/eance,  Feb.  1. 

Constellation  defeats  French  frigate  La  Fe/j- 

Ter.  of  Indiana  organized,  ]\Iay  7. 

John  Brown  "of  Ossawattomie  "  b.  ^lay  9; 
executed  Dec.  2,  1859. 

Law  passed  against  slave-trade,  May  10. 

U.S.  gov.  removes  to  Washington,  July. 

First  vaccination  in  U.S.  performed  at  Har- 
vard College,  July. 

Treaty  with  France,  spoliation  claims  adjus. 

Daniel  S.  Dickinson  b.  Sept.  11;  d.  April 
12,  1866. 

Henry  S.  Foote  b.  Sept.  20;  d.  May,  1880. 

Spain  cedes  Louisiana  to  France,  Oct.  1. 
[Se«  Spanish  Colonies.] 

George  Bancroft  b.  Oct.  3;  d.  Jan.  17,  1891. 
Benj.  F.  Wade  b.  Oct.  27 ;  d.  Mar.  2,  1878. 
Fourth  presidential  election,  Xov.  11. 
Chas.   (ioodyear,   inventor   (vulcanized   rub- 
ber), b.  Dec.  29;  d.  July  21.  186(». 


48  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1801  New  York-  Post  established. 
Merino  sheep  imported  from  Spain. 

Thos.  Jefferson  chosen  president  by  electors, 

Feb.  11 ;  inai\gurated,  March  4. 
Congress  assumes  jurisdiction  over  District 

of  Columbia,  Feb.  27.  [July  24,  1882. 

Geo.  P.  ]Marsh,  philologist,  b.  March  17  ;  d. 
Wm.  H.  Seward  b.  May  16  ;  d.  Oct.  10,  1872. 
Brigham  Young  b.  June  1 ;  d.  Aug.  29,  1877. 
Tripoli  declares  war  against  U.  S.,  June  10. 
David  G.  Farragut  b.  July  5;  d.  Aug.  14, 

1870.  [1869. 

Robert  J.  Walker  b.  July  23;  d.  Xov.   11, 
Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  pres.  of  Yale  College, 

b.  Oct.  31 ;  d.  July  1,  1889. 
Sam.  G.  Howe,  philanthropist,  b.  Xov.  10; 

d.  Jan.  9,  1876. 

1802  Mark  Hopkins,  pres.  of  "Williams   College, 

born  Feb.  4;  dies  June  17,  1887. 
Congress  recognizes  war  with  Tripoli,  Feb.  6. 
Lydia  M.  Child  b.  Feb.  11 ;  d.  Oct.  20,  1880. 
Naturalization  laws  of  1795  restored,  Apr.  14. 
"Washington  incorporated  as  a  city,  May  3. 
Gideon  AVelles,  sec.  of  U.  S.  X.,  b.  July  1 ; 

dies  Feb.  11,  1878. 
John  Wilson,  Scottish-American  printer  and 

author,  born;  dies  Aug.  3,  1868. 
Geo.  Ripley,  journ.,  b.  Oct.  3  ;  d.  July  4, 1880. 
Geo.  P.  Morris,  poet  and  journ.,  b.  Oct.  10 ; 

dies  Julv  6.  1864. 


UNITED    STATES.  49 

1803  Xeics  and  Courier,  Charleston,  S.C.,  estab. 
Albert  S.  Johnston,  Confederate  gen,,  born 

Feb.  3;  killed  at  Shiloli,  April  6,  1862. 
Ohio  (17th  State)  admitted,  Feb.  19. 
Louisiana  purchased  for  8 15,000,000,  Apr.  30. 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  ]>.  May  25 ;  d.  April 

27,  1882. 
John  Ericsson,  builder  of  Monitor,  born  July 

31;  dies  March  8,  1880. 
Samuel  F.  Dupont,  admiral,  b.  Sept.  27  ;  d. 

June  23,  1865. 
Eighth  Congress  opens,  Oct.  17. 
Frigate  Philadelphia  wrecked  and  captured 

in  Tripoli,  Oct.  31. 
New  Orleans  delivered  to  the  U.  S.,  Dec.  20. 

1804  First  experiments   in   artificial   propagation 

of  fish  in  U.  S.,  in  Soutli  Carolina. 
Com.  Decatur  destroys  Philadfljthia  in  Trijv 

oli  harbor,  Feb.  10. 
Neal  Dow,  temperance  reformer,  I).  Mar.  20; 

dies  Oct.  2,  1807. 
Severe  liurricane  in  South  Carolina. 
Nathaniel  IIa\vthr)ni<'  b.  July   1;  dies  May 

19,  1861. 
,    Vice-president  liurr  kills  Alex.  Mamillon  in 

a  duel,  July  1 1. 
Twelfth    Amendment    to    the    Constitution 

ad()j)te<l,  Sept.  25. 
Franklin   Pierce  (Mth  pres.)  b.  Nov.  23;  d. 

Oct.  8,  iSflO. 


50  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1805  Territory  of  ^Michigan  formed  from  Indiana, 

Jan.  11. 

David  D.  Field,  jurist,  b.  Feb.  13;  dies  Apr. 
13,  1894. 

Electors  choose  Jefferson  president,  Clinton 
vice-pres.,  Feb.  13. 

Louis  M.  Goldsborough,  adm.,  b.  Feb.  18 ; 
dies  Feb.  20,  1877. 

Jefferson  and  Clinton  inaugurated,  March  -4. 

Theodorus  Bailey,  adm.,  b.  April  12  ;  d.  Feb. 
10,  1877. 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Tripoli,  June  3. 

Robert  Anderson,  gen.,  defender  of  Ft.  Sum- 
ter, b.  June  U ;  dies  Oct.  27,  1871. 

Chas.  T.  Jackson,  discoverer  of  etherization, 
b.  June  21 ;  dies  Aug.  29,  1880. 

Hiram  Powers,  sculptor,  b.  July  29  ;  d.  1873. 

Horatio  Greenough,  sculptor,  b.  Sept.  6  ;  dies 
Dec.  18,  1852. 

Ninth  Congress  opens,  Dec.  2.  [1879. 

"Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison,  b.  Dec.  12  ;  d.  May  24, 

Joseph  Smith,  founder  of  the  sect  of  Mor- 
mons, b.  Dec.  23  ;  killed  at  Carthage,  Mo., 
June  27,  1844. 

University  of  S.  C.  opens  at  Columbia.* 

Dorothea  L.  Dix  born  ;  dies  July  19,  1887. 

1806  Matt.  F.  Maury,  b.  Jan.  14  ;  d.  Feb.  1,  1873. 
Xath'l  P.  Willis  b.  Jan.  20  ;  d.  Jan.  20,  1867. 
Edwin  Forrest,  actor,  b.  March  9  ;  d.  Dec. 

12,  1872. 


UNITED    STATES.  61 

1806  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  incor., 

March  26.  [d.  Nov.  19,  1869. 

Wra.  P.  Fessenden,  statesman,  b.  March  31  ; 
John  P.  Hale  b.  March  31  ;  d.  Nov.  19,  1873. 
Wm.  (j.  8imnis  b.  April  17  ;  d.  June  11, 1870. 
Andrew  H.  Foote,  admiral,  b.  Sept.  12 ;  dies 

June  26,  1863. 
Treaty  with  Gr.  Brit,  signed  by  com.,  Dec.  3. 

1807  Kobert  E.  Lee  b.  Jan.  19  ;  d.  Oct.  12,  1870. 
.Joseph  E.  Johnston,  Conf.  gen.,  b.  Feb.  3  ; 

d.  March  21,  1891.  [Feb.  7. 

•  Act  to  prohibit  importation  of  slaves  passed, 

Aaron   Burr  arrested  for  treason,  Feb.  19; 

acquitted,  Sept.  15. 
Henry  W.  Longfellow  b,  Feb.  27  ;  dies  Mar. 

24,  1882. 
Act  jiassed  prohilj.  import,  of  slaves,  ]\Iar.  2. 
Louis  J.  K.  Agassiz  b.  May  28;  d.  Dec.  14, 

1873. 
British  frigate  L< ojxirtl  lircs  into  U.  S.  frigate 

(,'/if snjirdkc,  June  22. 
Richard  Hildrelli,  historiiiu.  b.  June  JS  ;  d. 

July  11,  186.'). 
American  ports  cl«»><  d  lu  Biiiish  .sliips,  July. 
Chas.    Francis  Adams  b.   Aug.   18;  d.  Nov. 

21,  1886. 
First    steamboat    (FiiUon's    Clrnnouf)    sails 

from  N.  Y.  to  Albany,  Sept.  1  L 
Tenth  Congress  opens,  Oct.  26.  [1862. 

Cornelius  C.  Felton,  b.  Nov.  6 ;  d.  Feb.  26, 


6Z  IMPORTAXT    EVEXTS. 

1807  John  G.  ^VTiittier  b.  Dec.  17  ;  d.  Sept.  7,  1892. 
Embargo  Act,  prohib.  for.  commerce,  Dec.  22. 

1808  Salmon  P.  Chase  b.  Jan.  13  ;  d.  May  7.  1873. 
Alvan  Clark  b.  March  4  ;  d.  Aug.  19,  1887. 
Embargo  act  modified,  March  12. 
Jefferson  Davis  b.  June  3  ;  d.  Dec.  6,  1889. 
Hamilton  Fish  b.  Aug.  3  ;  d.  Sept.  7.  1893. 
Samuel  F.  Smith,  author  of  "  America,"  b. 

Oct.  21 ;  d.  Xov.  16,  1895. 
Sixth  presidential  election,  Xov.  8. 
Stephen    C.    Rowan,   adm.,  b.   Dec.  25 ;    d. 

March  31,  1890.  [1875. 

Andrew  Johnson  (17th  pres.)  b.  Dec.  29  ;  d. 
Andover  (Mass.)  Theological  Semin.  opened. 

1809  Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky,  discovered. 
Territory  of  Illinois  established,  Feb.  3. 
Electors  choose  Jas.  Madison  pres.,  Feb.  8. 
Abraham  Lincoln  (16th  pres.)  b.  Feb.  12; 

d.  April  15,  1865. 
Embargo  Act  repealed,  March  1. 
Xon-intercourse  Act  with  Great  Britain  and 

France,  March  1 ;  terminated,  April  19. 
Benj.  Peirce,  math.,  b.  Apr.  4  ;  d.  Oct.  6, 1880. 
Robert  C.  AVinthrop  b.  May  12;  d.  Nov.  16, 

1894. 
Eleventh  Congress  opens,  ^lay  22. 
Hannibal  Hamlin,  vice-pres.  U.  S.,  b.  Aug. 

27;  d.  July  4,  1891. 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  b.  Aug.  29  ;  d.  Oct. 

7,  1894. 


UNITED    STATES.  b-i 

1809  John  A.  Dahlgren,  admiral,  b.  Nov.  i:i;  d. 

July  12,  1870. 

1810  General  post-office  estab.  at  Wash.,  Apr.  30. 
First   Agricultural  exhibition    in    U.   S.   at 

Georgetown,  D.C,  May  10. 
Theodore  Parker,  theol.,  b.  Aug.  24  ;  d.  May 

10,  18G0.  [29,  1873. 

John  A.  Winslow,  adm.,  b.  Nov.  19  ;  d.  Sept. 
P.  T.  Barnum,  showman,  b.  ;  d.  Apr.  7,  1891, 

1811  Charles  Sumner,   statesman,  b.  Jan.  0  ;    d. 

March  11,  1874. 
Edgar  Allan  Poe  b.  Jan.  20  ;  d.  Oct.  7, 1849. 
Horace  Greeley,  founder  of  iV.    }'.  Tribune, 

b.  Feb.  3  ;  d'  Nov.  29,  1872. 
Trading-posts  first  established  among  Indi- 
ans, March  2. 
Engagement  between  U.  S.  frigate  President 

and  Brit,  sloop-of-war  Little  Belt,lSlB,\  10. 
First    number   of   Niles*  Register  issued   in 

Baltimore,  Sept.  7. 
Twelfth  Congress  convenes,  Nov.  4. 
General  W.  II.  Harrison  defeats  Indians  at 

Tij)i)ecanoe,  Nov.  7. 
Wendell  Phillips  b.  Nov.  29  ;  d.  Feb.  2.  1884. 
First  steamboat  on  tli«'()hio,the  AV/r  Orh'tnis. 
Elihu  Burritt  (*•  The  Learned  Blacksmith  ") 

b.  Dec.  8  ;  d.  March  7,  1879.  [4,  1892. 

Noah  Porter,  pres.  of  Yale  Coll.,  b. ;  d.  Mar. 
Theatre  at  Richmond,  Va.,  burned,  gov.  and 

many  others  perish,  Dec.  20. 


54  IMPOKTAXT    EVENTS. 

1812  First  steam  vessel  on  the  INIississippi,  Jan. 
Alex.  H.  Stephens  b.  Feb.  11 ;  d.  Mar.  4, 1883. 
Embargo  on  all  vessels  in  U.  S.  for  90  days, 

April  4.  [20. 

Vice-pres.  Clinton  dies  at  AVashington,  Apr. 
Louisiana  (18th  State)  admitted.  April  30. 
Territory  of  Missouri  established,  June  4. 
Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  b.  June  15;  d.  July 

1,  1896. 
War  declared  against  Gt.  Britain,  June  18. 
Am.  Constitution  cap.  Brit.  Guerriere,  Aug.  19. 
Richard   M.   Hoe  (Hoe's  Lightning  Press)  b. 

Sept.  12;  d.  June  7,  1886. 
Am.   Antiquarian  Soc.  incorporated  at  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  Oct.  12. 
Battle  of  Queenstown,  Canada,  Oct.  13. 
Am.  Wasp  capt.  British  Frolic,  Oct.  18. 
Henry  Wilson,  vice-pres.,  b. ;  d.  Xov.  22, 1875. 
Fight  at  St.  Regis,  N.Y.,  Oct.  23. 
Frigate  United  States  capt.  Brit.  Macedonian, 

Oct.  25. 
Presidential  election,  Xov.  10. 
AYm.  Warren,  Jr.,  comedian,  b.  Xov.  17  ;  d. 

Sept.  21,  1888. 
U.  S.  Constitution  capt.  British  Java,  Dec.  29. 
Term  "  gerrymander  "  originates  in  Mass. 
National  Academy  of  Art  estab.  by  Act  of 

Cong,  in  Dist.  of  Columbia.  [Jan. 

1813  Brit.  adm.  Cockburn  blockades  Amer.  coast, 
John  C.  Fremont  b.  Jan.  21  ;  d.  July  13, 1890. 


UXITKI)    STATES.  O.) 

1813  Electors   choose   James  .Madison  pres. ;    El- 

bridge  Gerry  vice-pres.,  Feb.  10. 
Am.  Hnrnet  capt.  British  Peacock;  Feb.  24. 
Christopher  P.  Craiich,  artist  and  poet,  born 

March  8;  d.  Jan.  20,  1892.  [1861. 

Stephen  A.  Douglas  b.  April  23 ;  d.  June  3, 
York  (Toronto)  captured,  April  27. 
Thirteentli  Congress  convenes,  May  24. 
Brit.  Shannon  capt.  Am.  Chesapeake,  ,lnne  1. 
David  D.  Porter,  adm.,  b.  June  ;  d.  Feb.  12, 

1891.  [1887. 

Heury  Ward  Beecher  b.  June  24  ;  d.  ^lar.  8. 
Boston  Daily  Adverliser  established. 
Am.  Enferjjrise  capt.  Brit.  Boxer,  Sept.  5. 
Victory  of  Com.  Perry  on  Lake  Erie,  Sept.  10. 
John  Sedgwick,  gen.,  b.  Sept.  13  ;  d.  May  9. 

1804.  [d.  Mar.  10,  1868. 

1814  David  Wilmot  {WUmnt  Proris,,)  b.  Jan.  20; 
Samuel  J.  Tilden  b.  Feb.  9  ;  d.  Aug.  4,  1886. 
Thomas  Crawford,  sculptor,  b.  ]\Iar.  22;  dies 

Oct.  10,  l8o7.  [Mar.  28. 

Brit.  Phu^be  and   Cheruh  capt.  Amer.  J-^ssex, 
John  L.  Motley  b.  Apr.  15 ;  d.  May  29, 1877. 
Am.  Pcncock:  capt.  Brit.  Epervier,  April  29. 
Am.    Wasp  cajit.  British  Reindeer,  June  28. 
Fort  Erie   surr.  to  (Jens.  Scott  and   itiiiley, 

July  3. 
Battle  of  Chippewa,  July  5. 
Samuel  Colt,  inventor  (n-volvor),  b.  July  19  ; 

d.  Jan  10,  1862. 


56  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1814  Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane,  July  25.  [9-12. 
Stonington,  Conn.,  bomb,  by  Brit,  fleet,  Aug. 
Capitol  at  Washington  burned,  Aug.  2i. 
Amer.  Wasp  defeats  British  Avon,  Sept.  1. 
Vict,  of  Com.  McDonough  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  Sept.  11. 

"  Star-spangled  Banner  "  written  by  Francis 
Scott  Key,  Sept.  13.  [genet,  Sept.  26. 

Sea-fight  of  Gen.  Armstrong  and  Brit.  Planta- 
Elbridge  Gerry,  vice-pres.,  dies  at  "Washing- 
ton, Xov.  23.  [Dec.  15. 
Hartford  Convention  to  oppose  war  meets, 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  sec.  of  war,  b.  Dec.  19; 
d.  Dec.  24,  1869.  [Jan.  8. 

1815  Gen.  Jackson's  vict.  at  bat.  of  Xew  Orleans, 
Amer.  President  capt.  by  British   Endymion, 

Jan.  15.  [Feb.  17. 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  ratified, 
Constitution  captui'es  Cyane  and  Levant,  Feb. 
U.  S.  declares  war  against  Algiers,  Mar.  3. 
Amer.  Hornet  capt.  Brit.  Penguin,  Mar.  23. 
Handel   and    Haydn    Society    organized   in 

Boston,  April  20. 
Treaty  of  peace  with  Morocco,  June  30. 
Richard  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  b.  Aug.  1 ;  d.  Jan.  7, 

1882.  [1879. 

Joseph  Hooker,  gen.,  b.  Xov.  13  ;  d.  Oct.  31, 
Clark  Mills,  sculptor,  b.  Dec.  1  ;   d.  Jan.  12, 

1883. 
Fourteenth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  4. 


UNITED    STATES.  57 

1816  First  savings  bank  in  the  U.  S.,  at  Phil. 
Henry  W.  llalleck,  geu.,  b.  Jan.  10  ;  d.  .I:ui. 

9,  1872.  [181M. 

Nathaniel  P.  Banks  b.  Jan.  30;   d.  Sept.  1, 
Boston  Recorder,  first  religious  newspaper  in 

U.  S.,  appears.  [31,1895. 

Ebenezer  K.  Hoar,  jurist,  b.  Feb.  21.  d.  Jan. 
U.  S.  Bank  chartered  by  Congress,  April  10. 
Amer.  Bible  Society  organized.  May  8-13. 
John  G.  Saxe,  poet,  b.  June  2  ;  dies  Mar.  31, 

1887.  [d.  Feb.  8,  1876. 

Charlotte  S.  Cushman,  actress,  born  July  23  ; 
Geo.   H.  Thomas,  gen.,  b.  July  31  ;  d.  Mar. 

28,  1870. 
First  steamboat  on  the  Gt.  Lakes,  the  Ontario. 
George  G.  Meade,  gen.,  b. ;  d.  Xov.  6,  1872. 
Presidential  election,  Nov.  12. 
Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  reformer,  b.  Nov.  12. 
Benj.  Silliman,  Jr.,  physicist,  b.  Dec.  4  ;  dies 

June  14,  1885. 
Indiana  (19th  State)  admitted,  Dec.  11. 
American  Colonization  Society  formed,  Dec. 

1817  Presidential  t-lecturs  choose  James  Monroe 

pres. ;   Dan'l  Tompkins  vice-pres.,  Feb.  12. 
Mississippi  territory  divided,  Marcli  1. 
Seth  Green,  fish  culturist,  born  Mar.  l!> ;  dies 

Aug.  20,  1888.  [Savannah. 

Frederic  Tudor  of  Boston  first  ships  ice  to 
Pierre  G.  T.  Beauregard  b.  May  23  ;  d.  Feb. 

20,  1893. 


5S  m  PORT  ANT    EVENTS. 

1817  John  B.  Gough  b.  Aug.  22  ;  d.  Feb.  18, 1886. 
First  coast-survey  work. 

Frederick  Douglass,  orator,  formerly  a  slave, 

b. ;  d.  Feb.  20,  1895. 
Fifteenth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  1. 
Mississippi  (20th  State)  admitted,  Dec.  10. 
First  instruction  of  deaf  mutes  in  Amer.,  by 

T.  H.  Gallaudet. 
James  T.  Fields  b.  Dec.  31 ;  d.  Apr.  26, 1881. 

1818  Geo.  S.  Boutwell,  statesman,  b.  Jan.  28. 
Wm.  M.  Evarts  born  Feb.  6. 

American  Farmer,  first  agricul.  paper  in  U.  S. 
Pensions  granted  to  Rev.  soldiers  in  need. 

Mar.  18.  [19,  1898. 

Don  Carlos  Buell,  gen.,  b.  Mar.  23  ;  d.  Xov. 
Act  establishing  flag  of  U.  S.,  April  4. 
Gen.  Jackson  takes  Pensacola,  May  24. 
John  A.  Andrew,  war  gov.  of  ]\lass.,  b.  May 

31 ;  d.  Oct.  30,  1867. 
Maria  Mitchell,  astron.,  b.  Aug.  1 ;   d.  June 

28,  1889. 
Irvin  McDowell,  gen.,  b.  Oct.  15 ;  d.  May  5, 

1885. 
Treaty  with  England,  Oct.  20. 
Benj.  F.  Butler  b.  Nov.  5;   d.  Jan.  11,  1893. 
Illinois  (21st  State)  admitted,  Dec.  3. 
Lucy  Stone,  advocate  of  woman's  rights,  b. ; 

d.  Oct.  18,  1893.  [1893. 

1819  Philip  Schaff,  scholar,  b.  Jan.  1  ;  d.  Oct.  20, 
Central  Coll.  at  Danville,  Ky.,  incor.,  Jan.  19. 


UNITKD    STATKS.  59 

1819     Wm.  W.  story,  sculptor,  b.  Feb.  10  ;  d.  Feb. 

8,  1895. 
Treaty  with  Spain  concluded,  Feb.  22. 
James   Russell   Lowell  b.  Feb.  2'2 ;   d.  Aug. 

12,  18C1. 
Richard  S.  Greenough,  sculptor,  b.  April  27. 
First  transatlantic  steamship,  Saranmih,  sails 

from    Savannah    to    Liverpool,    May    24 

(passage  2G  days). 
Julia  Ward  Howe  born  May  27. 
Walt  Whitman  b.  May  31  ;  d.  Mar.  2G,  1802. 
Thomas  Ball,  sculptor,  born  June  3. 
Maine  separated  from  Mass.,  June  10. 
Nathaniel    Lyon,    gen.,    b.  July    1-1;    killed 

Aug.  10,  1861. 
First  American  lithographic  printing,  July. 
Chas.  A.  Dana,  journ.,  b.  Aug.  8;  d.  Oct.  17, 

1807. 
Wm.  T.  G.  Morton,  dis.  of  the  use  of  ether  as 

an  anaesthetic,  b.  Aug.  0 ;  d.  July  15,  18G8. 
Thomas   W.  Parsons,  poet,  b.  Aug.  18;   dies 

Sept.  3,  1892. 
Cyrus  W.  Field,  organizer  of  Atlantic  Tele- 
graph Co.,  b.  Nov.  30;  d.  July  12,  1892. 
Wm.  S.  Rosecrans,  gen.,  b.  Dfc.  (»  ;  d.  Mar. 

11,  1808. 
Sixteenth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  6. 
Alabama  (22d  State)  admitted,  Dec.  11. 
Isaac  T.  Hecker,  founder  of  the  I*aulists,  b. 

Dec.  18;  d.  Dec.  22,  1880. 


60  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1819  Oddfellowship  introduced  from  oNIanchester, 

Eng.  [d.  Xov.  25,  1S85. 

Thos.  A.  Hendricks,  vice-pres.  of  U.  S.,  b. ; 

1820  Waterville  College  (afterward  Colby  Univ.) 

established.  • 

Henry  J.  Raymond,  founder  of  X.  Y.  Times, 

b.  Jan.  24  ;  d.  June  18,  1869. 
Wm.  T.  Sherman,  general,  b.  Feb.  8  ;  d.  Feb. 

14,  1891. 
Maine  (23d  State)  admitted,  ]\Iar.  1.5. 
Duel  between  Com.  Decatur  and  Com.  Bar- 
ron ;    both    wounded,    Decatur    mortally, 

March  22. 
Chas.  Devens,  general,  jurist,  b.  April  4  ;  d. 

Jan.  7,  1891. 
Alice  Cary  b.  April  20  ;  d.  April  12,  1871. 
First  steamship  line  between  Xew  York  and 

New  Orleans,  June. 
Indiana  State  Univ.  chartered  ;  opened,  1824. 
John  F.  Reynolds,  gen.,  b.  Sept.  20  ;  killed 

July  1,  18G3. 

1821  James  Longstreet,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  Jan.  8. 
John  C.  Breckinridge,  vice-pres.,  b.  Jan.  21  ; 

d.  May  17,  1875. 
Missouri  Compromise  Bill  passed,  Feb.  26,  27. 
Elizabeth  Blackwell,  first  woman   in  U.  S. 

who  received  degree  of  M.  D.,  b. 
Andrew  Jackson  appointed  gov.  of  Fla.,  Apr. 
Missouri  (24th  State)  admitted,  Aug.  10. 
Amherst  College  dedicated,  Sept.  18. 


UNITED    STATES.  61 

1821  Seventeenth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  o. 
Mary  A.  Liverniore   b.  Dec.  19. 

1822  Thos.  B.  Read,  poet,  b.  Mar.  1:>;  d.  May  11, 

187l\ 
Independence    of  Spanish    South   American 

States  recognized,  March  28. 
Donald  G.  Mitchell  {Ik  Marvel)  b.  April. 
Edward  Everett  Hale  b.  April  3. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  (18th  pres.)  b.  April  27  ; 

d.  July  2:?,  188."). 
Rutherford  H.  Hayes  (UMh  pres.)  b.  Oct.  4  ; 

d.  Jan.  17,  I89:i'.  [b.  Nov.  10. 

Frederick   L.  Ol rusted,  landscape  gardener, 
Anson  BurlinoanK^  diplomatist,  b.  Nov.  11; 

d.  Feb.  23,  1870. 
Gaslight  introduced  into  Boston. 
Richard  (irant  AVhite,  Shakesj>earean  critic, 

b. ;  d.  April  8,  1885.  [20,  1863. 

Geo.  W.  Hodge rs,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  ;  d.  Aug. 

1823  First  American  theatre  in  New  Orleans. 
John  I'ope,  gen.,  b.  Mar.  16  ;  d.  Sept.  23,  1892. 
Schuyler  Colfax,  vice-pres.  U.  S.,  b.  March 

23*;  d.  Jan.  13,  188."). 

John  Sherman  b.  May  10.     [d.  May  1,  189.'). 

John  Newton,  military  engineer,  b.  Aug.  21 ; 

Francis  Farkman,  historian,  b.  Sept.  16; 
d.  Nov.  8,  1893. 

Eighteenth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  1. 

President  Monroe  proclaims  "  Monroe  Doc- 
trine," Dec.  2. 


62  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1824  Thomas  J.  Jackson  (••  Stonewall  Jackson") 

b.  Jan.  21 ;  d.  May  10,  1863. 
Winfield  S.  Hancock,  gen.,  b.   Feb.  14  ;  d. 

Feb.  9,  1886.  [1892. 

Geo.  Wm.  Curtis  b.  Feb.  24;   d.  Aug.  31, 
Ambrose  E.  Burnside  b.  May  23  ;  d.  Sept. 

13,  1881. 
Alfred  Pleasanton,  gen.,  b.  June  7  ;  d.  Feb. 

17,  1897. 
Lafayette  arr.  in  X.  Y.,  Aug.  15;  welcomed 

to  House  of  Representatives,  Dec.  10. 
Phoebe  Gary,  b.  Sept.  4  ;  d.  July  31,  1871. 
Benj.  A.  Gould,  Jr.,  astronomer,  b.  Sept.  27 

d.  XoY.  26,  1896. 
Ambrose  P.  Hill,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  Nov.  9 

killed  April  2,  1865. 
Thos.  Starr  King  b.  Dec.  16  ;  d.  Mar.  4, 1863 
Amer.  Sunday-school  Union  founded  at  Phil 

1825  Treaty  with  Russia  ratified,  Jan.  11. 
Bayard  Taylor  b.  Jan.  11  ;  d.  Dec.  19,  1878 
Quincy   A.   Gillmore,   gen.,  b.  Feb.  28 ;  d 

April  7,  1888. 
John  Quincy  Adams  inaug.  president,  Mar.  4. 
University  of  Virginia  opens  March  25, 
Corner-stone  of  Bunker-Hill  Monument  laid, 

June  17. 
Richard  H.  Stoddard,  poet,  b.  July. 
Illuminating-gas  comes  into  use  in  N.  Y. 
Randolph  Rogers,  sculptor,  b.  July  6 ;  dies 

Jan.  14,  1892. 


UNITED    STATES.  63 

1825  Erie  Canal  finished,  Oct.  26. 
Xineteenth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  5. 

1826  John  A.  Logan  b.  Feb.  9;  d.  Dec.  20,  1886. 
Duel  between  Clay  and  Randolph,  April  8. 
(Jeorge  F.  Hoar,  senator,  b.  Aug.  20. 
Anti-masonic  excitement  oji  account  of  Wil- 
liam Morgan,  Sept. 

Joseph  R.  Hawley,  gen.,  b.  Oct.  31. 
Jottnidl  of  Education,  first  of  its  kind,  issued 

in  Roston. 
Lucy  Larcom  born  ;  dies  April  17,  LS!i:3. 
(U'Q.  R.  .McClelhin  b.  Dec.  3 ;  d.  Oct.  29,  1885. 

1827  ]'nnlh\'<  Cnnipnnion,  Boston  (weekly)  appears. 
Di.scii>les  of  Christ  (C'ampbellites)  founded. 
Lew.  Walhice,  autlior,  b.  April  10. 

Joim  T.  Trowl>ridg(^  b.  Sept.  l-S. 

Henry  W.  Slocum,  gen.,   b.   S(']>t.  24  ;    dies 

April  11,  18!I4. 
Alfred  H.  Terry  b.  Nov.  10  ;  d.  Dec.  16,  1890. 
First  railroad  in  tln^  V .  S.,  in  (^uincy,  Mass. 
Twentieth  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  3. 

1828  Second  railroad  in  the  U.  S.,  in  Penn. 
Ground   broken    for   Chesapeake    and    Ohio 

canal,  July  4. 
James    R.    MacPherson,   gen.,   b.    Nov.    14; 

kill.'d,  July  22,  1864. 
Webster's  Dictionary  first  ind)lishpd. 
Oswego  canal  linished. 

1829  Albert  Rierstadt,  ]»ainter,  b.  .Ian.  7. 
Joseph  Jefferson,  a«l()r,  b.  Feb.  2(K 


64  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1829     Carl  Schurz  b.  March  2. 

Andrew  Jackson  inaug.  president,  March  4. 
James  L.  ;M.  Sniithson,  founder  of  Smithso- 


nian Institution,  dies  June 


07 


t . 


First  locomotive  run  in  the  U.  S.,  Aug.  8. 
First  pub.  school  in  Baltimore  opens  Sept.  21. 
Inquirer,  Philadelphia,  established. 
John  Rogers,  sculptor,  b.  Oct.  30. 
Roscoe  Conkling  b.  Oct.  30  ;  d.  Apr.  18,  1888. 
Charles  G.  Halpine  (••  Miles  O'Reilly")  born 

Xov.;  dies  Aug.  3,  1868. 
Twenty-first  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  7. 
Laura  Bridgman,  blind  deaf  mute,  born  Dec. 

21 ;  dies  May  24,  1889. 
Patrick  S.  Gilmore,  musician,  b. ;  d.   Sept. 

24,  1892. 
1830     Gouverneur  K.  Warren,  gen.,  b.  Jan.  8  ;  dies 

Aug.  8,  1882. 
Great  speeches  of  Webster  and   Hayne  in 

U.  S.  Senate,  Jan.  25-27. 
James  G.  Blaine  b.  Jan.  31 ;  d.  Jan.  27,  1893. 
Jared  Sparks  begins  "American  Biography." 
First  14  miles  of  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail- 
road opens,  ]May  24. 
Chester  A.  Arthur  (21st  pres.)  born  Oct.  5 ; 

dies  Nov.  18,  1886. 
Harriet  G.  Hosmer,  sculptor,  born  Oct.  9. 
Oliver  O.  Howard,  gen.,  b.  Nov.  8. 
Mount   St.  Mary's   College,   Emmittsburgh, 

Md..  incorporated. 


UNITKD    STATES.  65 

1830  Book  of  Mormon  first  published. 
Evening  Transcript,  Boston,  Mass.,  estab. 
First  gold  from  Georgia  mines  received  at 

U.  S.  Mint. 
Clara  Barton,  org.  Red  Cross  Society,  ])orn. 

1831  First  locomotive  built  in  the  United  States. 
Copyright  law  radically  amended. 

Paul  H.  Hayne,  b.  Jan.  1 ;  d.  July  9,  18Srt. 

"William  Lloyd  Garrison  first  publishes  Llh- 
cralor,  Jan.  1. 

Philip  H.  Sheridan  b.  ^larcli  <> ;  d.  Aug.  5, 
188S.  [--^"g- 

Nat  Turner's  negro  insurrection  in  Virginia, 

Anti-Masonic  party  hold  a  National  Conven- 
tion, Sept.  20. 

John  M.  Schofield,  gen.,  born  Sept.  29. 

Boston  Dailif  Post  established. 

University  of  Alabama  opens. 

Chloroform  discovered  by  Sanuu'l  (iutinie 
of  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.Y.  [12,  1885. 

Helen  (Hunt)  Jackson,  poet,  born  ;  dies  Aug. 

James  A.  (iarfield  (20th  pres.)  b.  Nov.  19; 
dies  Sept.  19,  issl. 

Twenty-second  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  5. 

1832  Ked  Jacket,  chief  of   the   Senecas,  d.   .laii. 

20,  a.  78. 
James  K.  B.  Stuart,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  ;  killed. 

May  11,1  HOI.  [21. 

First  Democratic  National  Convention,  May 
Black  Hawk  war,  May-Aug. 


bb  IMPORT AXT    EVENTS. 

1832  Cholera  first  appears  in  the  U.  S.,  June  27. 
President  vetoes  national  bank  bill,  July  10. 
Source  of  Mississippi  discovered  by  School- 
craft, July  13. 

Jackson  issues  proclamation  to  South  Caro- 
lina, against  nullification,  Dec.  10. 

John  C.  Calhoun,  vice-pres.,  resigns,  Dec.  28. 

John  H.  Vincent,  founder  of  "  Chautauqua," 
born  Feb,  23. 

1833  South  Carolina  railroad  from  Charleston  to 

Hamburg,  Ga.,  135  miles,  then  the  longest 
continuous  line  in  the  M-orld,  completed. 

South  Carolina  repeals  ordinance  of  nullifi- 
cation, March  16. 

Benjamin  Harrison  (23d  pres.)  b.  Aug.  20. 

Kew  York  Sun  first  published,  Sept.  3. 

Bank  deposits  removed  from  National  Bank, 
Oct.  1. 

Edmund  C.  Stedman,  poet,  born  Oct.  1. 

Antislavery  Society  organized  in  IST.Y.,  Oct.  2. 

Great  display  of  meteors,  Xov.  13. 

Edwin  T.  Booth,  actor,  born  Nov.  13  ;  dies 
June  7,  1893.  [1888. 

Louisa  May  Alcott  b.  Nov.  29  ;  dies  Mar.  6, 

Twenty-third  Congress  convenes,  Dec.  2. 

Am.  Antislavery  Society  org.  at  Phil.,  Dec.  6. 

Robert  G.  IngersoU  born  Aug.  11. 

Adelaide  Phillips  born ;  dies  Oct.  2,  1882. 

Launt  Thompson  b. ;  d.  Sept.  26,  1894. 

Boston  Journal  established. 


UNllKD    STATK.S.  67 

1834  Treaty  witli  Spain,  indemnity,  Feb.  17. 
Charles  \V.  Eliot,  pres.  of  Harv.  Univ.,  born 

March  20. 
Chas.  F.  Browne  ("Artemus  Ward")  born 

April  '26;  dies  March  0,  18G7. 
Lafayette  dies  in  France,  May  19. 
James  Gibbons,  cardinal,  born  Jnly  2'^. 
AVhig  party  first  so-called. 
St.  Ursula  convent  at  Mount  Benedict,  Mass., 

burned  by  mob,  Aug.  11. 
McCormick  reaping-machine  patented. 
National  debt  extinguished,  Dec. 

1835  Attempted  assassination   of   Pres.  Jackson, 

Jan.  30. 
Seminole  war  begins. 
New  York  Herald  publislied  by  .James  (ior- 

don  Bennett,  May  0. 
''  Loco-focos  "  applied  to  Democratic  party. 
Branch  mint  at  New  Orleans  established. 
Sam.  L.  Clemens  ("  Mark  Twain  ")  b.  Nov.  30. 
Phillips  Brooks  b.  Dec.  13 ;  d.  Jan.  23,  1893. 
Cireat  fire  in  New  York  City,  Dec.  16,  17. 

1836  .Iiidson  Kilpatrick,  gen.,  born  ,Iaii.   11;  dies 

Dec.  4,  ISSI. 
Massacre  at  Alamo,  Texas,  March  6. 
J'uhlir  Leti(/cry  l*hiladelphia,  established. 
Arkansas  (2r)th  State)  admitted,  June  ir», 
1'reaty    with    Veneznela   and    Pcni-Bolivian 

con  f«*de  racy. 
First  observatory  in  U'.  S,,  in  Massachusetts. 


68  TMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1836  Sam.  Houston,  first  pres.  of  Texas,  Oct.  22. 
Thomas  B.  Aldrich,  poet,  born  Nov.  11. 
Hugh  J.  Kilpatrick,  gen,,  b. ;  d.  Dec.  4,  1881. 
Celia  Thaxter  born  ;  dies  Aug.  26,  1894. 
Jay  Gould  born  ;  dies  Dec.  2,  1892. 

1837  Michigan  (26th  State)  admitted,  Jan.  26. 
DNvight  L.  Moody  born  Feb.  5. 
William  D.  Howells  born  March  1. 
Stephen   Grover  Cleveland    (22d   and   24th 

pres.)  born  March  18. 

Great  commercial  panic,  ^lay. 

Morse  system  of  telegraphy  invented. 

Baltimore  Sun  established. 

Mt,  Holyoke  College,  South  Hadley,  Mass., 
opens,  [21. 

Osceola,  Seminole  chief,  made  prisoner,  Oct. 

United  States  citizens  join  Canadian  patriots. 

Wesleyan  Female  College,  in  Georgia,  oldest 
for  women  in  U.  S.,  chartered. 

Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  murdered  by  pro- 
slavery  mob  at  Alton,  111.,  Xov.  7. 

Whitelaw  Reid,  journalist,  born  Oct.  27. 

Wendell  Phillips's  first  abolition  speech, 
Dec.  8. 

American  steamer  Caroline  burned  by  Cana- 
dians, Dec.  29. 

1838  Duel  between  Graves  and  Cilley,  Congress- 

men, Feb,  24, 
Great  Western  and  Sirius  cji'oss  the  Atlantic, 
April, 


UNITED    STATES.  69 

1838  U.  S.  exploring  expedition  to  the  Antarctic. 
John  D.  Long,  secretary  of  navy,  b.  Oct.  27. 

1839  Daguerreotypes  first  taken  in  U.  S. 
Vulcanized  rubber  patented  by  Goodyear. 
"  Aroostook  war  "  between  Me.  and  \.  B. 
First  dental  school  in  U.  S.  at  Baltimore. 
Nelson  A.  ^liles,  gen.,  b.  Aug.  8. 


Francis  Bret  Harte,  born  Aug. 


Henry  George,  political  economist,  born  Sept. 

2;  dies  Oct.  29,  1897.  [18,  1898. 

Frances  E.  Willard,  born  Sept.  28 ;  dies  Feb. 
Thomas  B.  Reed  born  Oct.  18. 
Liberty    Party    convene    at    AVarsaw,    N.Y., 

Nov.  13. 
George   A.   Custer   born    Dec.   5 ;   killed    by 

Indians,  June  25,  1870. 

1840  Steamer  Lexington  burned   on    Long   Island 

Sound,  110  lives  lost,  Jan.  \'-\. 

Lieut.  Wilkes  discovers  Antarctic  continent, 
Jan.  19. 

Washingtonian  Temperance  Soc.  founded. 

Francis  A.  Walker,  educator,  born  July  2; 
dies  Jan.  5,  1897. 

First  Cunard  steamer,  liritunuid,  leaves  Liv- 
erpool for  Boston,  July  4;  arrives  July  19. 

Corner-stone  of  State  University  of  Missouri 
laid,  July  4, 

Alfred  T.  Mahan,  naval  writer,  born  Sept.  27. 

1841  Steamer  President  sails  from   New  York  for 

Liverpool,  and  never  heard  frctni,  M;ii.  11. 


<U  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1841  Mormon  Tern,  at  Xauvoo,  111.,  begun  Apr.  6. 
Horace  Greeley  issues  N.  Y.  Daily  Tribune, 

April  10.  [chines,  May. 

Pat.  granted  to  Elias  Howe  for  sewing-nia- 
Failure  of  United  States  Bank,  Oct.  11. 
Brook  Farm,  socialistic  experiment  in  Mass., 

begins. 
Times,  Hartford,  Conn.,  established. 

1842  Sidney  Lanier  b.  Feb.  3 ;  d.  Sept.  8,  1881. 
University  of  Mich,  at  Ann  Arbor   estab., 

March  18. 
John  Fiske,  historian,  born  ]\larcli  30. 
Col.  J.  C.  Fremont  exp.  Rocky  Mts.,  May. 
Dorr's  Rebellion  in  R.  I.,  May-»June. 
Order  of  Pocahontas  introduced  into  U.  S. 
Statue  of  Washington  placed  in  Capitol. 
Charles  Dickens  visits  United  States. 
Gold  found  in  California. 
Clara  L.  Kellogg  born  July  12.  [9. 

"  Ashburton  treaty  "  with  Eng.  signed.  Aug. 
Anna  E.  Dickinson  b.  Oct.  28. 
Alleged  mutiny  on  U.  S.  brig  Somers,  Dec.  1. 

1843  AVm.  :\IcKinley  (25th  pres.)  b.  Jan.  29. 

Dr.  ]\Iarcus  Whitman  travels  from  Oregon  to 
Wash.,  and  saves  Oregon  to  U.  S.,  March. 

Henry  James,  Jr.,  born  April  15. 

Fremont's  second  exploring  expedition,  May. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument  dedicated,  Daniel 
Webster  orator,  June  17. 

Convention  of  Xat'l  Liberty  Party,  Aug.  30. 


rXITKI)    STATES.  71 

1843  College  of  the  Holy  Cross  founded  at  Worces- 

ter, Mass. 

1844  Maryland  Historical  Society  founded.  Jan. 
Louisrille  Cour'wr  established,  Feb.  13. 
Explosion  of  large  gun  on  U.  S.  war  steamer 

Princeton;  Upshur,  sec,   of  state,  Gilmer, 

sec.  of  navy,  and  others,  killed,  Feb.  28. 
Adolphus  W.  Greely,  arctic  exp.,  b.  ]Mar.  27. 
Treaty  of  annex,  with  Texas  signed,  Apr.  12. 
Riot  in  Pliiladelphia,  May  0-8. 
Morse    magnetic  telegraph  completed  from 

Baltimore  to  Washington,  May  20. 
First  telegraphic  com.  in  U.  S.,  May  27. 
Sprinrjjield  Republican  (Mass.)  established. 
Water-cures  introduced  into  Tnited  States. 
The  term  "  Barnburners  "  applied  to  portion 

of  Democratic  party  in  Xew  York. 
First  screw-propeller  built  in  United  States. 
Samuel    Hoar,    Mass.  State    agent,  sent  to 

protest    against  imprisonment  of  colored 

citizens,  obliged  to  leave  Charleston,  S.C. 
John  Boyle  O'Reilly  b.  June  28;  d.  .Vug.  10, 

ls!M).  [Aug.  l:{. 

Klizabetli    Stuart     IMielps    (Mrs.    Ward)    b. 

1845  Florida  (27th  State)  admitted,  March  3. 
James  K.  Polk  inaug.  president.  March  \. 
Methodist  Episcopal   Churcli   South    org.  at 

Louisvilh;,  Ky.,  May. 
United  Slates  Xaval  Academy  e.stablished  at 
AniiaiMiIis,  Md, 


<!j  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1845  Petroleum  obtained  by  boring  near  Pittsburg. 
Texas  (28th  State)  admitted,  Dec.  29. 
Will  Carleton,  poet,  born  Oct.  21. 
Francis  M.  Crawford,  novelist,  b. 

Martin  Milmore,  sculptor,  b.  Sept.  14;  d.  1883. 

1846  Hostilities  between  Mexico  and  U.  S.  begin, 

April  25.     (See  Mexico.)  [15. 

Boundary  treaty  with  Gt.  Brit,  signed,  June 

Boston  Herald  established. 

First  application  of  ether  by  Drs.  Jackson 
and  Morton. 

U.  S.  National  Museum  org.  at  Washington. 

Chicago  Tribune  established. 

R.  H.  Hoe  invents  type-revolving  printing- 
press. 

Smithsonian  Institution  estab.  Aug.  10. 

U.  S.  brig  Somers  sunk  off  Vera  Cruz,  Dec.  8. 

Iowa  (29th  State)  admitted,  Dec.  28. 

1847  Thomas  A.  Edison  born  Feb.  11. 
Alexander  G.  Bell  born  Mar.  3. 

Astor  Place  (X.  Y.)  Opera  House  opens, 
Nov.  22.  (Scene  of  the  Macready  riot, 
evening  of  May  10,  1849.) 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  founded  by  Mormons. 

Toledo  Blade,  Ohio,  established. 

State  University  of  Iowa  chartered  ;  op.  1860. 

Oneida  Community  established. 

1848  Girard  College,  Philadelphia,  opens,  Jan.  1. 
Gold  discovered  near  Colonia,  Cal.,  by  Mar- 
shal, Jan.  19. 


UNITED     STATKS.  75 

1848  Treaty  of  peace,  etc.,  with  Mexico,  Feb.  2. 
Augustus  Saint  (iaudeiis  bom  March  1. 
John  Jacob  Astord.  Mar.  29  ;  b.  July  17,1703. 
Wisconsin  (:30th  State)  admitted.  May  2!). 
University  of  Mississippi  opens. 
Spiritual  rappings  begin  at  Rochester,  X.Y. 
Corner-stone  of  Washington  Monument  laid, 

July  4;  completed,  1884. 

1849  Continuous    railroad    connects    Boston    and 

New  York,  Jan.  1. 

Albert  Gallatin  d.  Aug.  12;  b.  Jan.  29,  17G1. 

Department  of  Interior  created,  March  3. 

Zachary  Taylor  inaug.  president,  March  5. 

Great  emigration   of   gold-hunters  to   Cali- 
fornia begins. 

University  of  Wisconsin  opens. 

Collins  steamship  line  fornied.  [Ajir.  19. 

1850  Bnlwer-Clayton  treaty  with  Gr.  Brit,  signed, 
Henry  Cabot  Lodge  b.  May  12. 
Filibustering  expedition  of  N.Lopez,  May  21. 
Eugene  Field  b.  Sept.  2 ;  d.  Nov.  4,  189.J. 
California  (31st  State)  admitted,  Sept.  9. 
New  Mexico  made  a  Territory,  Sept.  9. 
Jenny  Lind  gives  her  first  concert  in  Castle 

Garden,  New  York,  Sept.  12. 
Fugitive  Slave  Bill  passed,  S.'j.t.  18.        [20. 
Slave-trade  suppressed  in  Dist.  of  Col.,  Sept. 
Clay  Compromise  Bill  passed,  Sept.  20. 
Flogging  abolished  in  navy,  Sept.  28. 
Edward  B.'llamv  b.  ;  d.  Mav  22,  1898. 


i4  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1850  Inman  steamship  line  organized. 
Dispatch,  Richmond,  Va.,  established. 
Second  great  fire  in  San  Francisco. 
Steam-ploughs  patented.  \_Era. 
"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  first  pub.  in  National 

1851  First  train  on  Erie  Railway,  April  28,  29. 
Fourth  great  fire  in  San  Francisco,  1,500 

houses  burned,  May  4. 

Vigilance  Committee  in  San  Francisco  or- 
ganized, June.  [proved,  June  2. 

"  Maine  Law  "  to  prohibit  liquor-selling,  ap- 

Yacht  America  wins  great  race,  Aug.  22. 

Hudson  River  railroad  opens,  Oct.  8. 

Grinnell  arctic  expedition  returns,  Oct. 

Excitement  in  Boston  over  arrest  of  Sha- 
drach  and  Sims,  fugitive  slaves. 

Neio  York  Times  established. 

Louis  Kossuth  arrives  at  Xew  York,  Dec.  5. 

Great  fire  in  library  of  Congress,  Dec.  24. 

1852  U.   S.  ]Mint   established  at  San   Francisco, 

July  3. 
Amer.  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  organized. 
Glohe-Democrat,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  established. 
Manufacture  of   galvanized  iron  begun  in 

Philadelphia. 

1853  Coinage  of  $3  gold  pieces  authorized,  Feb.  21 . 
Franklin  Pierce  inaug.  president,  March  4. 
Wm.  R.  King,  vice-pres.,  d.  April  18. 

Dr.  Kane  sent  in  search  of  Sir  J.  Franklin, 
May  30. 


UXiTi:i>    STATKS.  I  & 

1853  Tlie   Clevelaixl    and    Toledo    railroad    com- 

pleted. 
Martin  Koszta  affair  at  Smyrna,  June  21. 
World'.s  Fair  opens  in  New  Yorlc,  July  11. 
Walker's  filibustering  exped.  to  Sonora,  July. 
University  of  Louisiana  chartered. 
Allan  steamship  line  organized. 
Gadsden  Purchase,  Dec.  20. 
Steamer  San  Frajicisco  founders;  240  U.  8. 

soldiers  perish,  Dec.  23-31. 

1854  Astor  Library  opened  in  Xew  York,  Jan.  9. 
Chicago  and  Rock  Island  railroad,  connect- 
ing Chicago  with  the  Mississippi   River, 
completed,  Feb. 

Treaty  between  U.  S.  and  Japan,  March  31. 

U.  S.  branch  mint  opened  in  San  Francisco, 
April  3.  [April  20. 

Mass.  Emigrant  Aid  Society  org.  in  Boston, 

Anthony  Burns  (fugitive  slave)  excitement 
in  Boston,  May  27,  et  set/.  [30. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  approved  by  Prcs.,  May 

Reciprocity  treaty  with  (ir.  Britain,  June  5. 

Steamer  Arctic  struck  by  Vesta  off  Newfound- 
land, over  350  lives  lo.st,  Sepl.  27. 

Ostend  Manifesto  issued,  Oct.  IS. 

R.  T.   Ely,  political  economist,  b.  April  13. 

Sorghum  cane  introduced  from  Franee. 

1855  Tanania  railroa<l  completed,  Jan.  2H. 
Winfield  Scott  made  lieut.-gen.,  Feb.  lo. 
Troubles  in  Kansas. 


<  b  IMPORTANT    EVEXTS. 

1855  Pioneer  Press,  St.  Paul,  Mini).,  established. 
First  agricultural  college  in  U.  S.  at  Cleve- 
land, O.  [Feb.  2. 

1856  Nathaniel  P.  Banks  elected  Speaker  of  House, 
Capture  of  Lawrence,  Kan.,  by  pro-slavery 

party,  May  21. 
Charles   Sumner  assaulted  in   U.   S.  Senate 

Chamber,  May  22. 
Civil  war  rages  in  Kansas. 
First  Republican  National  Convention,  June 

17 ;  John  C.  Fremont  nominated  for  pres. 
Steamer  Pacijic  lost,  with  240  persons,  Sept. 

1857  Harper's  Weekly  begun,  Jan.  13. 

Dr.  Kane,  Arctic  explorer,  d.  Feb.  16  ;  b.  1820. 

Dred  Scott  case  in  U.  S.  Sup.  Court,  j\lar.  6. 

First  attempt  to  lay  transatlantic  cable, 
Aug.  5-11. 

Steamer  Central  America  founders;  400  per- 
sons drowned,  Sept.  12. 

Mountain  ]Meadow  massacre  by  Mormons, 
Sept.  18. 

Great  financial  panic  in  U.  S.,  Oct.        [Oct. 

Pres.  Buchanan   removes  Brigham   Young, 

Cooper  Union  founded  by  Peter  Cooper. 

Illinois  State  Univ.  opened  at  Normal,  111. 

North  German  Lloyd  steamship  line  estab. 

1858  Thomas  H.  Benton  d.  April  10  ;  born  March 

14,  1782. 
Minnesota  (32d  State)  admitted.  May  11. 
Wagner's  sleepers  introduced  ;  4  in  operation. 


UMTKI)    SIAIKS.  H 

1858  Donati's  comet  appears,  June. 
Theodore  Roosevelt  ("Rough  Riders")  b. 
Second  treaty  with  China,  June  18, 1st.  1844. 
First  message  over  Atlantic  cable,  Aug.  IH. 
Crystal  Palace  in  Xew  York  burned,  Oct.  5. 

1859  Oregon  (3:id  State)  admitted,  Feb.  14. 
Great  frost  throughout  U.  S.,  June  4. 
Blondin  crosses  Niagara  River  on  a  tight- 
rope, June  30. 

Senator  Broderick  of  Cal.  killed  by  Judge 

Terry,  Sept.  16.  [10-18. 

John   Brown    captures  Harper's  Ferry,  Oct. 
Adelina  Patti  makes  her  debut  in  New  York, 

Nov.  22. 
Rocky  Mountain  Xeics,  Denver,  established. 
Mary  Anderson,  actress,  born. 
Railway  system  reaches  the  Missouri  River 

by  completion  of    the   Hannibal   and  St. 

Joseph  railroad.  [cars. 

Patent  granted  Geo.  W.  Pullman  for  sleeping- 
John  Brown  hanged  at  Charlestown,  W.  Va., 

Dec.  2. 

1860  Pemberton   Mills,  Lawrence,  Mass.,   burnt; 

great  loss  of  life,  Jan.  10. 
Morrill  High  Tariff  Bill  approved,  March  2. 
Steamship  O'reat  Eastern  ar.  at  N.  Y.,  June  28. 
Wm.  Walker,  filibuster,  shot,  Sept.  12. 
Prince  of  Wales  visits  U.  S.,  Sept. 
Footbiill  revives  among  University  men. 
Worcester's  Dictionary  luiblished. 


<8  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1860  San  Francisco  connected  with  New  York  by 

telegraph. 
New  York  World  established.  [X.  Y. 

Clara  Louise    Kellogg  makes  her  debut  in 
South  Carolina  passes  ordinance  of  secession, 

Dec.  20. 
Ralph   Farnham,  last    survivor   of   Bunker 

Hill,  dies  Dec.  27. 
U.  S.  forts  seized  by  seceders,  Dec. 

1861  Secession* of  Mississippi,  Jan.    9;    Florida, 

Jan.  10  ;  Alabama,  Jan.  11  ;  Georgia,  Jan. 

19 ;  Louisiana,  Jan.   26 ;  Texas,   Feb.  1  ; 

Virginia,  April  17;  Xorth  Carolina,  May 

21 ;  Arkansas,  May  6  ;  Tennessee,  June  8. 
Kansas  (34th  State)  admitted,  Jan.  29. 
Jefferson  Davis  inaug.  pres.  of  Confederacy, 

Feb.  18. 
Abraham  Lincoln  inaug.  president,  March  4. 
Fort  Sumter  bomb.  April  12  ;  sur.  April  14. 
Sanitary  commission  organ,  at  Bridgeport, 

Conn.,  and  Charlestown,  Mass.,  April  15. 
Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  75,000  troops,  April  15. 
Sixth   Mass.   Reg.   attacked    in    Baltimore, 

April  19. 
Fight  at  Big  Bethel,  Va.,  June  10. 
Sanitary  Commission,  U.  S.,  estab.,  June  13. 
Appleton's  Annual  Cyclopaedia  first  pub. 
Morning  Orer/onian,  Portland,  Or.,  estab. 
Battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21.  [July  22. 

McClellan    appointed     commander-in-chief. 


UXITKD    STATKS.  79 

1861  Battle  of  Springfield,  Mo.,  Gen.  Lyon  killfd, 

Aug.  10. 
Gen.  Butler  captures  Fort  Hatteras,  Aug.  20. 
Gen.  Fr6mont  frees  slaves  in  Mo.,  Aug.  31. 
Siege  of  Lexington,  Mo.,  Sept.  11-20. 
Battle  of  Ball's  Blutf,  Va.,  Oct.  21. 
Battle  of  Belmont,  Mo.,  Nov.  7. 
Mason  and  Slidell  taken  from  British  vessel 

by  Capt.  Wilkes,  Nov.  8. 

1862  Ft.  Henry  capt.  by  Grant  and  Foote,  Feb.  0. 
Battle  of  Roanoke  Island,  Feb.  8. 

Grant  capt.  Fort  Donelson,  Tenn.,  Feb.  1(5. 
Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  March  6-8. 
Fight  between  Merrimac  and  Monitor,  Mar.  9. 
Battle   of    Pittsburg   Landing  (or    Shiloh), 

April  6-7. 
Slavery  abol.  in  Dist.  of  C()lnnil»ia.  April  1(1. 
New  Orleans  captured  by  Admiral  Farragnt 

and  Gen.  Butler,  April  2r)-May  1. 
Battle  of  Williamsburg,  Va.,  May  5. 
Department  of  Agriculture  estab..  May  lo. 
Battle  of  Hanover  Court  House,  May  2L 
Battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  Va.,  May  .'Jl-June  1. 
Robert  K.  Lee  in  command  of  Confederate 

armies,  June  3. 
Seven  Days' battles  before  Richmond  begin, 

June  26-,Tuly  2. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  for  snpj»ression  of 

African  s]ave-tra<le,  June  7. 
Slavery  juoliil).  in  the  'i'erritories,  .June  I'J. 


80  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1862     Congress  passes  act  to  prevent  polygamy  in 

Territories,  July  1. 
Call  for  300,000  volunteers  for  3  years,  July 

2  ;  for  300,000  9-months'  troops,  Aug.  4. ' 
Major-gen.  Halleck  com. -in-chief,  July  11. 
Gen.  Pope  commands  Army  of  Ya.,  July  14. 
Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Aug.  9. 
Sioux  Indians  attack  frontiers  of  Minnesota, 

Aug.  19. 
Confederates  invade  Kentucky,  Aug.  21. 
Enlistment  of  negroes  as  soldiers  authorized, 

Aug.  25.  [Aug.  30. 

Battle  of  ]\Ianassas  (or  Second  Bull  Run), 
Battle  ofChantilly,  Va.,  Sept.  1.     [Sept.  15. 
"  Stonewall  Jackson  "  capt.  Harper's  Ferry, 
Battle  of  South  Mountain,  ]\Id.,  Sept.  15, 
Battle  of  Antietam.  Md.,  Sept.  16,  17. 
Battle  of  luka,  ^Miss.,  Sept.  19,  20. 
Battle  of  Corinth,  :\Iiss.,  Oct.  3,  4. 
Battle  of  Perryville,  Ky.,  Oct.  8. 
Rosecrans  com.  Army  of  the  Ohio,  Oct.  30. 
Burnside  com.  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Xov.  5- 
First  Gen.  Council  of  Protestant  Episcopal 

Church  of  Confederate  States  assembles  at 

Augusta,  Ga.,  Xov.  19. 
Battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13. 
Banks  com.  Dep't  of  the  Gulf,  Dec.  16. 
Monitor  founders  off  Cape  Hatteras,  Dec.  30. 
Battle  of  Murfreesborougb  (or  Stone  River), 

Dec.  31. 


UNITED    STATES.  81 

1862  Greenbacks  first  issued. 

University  of  Washington  at  Seattle  opened. 

1863  Proclamation  of  emancipation  issued,  Jan.  1. 
Galveston,  Tex.,  captured  by  Confed.,  Jan.  1. 
Gold  at  New  York,  133|.  [Jan.  25. 
General  Hooker  com.  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
National    currency    provided    by    Congress, 

Feb.  25. 

National  Academy  of  Science  incor.,  Mar.  3. 

Battle  of  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  2-4. 

Battle  of  Champion  Hills,  Miss.,  May  1<». 

Battle  of  Big  Black  River,  Miss.,  May  17. 

Siege  of  Vicksburg  begins,  May  18. 

Siege  of  Port  Hudson,  La.,  begins,  May  21. 

Fifty-fourth  Mass.  Inf.,  first  colored  regiment 
in  Free  States,  leaves  Boston,  May  28. 

Phonograph  patented  by  Fenby,  June  13. 

West  Virginia  (35th  State)  admitted,  June 
20.  [June  24-July  7. 

Rosecrans    finishes    Tullahoma    campaign, 

Gen.  Geo.  (t.  Meade  com.  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, June  27. 

Battle  of  C;ettysl)urg,  July  1-3. 

Vicksburg  surrenders  to  Grant,  July  1. 

Port  Hudson  surrenders  to  Banks,  July  8. 

Draft  riots  in  New  York  City,  July  13-16. 

Attack  on  Fort  Wagner,  S.C,  Col.  Robert 
G.  Shaw  killed.  July  IS. 

State  Agricultural  Coll.  in  Kan.sas  founded, 
July  27. 


bJ  IMPUKTANT    EVENTS. 

1863  Writ  of  habeas  corpus  suspended,  Sept.  15. 
Battle  of  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19-20.. 
Lincoln  calls  for  300,000  men  for  3  years, 

Oct.  17. 
Battle  of  Wauhatchie,  Oct.  27. 
Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24. 
Battle  of  Chattanooga,  Xov.  25. 
Longstreet  raises  siege  of  Knoxville,  Dec.  1-4. 
Activity  of  iron-clad  fleets  under  Admiral 

Davis  and  Col.  Ellet  on  Western  rivers. 

1864  President  calls  for  500,000  men  for  3  years, 

Feb.  1. 
First  Fed.  prisoners  received  at  Anderson- 

ville  prison,  Feb.  15. 
National  College  for  Deaf  Mutes  established 

at  Washington. 
Theodore  Thomas  begins  his  symphony  con- 
certs in  Xew  York. 
Battle  of  Olustee,  Florida,  Feb.  20. 
U.  S.  Grant  commis.  lieut.-general,  Mar.  10. 
Draft   of    200,000    men   for   navy   ordered, 

March  14.  [Apr.  4. 

New  York  Sanitary  Commission  Fair  opens, 
Battles  of  Sabine  Cross  Roads,  etc.,  Apr.  8-9. 
Slaughter  of  garrison  at  Fort  Pillow,  Tenn., 

Apr.  12. 
Grant's  campaign  in  Virginia  begins,  May  4. 
Battle  of  the  Wilderness,  Ya.,  May  5-6. 
Battle  of    Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Ya., 

May  10. 


UMTKD    STATKS.  b'd 

1864     Act  for  postal  money-order  s^-stem,  May  17. 
Battles  near  Dallas,  Ga.,  .May  25-28. 
Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  June  1-3. 
Currency  Bureau  of  the  Treasury  estaldislied, 

June  3. 
Philadelphia  Sanitary  Fair  opens,  June  7. 
Fight     between     Kenrsarfje     and     A/dhonia, 

June  10. 
Battle  of  Weldon  Itailroad,  \a..,  June  21,  22. 
Battle  of  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Ga.,  June  27. 
Fugitive  Slave  Law  of  1850  repealed,  June  28. 
Bonds  and  Treasury  notes  issued,  June  30. 
Coastwise  slave-trade  prohibited,  July  2. 
Battle  of  Monocacv,  Md.,  July  U. 
Highest    premimn    on    gold,   285    per  cent, 

July  l(i. 
Pres.  calls  for  500,000  volunteers,  July  IS. 
Battles  in  Atlanta  campaign,  July  20-28. 
Mine  explosion  at  Petersburg,  fJuly  30. 
Capture  of  Mobilf  by  Fmijigut  and  Granger, 

Aug.  5-22. 
Battle  of  Winchester,  Va.,  Sept.  l!». 
Battle  of  Fisher's  Hill,  Va.,  Sept.  22. 
Price  invades  Mis.souri,  Sejjt.  28. 
Confed.  crui.ser  Flor'nln  cajitun-d  by   W^irlnt- 

sett,  Oct.  7. 
Battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  \'a.,  ()<l.  li). 
Confederate  ram  AUn'iiKirlr  blown  u|).  Oct.  27. 
Battle  of  Hatcher's  Hun,  Va..  Oct.  27. 
Nevada  (3(;th  Stat.'-)  admitted,  Oct.  31. 


84  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1864  Sherman  begins  his  march  to  the  sea,  Xov.  14. 
Many  incendiary  fires  in  N.Y.,  Nov.  25. 
Battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  Nov.  30. 
Thomas  defeats  Hood  at  Nashville,  Tenn., 

Dec.  15,  16. 
Pres.  calls  for  300,000  volunteers,  Dec.  19. 
Grade  of  vice-admiral  established,  Dec.  21. 
Gen.  Grierson's  great  raid,  Dec-Jan. 

1865  Fort  Fisher  captured,  Jan.  15. 

Sherman  begins  march  from  Savannah, Feb.  1. 

Peace  Conference  at  Hampton  Roads,  Feb. 
2-8. 

Second  battle  of  Hatcher's  Run,  Va.,  Feb.  5. 

Freedmen's  Bureau  established,  ISIarch  o. 

Abraham  Lincoln  inaugurated,  March  4. 

Confederate  Congress  adjourns  sine  die, 
March  18. 

Battle  of  Five  Forks,  Ya.,  March  31-Apr.  1. 

Richmond  evacuated  by  Confederates,  Apr.  2. 

Lee  surrenders  to  Grant  at  Appomattox, 
April  9. 

"  Stars  and  Stripes  "  raised  over  Fort  Sum- 
ter, April  14. 

President  Lincoln  shot  by  Wilkes  Booth  at 
Ford's  Theatre,  Washington,  D.C.,  April 
14;  dies  April  15. 

Vice-president  Johnson  sworn  in  as  presi- 
dent, April  15.  [15. 

Military  Order  of  Loyal  Legion  formed,  Apr. 

J.  Wilkes  Booth  captured,  April  26. 


UNITED    STATES.  N.") 

1865  Johnson  surrendered  to  Sherman,  April  20. 
Confederate  Gen.  Taylor  surrendered,  May  4. 
Jefferson  Davis  captured,  May  10. 

Last  fight  of  the  war,  in  Texas,  May  13. 

Grand  review  of  the  Union  armies  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C,  May  22,  23. 

President  proclaims  general  amnesty.  May  29. 

Society  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Ani- 
mals organized  in  X.Y.  by  Henry  Bergh. 

Chronicle,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  established. 

Mass.  Inst,  of  Technology  at  Boston  opens. 

Bessemer  steel  first  manufactured  in  U.  S. 

Execution  of  conspirators  implicated  in  the 
assassination  of  President  Lincoln,  July  7. 

Severe  earthquake  in  California,  Oct.  8. 

Capt.  Wirz  hung  for  cruelty  to  Union  pris- 
oners, Nov.  10.  [Dec.  1. 

Habeas  cor/jus  restored  in  Xorthern  States, 

13th  Amendment  ratified  by  27  States,  Dec. 

1866  Gland    Army    of    the    Republic    formed    at 

Decatur,  111.,  April  0. 
Civil  Rights'  Bill  passed  over  veto,  Aj.iil  9. 
Fenian  raid  into  Canada,  .May  31-,Inne  9. 
(ireat  fire  in  Portland,  Me.,  July  4. 
Atlantic  telegraph  completed,  July  27. 
Railroad  begun  up  Mt.  Washington,  X.ll. ; 

completed,  1869. 
Steamer  Evening  Star  founders  at  sea,  250 

lives  lost,  Oct.  3. 
Peabody  Institute,  Baltimore,  estab.,  Oct.  2  \. 


86  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1866  Xational  Soldiers'  Home  located  at  Togus, 

Me.,  Xov.  10.  [by  Mrs.  Eddy. 

Doctrine  of  Christian  Science  promulgated 
Republican,  Denver,  Col.,  established. 
Slaughter-houses  for  cattle  first  erec.  in  U.S. 

1867  Evangelical  Alliance  of  U.  S.  org.,  Jan.  30. 
Xebraska  (37th  State)  admitted,  March  1. 
Xational  Bankruptcy  Bill  passed,  March  2. 
Department  of  Education  established,  Mar.  2. 
Peonage  in  Xew  Mexico  abolished.  Mar.  2. 
Jefferson  Davis  admitted  to  bail,  May  13. 
West  Virginia  University,  at  ^Slorgantown, 

opens,  June  17.  [July  19- 

Supplementary  Reconstruction  Act  passed, 
Johns  Hopkins  University  incorp.,  Aug.  24. 
Gen'l  amnesty  proclaimed  by  pres.,  Sept.  7. 
Mass.     Agricultural    College,    at    Amherst, 

opens,  Oct. 
Elias  Howe  d.  Oct.  3 ;  b.  July  9,  1819. 
Organization  of  Grangers  in  Western  States. 
Harper's  Bazar  (weekly)  appears, 
Fisk  University,  at  Xashville,  chartered. 
Alaska  transferred  by  Russia  to  U.  S.,  Oct.  9. 
Cincinnati  and  Covington  suspension  bridge 

completed. 
Charles  Dickens  arrives  in  Boston,  Xov.  19. 

1868  Impeachment,  trial,  and  acquittal  of  Pres. 

Johnson,  Feb.  2.)-May  26.  [^^^ay  5. 

Memorial  Day  (30th  May)  ins.  by  G.  A.  R., 
Constitution,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  established. 


IMTHM    STATKS.  87 

1868  Couri'  r-JiniriKil,  Louisville,  Ky.,  establishprl. 
Southern  States  re-admitted  to  representation 

in  Congress,  June  25. 
"  Burlingame    treaty"    with    China  signed, 

July  4. 
XlVth  Const.  Amendment  adopted,  July  20. 
Severest   earthquake    yet    recorded    in    San 

Francisco,  Oct.  21. 

1869  U.  S.  Grant  inaugurated  president,  March  1. 
Union  Pacific  railroad  op.  for  traffic,  May  10. 
Great  Peace  JuV)ilee    (musical)    at  Boston, 

Mass.,  June  I.j.  [July  1- 

Soldiers'  Monument  at  Gettysburg  dedicated, 
Franco-American  cable  landed  at  Duxbury, 

July  27. 
University  of  California  opens,  Sept.  2o. 
Financial  panic  in  X.  Y.  ('' Biack  Friday"), 

Sept.  24. 
Boston  University  chartered  ;  opens,  1871. 
Knights  of  Labor  formed,  at  Philadelphia. 
News,  Lidianapolis,  Ind.,  established. 
Horace  Mann  School  for  Deaf  op.  at  Boston. 
State  University  of  Minnesota  opens. 
Am.  Woman's  SulTrage  Assoc,  org.,  Nov.  2i. 
Woman  suffrage  adop.  in  Wyoming,  Dec.  10. 

1870  Stt'amer  Ci(y  of  Boston  h'aves   Boston,  with 

177  persons  on  board,  Jan.  28  ;  never  heard 

from. 
W«'athor  Bun'mi  est ablislird,  F.'b.  0. 
Xortli  Pacific  railruail  begun,  l-'ib.  ir>. 


©O  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1870  Hiram  R.  Revels,  first  colored  U.  S.  senator, 

Feb.  25. 
XVth  Amendment  ratified,  March  30. 
Am.  Anti-slavery  Society  dissolved,  April  9. 
Capitol  at  Richmond  falls,  many  killed  and 

wounded,  April  27. 
Fenian  invasion  of  Canada,  May  25-27. 
Lenox  Public  Library  (X.Y.)  incor.,  June  20. 
U.  S.  Department  of  Justice  org.,  June  22. 
U.  S.  Army  reduced  to  peace  footing,  July  15. 
Delaware  State  College  at  Xewark  organized. 
J.  H.  Rainey,  1st  col.  member  H.  R.,  Dec.  12. 

1871  Legal  Tender  Act  dec.  constitutional, Jan.  16. 
Dist.  of  Columbia  a  territorial  gov.,  Feb.  21. 
Capt.  Hall  sails  for  arctic  regions,  June  29  ; 

rescued.  1873. 
"  Tweed  Ring  "  frauds  in  X.  Y.  exp.,  July  22. 
Railroad  accident  at  Revere,   Mass.,  many 

killed,  Aug.  26.  [2. 

Brigham  Young  arrested  for  polygamy,  Oct. 
Great  fire  in  Chicago.  Oct.  8.  [use. 

Automatic  self-binding  harvesters  come  into 
Amer.  Listitute  of  Mining  Engineers  org. 
Grand  Duke  Alexis  of  Russia  in  Xew  York, 

Xov.  21.  [Jan.  6 ;  d.  Jan.  8. 

1872  James  Fisk,  Jr.,  shot  by  Edward  S.  Stokes, 
^lartin  J.  Spalding,  primate  of  R.  C.  Church 

in  America,  d.  Feb.  7  ;  b.  1810. 
Yellowstone  Xat'l  Park,  Col.,  estab.  ]\rar.  1. 
Imp.  Japanese  Embassy  at  Wash.,  Mar.  1. 


UNITKD    STATES.  89 

1872  Arbor  Day  originates  in  Nebraska,  April  22. 
First  narrow-gauge  railroad  in  the  U,  S.,  the 

Denver  and  Rio  Grande,  opened  to  Pueblo, 

118  miles,  June. 
World's  Peace  Jubilee   (musical)  begins  at 

Boston,  June  17-.July  4. 
Geneva  Tribunal   awards    U.  S.  $l.j,.30(),0()0 

indemnity    for    damages   by   Confederate 

cruisers  fitted  out  in  England,  Sept.  14. 
Epizootic  disease  of  horses  in  N.  Y.,  Oct.  23. 
San  Juan  islands  awarded  to  U.  S.,  Oct.  2:3. 
Inter-Occdn,  Chicago,  111,,  established. 
Am.  Public  Health  Association  organized. 
Globe,  Boston,  Mass.,  established. 
Great  fire  in  Boston,  loss  .^80,000,000,  Nov. 

9-10. 
Modoc  war  in  California,  Nov.  29.  [0. 

1873  Credit  Mobilier  investigation  in  Cong.,  Jan. 
Silver  "  trade  dollar  "  ordered  demonetized, 

Feb.  7. 
U.  S.  Grant  inaugurat«Ml  j)resident,  March  4. 
Gen.  Canby  killed  by  Modocs,  April  11. 
Polaris'  arctic  crew  rescued,  April  30. 
One-cent  postal  cards  issued.  May  1. 
England  pays  Alabama  award,  Sept. 
Panic  in  X.  Y.  Stock  Exchange,  Sept.  20. 
Hoosac  Tunnel  (Mass.)  completed,  Nov.  27. 
Reformed  E]>isco])al  Church  founded. 
Remington  type-writers  c<)nstruct«Ml. 
Am.  Cyclopaedia  by  Ripley  and  Dana  bngmi. 


90  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1874  Chang  and  Eng,  Siamese  twins,  die  Jan.  17  ; 

born  April  15,  1811. 
Reservoir  at  Mill  River  valley,  Mass.,  bursts, 

200  lives  lost,  :May  16.  [June  20. 

Territorial  gov.  of  Dist.  of  Columbia,  abol., 
St.  Louis  bridge  over  Miss,  completed,  July  4. 
Great  grasshopper  plague  in  Western  States, 

July-Oct. 
Memnonites  settle  in  Kansas. 
State  Universit}'  of  Nebraska  opens  at  Elko. 
Lincoln    monument    at  Springfield,  Illinois, 

dedicated,  Oct.  15. 
King  Kalakaua  of  Sandwich  Islands  visits 

Washington,  Dec.  18. 

1875  Specie  payment  resumed,  Jan.  11. 
Centenary  of  battle  of  Lexington  celebrated, 

April  19. 
Whiskey  frauds  in  Western  States  exposed, 

May  i.  [17. 

Centenary  of  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  eel.,  June 
Smith  College  (for  women),  at  Northampton, 

Mass.,  opens,  Sept.  [Nov.  4. 

Steamship  Pacific  founders,  200  lives  lost, 
Wellesley  College,  Mass.  (for  women)  opens. 

1876  Emperor  Dom  Pedro  of  Brazil  arrives  in  New 

York,  May  7. 
Centennial  Exposition  in  Phil,  op.,  May  10. 
Massacre  of  Custer's  troops  by  Sitting  Bull, 

June  25.  [July  4. 

Centenary  of  Am.  Independence  celebrated, 


UNITED    STATKS.  \)i 

1876  Centennial    International   Medical   Congress 

at  Philadelphia. 

Silver  "  trade  dollar  "  no  longer  a  legal  ten- 
der, July  22. 

Library  Association  of  U.  S.  organized. 

Colorado  (.'iSth  State)  admitted,  Aug.  1. 

Congress  appropriates  ^200,000  to  complete 
Washington  Monument,  Aug.  2. 

Statue  of  Lafayette  unveiled  in  N.  Y.,  Sept.  6. 

"  Hell  (Tate,"Xew  York,  blown  up,  Sept.  24. 

Twelve  American  whaling-ships  lost  in  arc- 
tic ice,  Oct.  12.  [Dec.  5. 

Brooklyn    Theatre  burned,   295    lives   lost. 

First  body  cremation  in  U.  S.,  at  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  Dec. 

Railroad  accident  at  Ashtabula,  O. ;  many 
killed,  Dec.  29.  [Jan.  29. 

1877  Presidential  Electoral  Com.    Act  approved. 
Wrought-iron   girder  bridge  over  the  Ohio 

at  Cincinnati  built. 
Prof.  A.  Graham  Bell  exhibits  his  telephone 

at  Salem,  Ma.ss.,  Feb.  12. 
Kentucky  Kiv«'r  bridge  complet«'d,  Feb.  20. 
R.  B.  Hayes  inaug.  i)resident,  .March  T). 
«*  Molly  Maguires  "  hanged  in  Pa.,  June  21. 
Civil  service  order  issued   by   Pres.  Hayes, 

June  22.  [July*  16. 

Great  strike  on  Baltimore  an<l  Ohio  Raihoad. 
Anti-Chinese  riot  in  San  Francisco. 
War  with  the  Nez  Percys  Indians.  Sej)t.  .'iO. 


92  IMPORTANT    EYEXTS. 

1877  Xe\Y  phonograph  announced  hy  Edison  ;  im- 

proved, XoY.,  1888. 
Fisheries  Commission  avpards  $5,500,000  to 

be  paid  by  U.  S.  to  Gt.  Britain,  Xov.  23. 
U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Huron  -^recked  off  coast 

of  X.  Car.,  about  100  lives  lost,  X^ov.  24. 

1878  Bland  silver  bill  passed  over  veto,  Feb.  28. 
William  M.  Tweed  (•'  Tweed  Ring  ")  dies  in 

jail,  April  12. 
Trial  trip   on   elevated  railroad  X.  Y.  City, 

April  29. 
Electric  lighting  introduced  by  T.  A.  Edison 

and  others. 
Yellow  fever  in  Southern  States,  July. 
First   resident    embassy   of    China    to    the 

United  States,  Sept.  28. 
Railroad  accident  at  WoUaston,  Mass..  many 

lives  lost,  Oct.  8. 
Gold  at  par  in  Wall  Street,  X'.  Y.,  Dec.  17. 

1879  U.  S.  gov.  resumes  specie  payment,  Jan.  1. 
Women  permitted  to  practise   before  U.  S. 

courts,  Feb.  15. 
Salvation  Army  corps  established  in  Phil. 
Bill  to  restrict  Chinese  immigration  vetoed, 

March  1.  [March  3. 

National  Board  of  Health  author,  by  Cong., 
Archaeological  Institute  of  Amer.  organized 

at  Boston,  May  17. 
Jeannette  sails  for  arctic  regions,  July  8. 
J.  B.  Hood,  Confed.  gen.,  d.  Aug.  30  :  b.  1831. 


UMTKD    STATES.  93 

1879  Henry  C.  Carey,  political  economist,  dies  Oct. 

13  ;  b.  Dec.  15,  1793.         [Mass.,  Nov.  15. 
French  Atlantic  cable  landed  at  N.  Eastham, 

1880  Denis    Kearney,    "  sand-lots "  agitator,    im- 

prisoned, March  15. 

U.  S.  steamer  Constellation  carries  food  to 
sufferers  in  Ireland,  March  30. 

Dr.  Tanner  fasts  for  40  days,  June  8- Aug.  7. 

Egj-ptian  obelisk  "  Cleopatra's  Needle  "  ar- 
rives in  New  York,  July  20. 

Presidential  election,  Nov.  2  :  James  A.  (iar- 
field,  Republican;  Winfield  S.  Hancock, 
Democrat ;  James  B.  Weaver,  (Greenback ; 
Neal  Dow,  Prohibition,     (iarfield  elected. 

Amer.  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  org. 

Broadway,  New  York,  lighted  by  electricity, 
Dec.  20. 

1881  Clan-na-Gael,  Irish  secret  society,  formed. 
Intn'l  Sanitary  Congress  at  Wash.,  Jan.  5. 
Christian  Endeavor  Society  formed  by  F.  E. 

Clark,  Feb.  2. 
President  vetoes  '*  Funding  Act,"  March  3. 
James  A.  Gartiehl  inaug.  president.  Mar.  I. 
Am.  Association  of  Red  Cross  org.,  June  !). 
Arctic    steamer    Jeannette    crushed    in     ice, 

June  12. 
Pres.  Garfield  shot  by  C.  J.  Giiitfau,  .July  -. 
Lieut.  A.W.  (ireely  sails  for  j)olar  n-g.,  July  7. 
President  (Jarfield  <li<'S,  Sept.  1!>. 
Vice-pres.  Arthur  sworn  as  pn\s.,  Sept.  2<». 


94  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1881  International  Cotton  Exposition  at  Atlanta, 

Ga.,  Oct.  5.  [b.  1832. 

Dr.  I.  I.  Hayes,  arctic  explorer,   d.  Dec.  17 ; 

1882  Bodies   of   arctic    explorers,   De   Long   and 

eleven  of  his  men,  founds  March,  23. 
Jesse  James  killed  by  the  Ford  Bros.,  Apr.  3. 
Elephant  Jumbo  arrives  in  New  York  from 

England,  April  9.  [28. 

Survivors  of  Jeannette  arrive  in  X.  Y.,  May 
Star-Route  trial  begins,  June  1. 
Guiteau  hanged  at  Washington,  June  30. 

1883  Lot  M.  Morrill  d.  Jan.  10  ;  b.  May  3,  1813. 
Great  flood  in  Ohio  River,  Feb.  15.  [24. 
K.  York  and  Brooklyn  bridge  opened,  iNIay 
Remains  of  John  Howard  Payne  brought  to 

America,  June  9. 
Great  strike  of  telegraph  operators,  July  19, 
Northern  Pacific  railroad  completed,  Sept.  9. 
Corean  ambassadors  arrive  in  X.  Y".,  Sept.  18. 
University  of  Texas,  at  Austin,  opens. 
First  electric  street  railway  in  U.  S.,  at  Bait. 
Florida  University,  Lake  City,  incorporated. 
Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims  dies  Xov.  13 ;  b.  1813. 
Standard   railroad    time  in  U.  S.,  adopted, 

Xov.  18. 

1884  Steamer   City  of  Columbus  wrecked  off  Gay 

Head,  Mass.,  Jan.  18  ;  many  lives  lost. 

Unparalleled  series  of  tornadoes  over  "West- 
ern and  Southern  States,  Feb.  9. 

Great  floods  in  the  Ohio  vallev,  Feb.  14. 


UMTKD    STATES.  95 

1884  Financial  crisis  in  New  York  City,  May  14. 
Lieut.  A.  W.  Greely  and  six  others  rescued, 

June  22. 

Xational  Bureau  of  Labor  estab.,  June  27. 

Bureau  of  Navigation  created,  July  5. 

Paul  Morpliy,  famous  chess-player,  d.  July 
10,  aged  47. 

North  Dakota  University  opens.  [Pa. 

Natural  gas  as  fuel  introduced  in  Pittsburg, 

Ainer.  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  org. 

Marble  first  quarried  at  Rutland,  Vt. 

Tuiane  University  of  Louisiana  chartered. 

Presidential  election  :  Cleveland  and  Hen- 
dricks, Deni. ;  Blaine  and  Logan,  Repub.  ; 
Butler  and  West,  Greenback ;  St.  John 
and  Daniel,  Prohil).  Chneland  and  Hen- 
dricks elec-tf'd.  [Dec.  IG. 

Industrial  C(jtt»Mi  Centennial  at  New  Orleans, 

1885  Dedication  of  Washington  Monu.,  Feb.  21. 
Emigrant  alien  lal)or  bill  passed,  Feb.  20. 
Stephen  (Jrover  Cleveland  inaugurated  pres., 

March  \.  [May  1.'). 

Revised  version  of  Old  Testament  published, 

Apache  Indian  war  in  New  Mexico,  May  17. 

Niagara  Falls  reservation  made  a  New  York 
State  Park,  July  15  ;  Queen  Victoria  Nia- 
gara Falls  Park  on  Canadian  side  o|>ened, 
May  24,  18.S8. 

Dakota  University  at  Mitchell  opens,  Se]>t. 

Massacre  of  Chinese  in  Wyoming,  Sept.  2. 


yO  IMl^OKTANT    EVENTS. 

1885  Yacht  Puritan  wins  America's  cup,  Sept.  14. 
Xebraska  Central  College  opens. 

AVorld's  Industrial  and  Cotton  Exposition  at 

New  Orleans.  [1811. 

William  Page,  artist,  d.  Oct.  1  :  b.  Jan.  23, 
John    McClosky,    first    American    cardinal, 

dies  Oct.  10;  born  March  10,  1810. 
Gen.   Xewton  blows  up   Flood   Rock.   Hell 

Gate,  Oct.  10. 
H.  W.  Shaw  ("Josh  Billings")  dies  Oct.  14; 

born  April  21,  1818.  [1837. 

John  ^McCulloch.  actor,  d.  Xov.  8  ;  b.  Xov.  2, 
American    Exposition   opened    at    Xew  Or- 

lean.s,  Xov.  10. 
Elizur  Wright,  abol.,  d.  Xov.  22  ;  b.  1804. 
Farmers'  Cong.  org.  at  Indianapolis,  Dec.  3. 
W.  H.  Vanderbilt  d.  Dec.  8  ;  b.  May  8, 1821. 
Robert  Toombs  d.  Dec.  15;  b.  July  2,  1810. 

1886  '*  King's  Daugliters  "  organized  in  Xew  York, 

Jan.  18. 
Act    providing    for    presidential  succession, 

Jan.  19.  [Feb.  7-9. 

Anti-Chinese  riots  in  Washington  Territory, 
Horatio  Seymour  d.  Feb.  12  ;  b.  May  31, 1810. 
Great  Knights  of  Labor  strike  on  railroads 

begins,  March  6  ;  ends,  ]May  4. 
Anarchist  riot  in  Chicago,  May  4. 
Street-car  strike  in  Xew  York,  June  5. 
Judge  David  Davis  d.  June  26  ;  b.  Mar.  9, 

1815. 


UNITED    STATKS.  07 

1886  Incorporation  of  nat'l  trades  unions  legalized, 

June  -JO. 
Congress  authorizes  1,  2,  and  5  dollar  silver 

certificates,  Aug.  1.  [20. 

Chicago  anarchists  convicted  of  murder,  Aug. 
Great  earthquake  at  Charleston,  S.C.,  Aug..'31. 
Yacht  Mayjlower  wins  America's  cup,  Sept.  7. 
Disastrous  gale  in  Gulf  of  Mexico,  250  lives 

lost,  Oct.  12.  [28. 

Bartholdi's  statue  of  Liberty  unveiled,  Oct. 
American   Federation   of   Labor  formed  at 

Columbus,  0.,Dec.  [completed. 

1887  Kentucky  and  Indiana  bridge  over  the  Ohio 
John  Roach,  shipbuilder,  d.  Jan.  10  ;  b,  1813. 
Remnant  of  Table   Rock  at  Niagara  falls, 

Jan.  12.  [Feb.  23. 

Importation  of  opium  from  China  prohibited, 
Agricultural  experiment  stations  estal)lished, 

March  2. 
Tenure  of  Ottice  Act  repealed,  March  3. 
Jno.  B.  Eads,  eng.,  d.  Mar.  8  ;  b.  May  23,  I-S-JO. 
Railroad  accident  at  Roslindale,  Mass.,  many 

killed,  March  14. 
Improved  process  reduces  aluniiiium  from  ^\ 

per  ounce  to  -ST  per  pound. 
Ex-vice-pres.  Wm.  A.  Wheeler  d.  .June  \  ;   b. 

June  30,  1819. 
Gold  first  discovered  at  Silver  Bay,  .Ma>ka. 
Jennie  Collins,  working-girls'  friend,  «1.  July 

20,  aged  59. 


98  IMPORTANT    EVEXTS. 

1887  University  of  Wyoming  opens.  September. 
Yacht  Volunteer  wins  America's  cup,  Sept.  27. 
Women  vote  for  school  officers  in  Kansas. 
Chicago  anarchists  hanged,  Nov,  11. 

1888  Asa  Gray,  bot.,  dies  Jan.  30  ;  b.  Nov.  18,  1810. 
D.  R.   Locke   ("  Petroleum  Y.   Xasby ")  d. 

Feb.  15  ;  b.  Sept.  20,  1833. 
Great  '*  blizzard "'  in  Eastern  States,  many 

lives  lost,  March  11-11:. 
Chief-justice   ^NI.   R.   Waite    d.  Mar.  23;  b. 

Nov.  29,  1816. 
Lick  observatory  transferred  to  University 

of  California,  June  1. 
Linotype  type-casting  machine  perfected. 
National  Dep't  of  Labor  estab..  June  13. 
Centennial  exhibition  at  Cincinnati,  July  4. 
G«n.  J.  M.  Schofield,  com.  of  army,  Aug.  14. 
Chinese  immigration  prohibited,  Sept.  13. 
Presidential  election  :  Cleveland  and  Thur- 

man,  Dem. ;  Harrison  and  ]\Iorton,  Repub. ; 

Fiske,  Prohibition  ;  Streeter,  L'nion  Labor  ; 

Cowdry,  United  Labor ;  Curtis,  American. 

Harrison  and  ]\Iorton  elected. 
Highway  bridge  over  Harlem  River  built  at 

Xew  York. 
Poughkeepsie  bridge  over  the  Hudson  opens. 

1889  Department  of  Agriculture  created,  Feb.  9. 
United  States  steamships  Trenton  and  Van- 

dalia  wrecked  at  Samoa,  iMarch  16. 
Oklahoma  opened  for  settlement,  April  22. 


uxit?:d  states.  99 

1889  Rursting  of  reservoir  causes  great  flood  in 

Johnstown,  Penn.,  May  31  ;  about  8,000 
lives  lost. 

Pan-American  Congress  meets  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  Oct.  2. 

North  and  South  Dakota  (39th  and  40th 
States)  admitted,  Nov.  2. 

Maritime  exhibition  at  Boston,  Nov.  4. 

Montana  (41st  State)  admitted,  Nov.  8. 

Washington  (42d  State)  admitted,  Nov.  11. 

Great  fire  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  Nov.  26.     [Dec.  2. 

Thos.  B.  Reed  elected  Speaker  of  H.  of  R., 

The  ''grip"  appears  in  U.  S.,  Dec.  21. 

1890  W.  I).  Kelley,  oldest  member  of  U.  S.  House 

of  Representatives  in  term  of  service  (since 

1860)  and  in  years,  dies  Jan.  9  ;  born  April 

12,  1814.  [Jan.  23. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  League  org. 
Part  of  Great  Sioux  reservation  opened  for 

settlement,  Feb,  10. 
Chicago    selected    for    World's    Columbian 

Exposition,  Feb.  24.  [April  2. 

Australian  ballot  system  introduced  in  R.  L, 
Pension  Bill  for  disabled  I'nion  soldiers  and 

sailors  j)assed,  June  27. 
Idaho  (43d  State)  a«lmitt(Ml,  July  3. 
Wyoming  (44th  State)  admitted,  July  1<». 
Act  authorizing  purciiase  of  silver,  July  1  J. 
First   execution    by   electricity    at    Auburn 

prison  (Now  York),  Aug.  6. 


100  IMPURTAXT    EVENTS. 

1890  People's   Party  convenes    at  Topeka,   Kan., 

Aug.  13. 
National  Military  Park  established  at  Chick- 

amauga,  Aug.  19.  [1822. 

Dion  Boucicault,  dramatist,  d.  Sept.  18  ;  b. 
McKinley  Tariff  Bill  approved.  Oct.  1. 
Polygamy  abolished  by  Mormons  in  Utah, 

Oct.  6.  [Oct. 

"  Ghost  dance  "  excitement  of  Sioux  Indians, 
B.   P.   Shillaber   ("Mrs.    Partington")    dies 

Nov.  25  ;  born  1814. 
Sitting  Bull,  Indian  chief,  killed,  Dec.  15. 
Gen.  F.  E.  Spinner,  U.  S.  ex-treasurer  1861- 

75,  dies  Dec.  31 ;  born  Jan.  21,  1802. 
Cincinnati  iron  truss  railway  bridge  across 

the  Ohio  completed. 

1891  International  Monetary  Conference  at  Wash- 

ington, Jan.  7. 
Free  coinage  bill  adopted,  Jan.  14. 
Sec.  of  Treas.  Windom  d.  Jan.  29;  b.  1827. 
Strike  of    10,000    miners   in    coke   regions, 

Penn.,  Feb.  9. 
Appropriation    by    Congress    for    artificial 

rain-making,  March  3. 
Registry    of     certain    foreign-built    vessels 

granted,  ]\Iarch  3. 
International  copyright  act  approved,  JNIar.  3. 
Massacre  of  Italians  in   the  parish  prison, 

Xew  Orleans,  March  14. 
Montana  University  opens  at  Helena. 


UMTEI)    STATES.  101 

1891  Century  Dictionary  published. 

Eben  Tourgee,  founder  X.  E.  Conservatory 
of  Music,  dies  April  12;  b.  June  1,  1834. 

Transniississippi  Commercial  Congress  at 
Denver,  May  ID.  [1802. 

Lieut.  Peary's  arctic  expedition,  rlune-Sept., 

B.  J.  Lossing,  hist.,  d.  June  :J ;  b.  Feb.  12,181:3. 

Agreement  with  Great  Britain  in  regard  to 
seal  fisheries,  June  15.  [June  23. 

Rain-making  experiments  begin    in    Texas, 

Weather  Bureau  transferred  to  Department 
of  Agriculture,  June  30.  [July  2'). 

Smokeless  powder  used  for  first  time  in  U.S., 

Removal  of  restrictions  on  importation  of 
American  pork  in  Germany,  Sept.  3  ;  in 
Denmark,  Sept.  8  ;  in  Italy,  Oct.  21  ;  in 
France,  Dec.  (J.  [ment,  Sept.  IS. 

Indian  lands  in  Oklahoma  opened  to  settle. 

Leland  Stanford  University  opens,  Oct. 

Am.  sailors  mobbed  in  Valparaiso,  Oct.  10. 

James  Parton  dies  Oct.  17  ;  b.  Feb.  9,  1822. 

Southern  States  exposition  opens  at  Augusta, 
Ga.,  Nov.  2. 

First  World's  Convention  of  the  Wonjan's 
Christian  Temp.  Union  at  Boston,  Nov.  10. 

1892  First  Continental  Congress  of  Daughters  of 

.Vmerican  Revolution,  Feb.  22. 
Behring-sea  dispute  referred  to  arbitration, 

Feb.  20;  treaty  ratified.  May  0.    [April  2. 
Treaty    for  suppressing    slave-trade  signed. 


102  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1892  Indian  lands  in  Dakota,  Oklalionia,  etc.,  op- 

ened to  settlement,  April  11.  [May  5. 

Bill  prohibiting  coming  of  Chinese  approved, 
Wm.  Bradford,  painter,  d.  Apr.  25;  b.  1827. 
400th  anniversary  of  dis,  of  Am.,  June  29. 
Great  strike  of  miners  at  Cceur  d'Alene,  Id., 

July  11. 
Survivors  of  Indian  wars  pensioned,  July  27. 
Army  nurses  of  civil  war  pensioned,  Aug.  5. 
Great  railroad  strike  at  Buifalo,  X.Y.,  begins, 

Aug.  14. 
Continental  Congress  of  Salvation  Army  in 

New  York,  Xov.  21. 

1893  Proclamation  of  amnesty  to  Mormons,  Jan.  4. 
Great  Xorthern  railroad  completed,  Jan.  6. 
L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  ex-Confederate,  dies  Jan.  23  ; 

born  Sept.  1,  182.5.  [Feb.  22. 

Inman  steamers  transferred  to  Am.  registry, 
Stephen  Grover  Cleveland  inaug.  pres.,  Mar.4. 
Temple  at  Salt  Lake  City  dedicated,  April 

6  ;  40  years  building. 
Spanish  caravels  arrive  in  X.  Y.,  April  24. 
John   M.   Corse,  gen.,  dies   April   27  ;    born 

April  27,  1835.  [April  27. 

Columbian  naval  review  in  X.  Y.  Harbor, 
Columbian    exposition    formally  opened    at 

Chicago,  May  1.  [June  5. 

Extradition  treaty  with  Russia  promulgated. 
Floor  of  Ford's  Theatre  in  Washington  falls  ; 

many  clerks  killed  and  injured,  June  9. 


UNITED     STATES.  103 

1893  Many  failures  among  banks,  fJuly-Sept. 
Severe  hurricane  in  Southern  States,  Aug.  28. 
Pan-American  Medical    Congress   opens    at 

Washington,   D.C,  over  1,000   physicians 

present,  Sept.  5.  [Sept.  11. 

World's  Parliament  of  Religions  at  Chicago, 
A  daughter  born  to  Lieut,  and  Mrs.  Peary 

in  the  arctic  regions,  Sept.  12. 
Great  storm  on  Gulf  of  Mexico,  2,000  lives 

lost,  Oct.  2. 
Yacht  Vifjilnut  wins  America's  cup,  Oct.  13. 
World's  Colum.  Exposition  closes,  Oct.  30. 
Wilson  Silver  Bill  approved,  Nov.  1. 
Chinese  Exclusion  Bill  approved,  Nov.  3. 

1894  Nicaragua  Canal  Co.  incorporated  in  Vt. 
Fire   destroys    buildings    in    World's    Fair 

grounds,  Chicago,  Jan.  8. 

Wilson  Tariff  Bill  i)asses  Congress. 

(irowth  of  the  American  Protective  Associa- 
tion (A.  P.  A.),  organized  in  Iowa,  1887. 

Reciprocity  treaties  abrogated. 

Electrical  measurement  established. 

Dr.  C.  II.  Parkhurst  active  in  reform  work 
in  New  York.  [dor  Reef,  Feb.  2. 

U.  S.  corvette  Krarsart/e  wrecked  on   Ronca- 

George  W.  Childs,  publisher,  dies  Feb.  3 ; 
born  May  12,  182!). 

Federal  Election  Laws  re])ealed,  Feb.  8. 

Rioting  in  South  Carolina  resulting  from 
Dispensary  Law,  Marrh. 


1U4  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1894  Jolm  Y.  McKane  sent  to  Sing  Sing  for  elec- 
tion frauds,  March  1. 

AVilliam  F.  Poole,  librarian,  dies  March  1  ; 
born  Dec.  24,  1821. 

Coxey's  "  army  "  starts  for  AVash..  March  25. 

President  Cleveland  vetoes  the  Bland  Silver 
Bill,  March  29. 

H.  W.  Slocum,  general,  dies  April  1 4  ;  born 
Sept.  24,  1827. 

Monument  to  the  mother  of  Washington 
unveiled,  May  10. 

William  D.  Whitney,  philologist,  dies  June 
7  ;  born  Feb.  9,  1827. 

Pullman  Car  Co.  boycotted,  June  26. 

Labor  Day  made  a  legal  holiday,  June  28. 

Great  railroad  strike  from  Ohio  to  the  Pacific 
coast  begins,  June  29  ;  ends,  Aug.  5. 

Interstate  Irrigation  Congress  meets  at 
Omaha,  Xeb.  [1808. 

A.  Pleasanton,  gen.,  d.  July  26  ;  b.  Aug.  18, 

Charter  of  the  Louisiana  State  Lottery  ex- 
pires ;  not  renewed. 

Joseph  Holt,  dies  Aug.  1  ;  born  Jan.  1807. 

F.  H.  Underwood,  projector  of  Atlantic 
Monthly,  dies  Aug.  7;  born  Jan.  12,  1825. 

Republic  of  Hawaii  recognized,  Aug.  8. 

Wilson-Gorman  Tariff  Bill  becomes  a  law, 
Aug.  31. 

Josiah  P.  Cooke,  chemist,  dies  Sept.  3 ;  born 
Oct.  12,  1827. 


LMTE1>    STATKS.  1  O.") 

1894  George  Stoneman,  geiuMiil,  dies  Sept.  "» ;  born 

Aug.  8,  1822. 

James  McCosh,  ex-president  Princeton  Col- 
lege, dies  Nov.  10;  born  April  1,  1811. 

New  treaty  with  Japan,  Xov.  23. 

Eugene  V.  Debs,  labor  leader,  imprisoned, 
Dec.  14. 

Philological  Cong,  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  27. 

National  Military  Park  est.  at  Shiloh,  Dec.  28. 

1895  Frederick  Douglass,  colored  orator,  dies  Feb. 

20,  aged  78. 
I^argest   refracting    telescope    in    the   world 

made  by  Alvan  G.  Clark  at  Cam.,  Mass. 
John  J.  Almy,  admiral,  dies  May  16  ;  born 

April  25,  1814. 
Important  gold  discoveries  in  Utah. 
W.  Q.  Gresham,  d.  May  28;  b.  Mar.  17,  1832. 
Monument  to  Confederate  soldiers  dedicated 

in  Chicago,  May  30. 
Atchison,   Topeka,   and   Santa    Fe    railroad 

sold  at  auction  for  J?GO,000,000. 
E.  W.  Bull,  originator  Concord  grape,  dies 

Sept.  20  ;  born  March  4.  1800. 
First    Eucharistic    Congress    (Catholic)     in 

America,  in  Washington,  Oct.  1. 
Gettysburg  National  Military  Park  estab. 
Wesley  Merritt,  com.  major-gen.,  born  1830. 
Miss  Helen  Culver  gives  81,000,000  to  the 

biological   department    of    University   of 

Chicago,  Dec.  14. 


lOG  IMPOKTAXT    EVENTS. 

1895  Allen  G.  Thiirmau,  statesman  of  Ohio,  dies ; 

born  Nov.  13,  1813. 

A  lockout  of  4,000  tailors  begins  in  New 
York,  Dec.  10.  [question,  Dec.  17. 

Special  message  of  president  on  Venezuelan 

Great  strike  of  motornien  and  conductors  on 
Phil,  trolley  cars,  Dec.  17  ;  settled,  Dec.  23. 

Rev.  Dr.  Josiah  Tyler,  40  years  missionary 
among  the  Zulus,  dies  Dec.  20. 

John  De  Haven  White,  "  Father  of  Ameri- 
can dentistry,"  dies  Dec.  25,  aged  80. 

Numerous  strikes  of  labor  organizations 
during  the  year. 

1896  President    Cleveland    appoints    Venezuelan 

commissioners,  Jan.  1. 
Utah  (45th  State)  admitted,  Jan.  4. 
Cardinal's  beretta  bestowed  on  Mgr.  Satolli, 

Jan.  5. 
Francis  C.  Barlow  dies  Jan.  11;  born  Oct. 

19,  1834.  [1829. 

Thomas  Ewing,  gen.,  d.  Jan.  21 ;  b.  Aug.  7, 
Meeting  of  Free  Silver  advocates  in  Wash- 
ington, Jan.  22. 
Mint  directors   ordered  to   prepare   to   coin 

standard  silver  dollars,  Jan.  24. 
William  H.  Furness,  div.,  d.  Jan.  30,  a.  94. 
Protestant  Episcopal  bishops  protest  against 

Turkish  atrocities,  Jan.  31. 
The  name  of  Columbia  College  changed  to 

Columbia  Universitv. 


UNITED    STATES.  107 

1896     John  Gibbons,  general,  dies  Feb.  G,  aged  69. 
Prize-fighting  proliibited  in  the  Territories, 

Feb.  7.  [Feb.  8. 

Sealing-treaty  with  Great    Britain    ratified, 
George  M.  Baclie,  com.,  dies  Feb.  11,  a.  5^. 
System  of  free  lodgings  in  Xew  York  police 

stations  abolished,  Feb.  1."). 
Edgar  W.  Xye  ("Bill  Xye")  dies  Feb.  22; 

born  Aug.  2">,  1850. 
General    Garcia   and   other   Cuban    leaders 

arrested  in  New  York,  Feb.  25. 
Dense  fog  in  New  York  causes  serious  dis- 
asters to  shipping,  Feb.  29. 
Charles  C.  Coffin   ("  Carleton  ")   dies  March 

2  ;  born  July  2G,  1823. 
Ground  broken  for  American  University  in 

Washington,  D.C.,  March  9. 
Fire    destroys    records     in     Census    Office, 

Washington,  D.C.,  March  22. 
Mississippi  exempts  factories  from  taxation 

for  ir>  years,  March  23.  [ates.  Mar. 

All  disabilities  removed  from  ex-Confeder- 
Augustus  Hoppin,  art.,  dies  April  2,  aged  08. 
The  Raines  law  (liipior)  rigorously  enforced 

in  Xew  York  City  and  Brooklyn,  April  5. 
Double-turreted  Monitor  launched,  April  15. 
"Greater  New  York"  bill  signed.  May  11. 
Lucius  Fairchild  d.  May  23  ;  b.  Dec.  27,  1831. 
College  of  New  Jersey  changed  to  Princeton 

University,  May  27. 


108  IMPORTAXT    EVEXTS. 

1896  Benj.  H.  Bristow,  d.  June  22 ;  born  June  20, 

1832.  [1813. 

Lyman  Trumbull,  d.  June  25  ;  born  Oct.  12, 
Sectarian    Indian    schools   to   be    abolished 

after  July  1,  1897. 
William    J.    Bryan    nominated    Democratic 

candidate  for  president,  July  10. 
William   E.  Russell,  ex-governor  of   Mass., 

dies  July  15  ;  born  Jan.  6,  1857. 
President    Cleveland   issues    a    warning    to 

Cuban  sympathizers,  July  30. 
Intense  heat  in  X.Y.,  many  deaths,  Aug.  8-14:. 
Mary   Abigail   Dodge    (-Gail    Hamilton") 

dies  Aug.  17;  born  1833. 
"  Flag  Day  "  observed  in  many  cities,  Oct.  31. 
Great  Britain  yields  to  the  demand  of  the 

U.  S.  for  arbitration  in  Venezuelan  boun- 
dary dispute,  Xov.  [ver,  Xov.  24. 
W.  J.  Bryan  begins  a  campaign  for  free  sil- 
Retaliatory  tonnage  tax  imposed  on  German 

vessels  ordered,  Dec.  5. 
Daughters  of  American  Revolution  incorp. 
Treaty  with  Choctaws  of  Indian  Territory, 

Dec.  19. 

1897  Francis  A.  Walker,  pres.  Mass.  Institute  of 

Technology,  d.  Jan.  5  ;  b.  July  2,  1840. 

General  arbitration  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
signed,  Jan.  11. 

Treaties  with  Orange  Free  State  and  Argen- 
tine Republic  ratified,  Jan.  28. 


IMTKI)    ST  A  IKS.  109 

1897      Alaska  Itoundarv  line  settled,  Jan.  30. 

Treaty  with  Japan  ratified,  Feb.  1.  [2. 

State  Capitol  of  Penn.  destroyed  by  fire,  Feb. 
Darius  X.  Conch  d.  Feb.  12  ;  b.  July  23, 1822. 
John  C.  Robinson,  gen.,  d.  Feb.  18;  b.  April 

10,  1817. 
Wni.  McKinley  inaug.  president.  ^larch  4. 
A    great    storm    along    the    Atlantic    coast. 

March  7. 
Wm.  T.  Adams  ("  Oliver  Optic  ")  d.  March 

27  ;  b.  July  30,  1822.  [4,  1827. 

John  H.  Russell,  admiral,  d.  April  1  ;  b.  July 
Tomb  of  Gen.  Grant  dedicated  at  Riverside, 

April  27.  [1. 

Tennessee  f  entennial  Exposition  opens,  May 
Anglo-American  arbitration  treaty  rejected 

by  Senate,  May  .'>. 
Governor  Black  signs  charter  of  (ireater  New 

York,  May  r>.  [^^^Y  ^• 

Universal  Postal  Congress  meets  at  Wash., 
Horatio  King  d.  May  20  ;  b.  June  21,  181 1. 
Congress  votes  Sr)0,0(M)  l(.  aid  suffering  Cu- 
bans, May  20.  [May  2(5. 
Hradford's  Pilgrim  Jdunial  pi»'s.  to  Miuss., 
Shaw  monument  unvcilrd  in  Iloston,  May  30. 
Snow  falls  in  many  Stat«'s,  June  1. 
Alvan  (;.  Clark  d.  Juiir  !»  ;  b.  July  1(»,  1S32. 
Treaty  for  annexation  of   Hawaii  signed  by 

l)resident,  June  10.  [Jiimc  Kl. 

Intense  hrat  in  Cliirago.  many  prostrations, 


110  IMFURTAXT    EVENTS. 

1897     Severe  earthquake  shocks  in  Cal.,  June  20. 

Extensive  strikes  among  coal  and  iron  mi- 
ners, June-July;  ends,  Sept.  13. 

Christian    Endeavor    Society  in    session    at 
San  Francisco,  July  7. 

Klondike    miners  arrive  in  California  with 
gold,  July  15. 

Monument  to  General  Logan  dedicated  in 
Chicago,  July  22. 

Dingley  Tariff  Bill  goes  into  effect,  July  21 

Submarine   torpedo-boat  Plunger  launched 
Aug.  7.  [^ug-  20 

Cash  wheat  passes  the  dollar  mark  in  N.  Y. 

Yellow  fever  appears  in  Southern  States,  Sept 

Many  lives  lost  in  Texas  hurricanes,  Sept.  14, 

Henry  George  nominated  for  mayor  of  New- 
York,  Sept.  27. 

John  L.  Worden,  adm.,  d.  Oct.  18,  aged  79. 

Geo.  M.  Pullman  d.  Oct.  19,  aged  66. 

Justin  Winsor,  librarian  of  Harvard,  d.  Oct. 
22;  b.  Jan.  2,  1831. 

T.  L.  Clingman  d.  Nov.  3  ;  b.  July  27,  1812. 

Sealing  treaty  with  Russia  and  Japan  signed, 
Nov.  6. 

Dr.   Geo.    H.   Houghton,   rector   of  "  Little 
Church  round  the  Corner," d.  Nov.  17,  a.  77. 

Joseph  F.  Green,  admiral,  dies  Dec.  9 ;  born 
Nov.  24,  1811. 

Appropriation  of  $175,000  for  relief  in  Klon- 
dike region,  Dec.  16. 


UNITKD    STATES.  Ill 

1898     City  gov.  of  Greater  Xew  York  inaug.,  Jan.  1. 
North  Atlantic  Sijuadron  assembles  near  Tor- 

tugas,  Jan.  1-1*2. 
Maine  sails  for  Havana,  Jan.  24. 
Pres.  Dole  of  Hawaii  arr.  in  AVash.,  Jan.  *20. 
Silver  defeated  in  H.  R.,  Jan.  31. 
Heavy  fall  of  snow  in  Boston,  Feb.  1. 
Dnpuy  l)e  Lome,  Spanish  minister  at  Wash., 

resigns,  Feb.   8  ;  Luis   Bernabe  succeeds, 

Feb.  14. 
Spanish  cruiser  r/.vra?/«  visits  N.  Y.,  Feb.  18. 
Secretary  Long  calls  for  more  ships,  Feb.  *20. 
Reindeer  fov  Alaska  arrive  in  X.  Y.,  Feb.  27. 
Wm.  A.  Rogers,  astronomer,  d.  March  1  :  l». 

Nov.  13,  1832.  [11. 

War  dep't  begins  mobilization  of  army,  Mar. 
Battleship  Oregon  sails  from  San  Francisco, 

March  12. 
Seacoast  defences  manned,  March  12.      [1  L 
Government  decides  to  arm  ocean  liners.  Mar. 
Battleships  Kfdrsarf/c  and  A%  ///^/r/z/launched, 

March  21. 
Com.  Samp.son  succeeds  Sicard,  March  21. 
Com.  Schley  com.  flying  sipnulron.  Mar.  21. 
House  of  Representatives  defeats  Cuban  n-c- 

ognition,  April  18. 
Geo.  P.  Lathropd.  April  1!» :  b.  Ant,'.  2.'),  ls.-,l. 
Congress   orders    intervention    in    Cuba    by 

force,  April  li>. 
Pres.  signs  intervention  resolution.  \\n\  20. 


112  IMPORTANT    KVENTS. 

1898     President  sends  ultimatum  to  Spain,  Apr.  20. 

Bernabe,  Spanish  minister,  asks  for  pass- 
ports, April  20. 

Spanish  gov't  sends  ^Minister  Woodford  his 
passports  at  ^Madrid,  April  21. 

Sampson's  fleet  sails  for  Cuba,  April  22. 

President  issues  a  call  for  125,000  volun- 
teers, April  23.  [23. 

Massachusetts  naval  reserve  ordered  out,  Apr. 

Cong,  declares  the  existence  of  war,  Apr.  2.'5. 

John  Sherman  resigns  from  cabinet,  Apr.  2.3. 

Day  becomes  secretary  of  state,  April  26. 

Com.  George  Dewey  sails- from  Hong  Kong 
for  Manila,  Apr.  27.  [28. 

New  England  coast  patrolled  by  a  fleet,  Apr. 

Dewey  wins  naval  victory  at  Manila,  May  1. 

Fitzhugh  Lee  and  Joseph  Wheeler  made 
major-generals,  ^lay  4. 

May  wheat  SI. 91  in  New  York,  May  10. 

Dewey  made  acting  rear-admiral,  iSlay  1 1 . 

Flying  squadron  leaves  Hampton  Roads, 
May  13. 

Battleship  Alabama  launched.  May  IS.     [2.5. 

Pres.  calls  for  75,000  more  volunteers,  May 

Oregon  arrives  at  Key  AVest,  May  26. 

U.  S.  flag  raised  over  the  Ladrones,  June  21. 

Hawaii  annexed  to  the  U.  S.,  July  7.    [1819. 

Daniel  Ammen,  adm.,  d.  July  11  ;  b.  July  7. 

Spain  asks  for  terms  of  peace,  July  26. 

Peace  protocol  signed  at  Wash..  Aug.  12. 


UNITED    STATES.  113 

1898  Pies.  McKinley  orders  cessation  of  fighting, 
Aug.  12.  [Aug.  1-J. 

Sampson    and    Schley    made   rear-admirals, 

Rear-admiral  Kirkland  d.  Aug.  12 ;  b.  1828. 

Manila  surrenders,  Aug.  13.  [20. 

Imposiflg  naval  parade  in  X.  Y.  harbor,  Aug. 

American  peace  commis.  named,  Aug.  26. 

Boston  subway  opened  entire  length,  Sept.  3, 

16,000  Odd  Fellows  par.  in  Boston,  Sept.  21. 

Thomas  F.  Bayard  dies  Sept.  28 ;  born  Oct. 
29,  1828. 

Peace  commissioners  meet  at  Paris,  Oct.  1. 

Battleship  Illinois  launched,  Oct.  1. 

Rear-admiral  Febiger  dies,  Oct.  0. 

Yellow  fever  in  Mississippi,  Oct.  10. 

Serious  labor  riots  in  Illinois,  Oct.  12. 

Chicago  peace  jubilee  begins,  Oct.  17. 

White  Pass  and  Yukon  railway  in  operation, 
Oct.  [Oct. 

Oiitl)rfak  of  Pillager  Indians  at  Leech  Lake, 

South  Dakota  adopts  '-  initiative  and  refer- 
endum "  plan,  Nov.  [Xov. 

Marin  Tf^rfsa,  capt.  Spanish  cruiser,  wrecked, 

David  A.  Wells  d.  Nov.  f) ;  b.  June  17,  is-JS. 

Theodore  Roosevelt  elected  governor  of  New 
York,  Xov.  8. 

Ultimatum  to  Spaniards  at  Paris,  Xov.  21. 

Battleship  Wis^cnnsin  launched,  Xt)V.  20. 

Great  storm  on  Atl.  coast,  vessels  wrecked 
worth  $2,500,000,  Xov.  27. 


114  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1898  Steamship  Portland  lost,  with  all  on  board, 

Nov.  27. 

Spain  ace.  terms  of  peace,  at  Paris,  Nov.  28. 

Peace  treaty  signed  at  Paris,  Dec.  10. 

[For  events  of  war  in  Cuba,  etc.,  see  Spanish  America.] 

Cuban  Junta  in  U.  S.  dissolves,  Dec.  21. 

Justin  S.  Morrill  d.  Dec.  28  ;  b.  Apr.  14, 1810. 

Southern  Union  Station,  Boston,  Mass.,  dedi- 
cated, Dec.  30. 

Anglo-American  commission  closes  its  hear- 
ings in  Behring-sea  case,  Dec. 

1899  Formal  cession  of    Spanish    sovereignty  in 

Cuba  to  United  States,  Jan.  1. 
Canadian-American  commission  in  session. 
Nelson  Dingley,  Congressman,  d.  Jan.  13,  a.  67. 
Disastrous  storm  on  Atlantic  coast, 
John  R.  Young,  librarian  of  Congress,  dies 

Jan.  15,  aged  57.  [Washington. 

Canadian-Am.  comm.  resumes  its  sessions  in 
George  Dewey  made  admiral,  March  3. 
Joseph  Medill,  editor  Chicago   Tribune,  dies 

Mar.  16  ;  born  in  New  Brunswick,  1823. 
Hotel   Windsor,  New  York,  burned ;    many 

lives  lost,  March  17. 


MEXICO. 
1503     Montezuma  emperor, 

1521  Cortez  captures  city  of  ]Mexico. 

1522  Mexico  constituted  a  kingdom. 


MEXICO.  115 

1535  Mendoza,  tirst  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  estab- 
lishes a  mint. 

1821  Mexico  becomes  independent,  Aug.  2.'^. 

1822  Mexico  becomes  an  empire,  Iturbide  emperor, 

1823  Federal  Republic  proclaimed,  Oct.  4. 
1829  Expulsion  of  the  Spaniards  decreed,  March. 
1833  Santa  Ana  president,  May  11. 

1835  Texas  declares  her  independence,  March  '2. 

1836  Independence  recognized  by  Spain. 

1838     Dt'olaration  of  war  against  France,  Nov.  'M) ; 
war  terminates,  March  9,  1880. 

1846  (ien.  Mejia  issues  a  proclamation  of  hostility 

to  the  United  States,  March. 
Battle  of  Palo  Alta,  May  8. 
Battle  of  Ilesaca  de  la  Palma,  May  0. 
(ieu.  Taylor  occupies  Matamoras,  May  18. 
Mex.  Cong.  dec.  war  against  U.  S.,  May  23. 
Monterey  surr.  to  Gen.  Taylor,  Sept.  2.'). 

1847  Sequestration   of    church    property  to  raise 

funds,  Jan.  7. 
Battle  of  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  22,28. 
Siege  and  l>omb.  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mar.  22-26. 
Vera  Cruz  surrenders  to  Gen.  Scott,  Mar.  29. 
Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Gen.  Scott  defeats 

Santa  Aila,  April  18. 
Com.  I*erry  captures  Tuspan,  May  18. 
Battle  of  Contreras,  Aug.  19-20. 
Scott  def.  Santa  Ana  at  Churubusco,  Aug.  20. 
El  Molino  del  Iley  capt.  by  Amer.,  Sept.  8. 
Chapultepec  taken  by  storm,  Sept.  18. 


116  I3IP0RTAXT    EVENTS. 

1847  Gen.  Quitman  military  governor  of  city  of 

Mexico.  Oct.  [May  24. 

1848  Treaty  of  peace  ratified  by  Mexican  Senate, 
U.  S.  flag  on  palace  at  Mexico  replaced  by 

Mexican,  June  12. 

1856  Property  of  clergy  sequestrated,  March  31. 

1857  New  constitution  established,  Feb.  5. 
Beginning  of  Reformed  Church.  [11. 

1858  Constitution  annulled  by  church  party,  Jan. 
Benito  Juarez  president,  Feb.  11. 

Civil  war,  Aug.-Xov. 

1859  Miramon  nominated  pres.  by  Junta,  Jan.  6. 
Juarez  confiscates  church  property,  July  13. 

1860  Civil  var  between  Zuloaga  and  Miramon. 

1861  Juarez  made  dictator. 

Troubles  with  England,  France,  and  Spain. 

1862  ^lexican    monarchy  for   Maximilian   disap- 

proved by  England  and  Spain,  Feb. 

1863  Mexico  occupied  by  French  under  Bazaine, 

June  .5. 

1864  Maximilian    accepts   crown   from   Mexican 

deputation,  April  10. 

1865  Emf)eror  Maximilian  proclaims  war  ended, 

Oct.  2.  [Oct.  16. 

Juarist  generals  taken  prisoners  and  shot, 
U.  S.  protest  against  French  occupation. 

1866  Xapoleon  ITT.  agrees  to  withdraw  his  troops. 

April. 

1867  Maximilian.  Miramon,  and  Mejia  tried  and 

shot,  June  19. 


MEXICO.  117 

1867     City  of  Mexico  taken,  and  republic  re-est"- 
lished,  June  21. 
rluarez  inaugurated  president  about  Dec.  25. 

1871  Civil  war  and  insurrections. 

1872  Benito  Juarez  d.  July  18,  aged  about  08. 
1874     Religious  orders  suppressed,  Dec. 

1876  Santa  Ana,  ex-president,  d.  June  20. 

1880  (Jonzalez  elected  president,  July  11. 

1883  Ancient  city  discovered  in  Sonora. 

1884  I'ijrfirio  Diaz  inaugurated  president,  Dec.  1. 

1892  Diaz  re-elected  president,  July  11. 

1893  iK'structive  storm  in  Gulf  of  Mexico,  about 

1,000  lives  lost,  Oct.  2. 

1896  Porfirio  Diaz  inaug.  pres.  for  5th  time,  Dec.  1. 
Law  enacted  to  provide  a  uniform  system 

of  education,  Dec.  19. 

1897  Attempt  to  assassinate  Pres.  Diaz,  Sept.  10. 


118  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

COSTA    RICA. 

1502  Discovered  by  Columbus. 

1523  Bruselas  founded  by  Hernandez. 

1530  Indian  tribes  subdued  by  Alvarado; 

1539  Badajos  founded. 

1568  Rivera  founded  on  the  west  coast. 

1605  Talamanca  founded. 

1610  Santiago  burned  by  Indians.  [ish. 

1611  The  Talamanca  Indians  massacre  the  Span- 
1630  Alvarado  subdues  the  Indians. 

1665  Great  depredations  by  pirates. 

1709  Indian   slaves   in   the    gold-mines   ri.se,   and 

massacre  Spaniards. 

1797  A  period  of  prosperity  begins. 

1812  The  Spanish  constitution  promulgated, 

1821  Declaration  of  independence,  Sept.  15. 

1822  Union  with  Mexico  proclaimed. 

1823  The  imperialists  revolt,  April. 

Joins  the  federation  of   Central  American 
States,  July  1. 

1824  First  congress  meets,  Sept.  8 ;  Juan  Mora 

president. 
1840     Becomes  an  independent  state. 
1856     Wm.  Walker,  American  filibuster,  attempts 

revolution.  [president,  1877. 

1876     Revolution.     Gen.  Thomas  Guardia becomes 


GUATEMALA.  119 

1882     Constitution  adopted,  April  20.  [15. 

1890  Declares  against  a  Cent.  Amer.  confed.,  Feb. 
Rodriguez  president. 

1891  A  revolution  breaks  out,  suppressed  I)}-  gov't ; 

breaks  out  again  ;  suppressed  in  1893. 
1894     Another  revolution  breaks  out. 

Rafael  Inglesias  becomes  president. 

1897  Inglesias  re-elected,  for  term  of  four  years, 

1898-1902. 

1898  ••  Greater    Republic  "    of    Central    America 

breaks  up,  Dec.  1. 


GUATEMALA. 

[From  its  conquest  by  tlie  Spaniards  until  the  struggle  for 
Imlependenco  in  1821,  the  history  of  Ciuateniala  is  simitar  to 
that  of  the  other  Central  American  States,  —  a  succession  of 
conflicts  with  the  natives,  and  of  struggles  between  rival  ofti- 
cials,  —  and  presents  no  especial  events  of  general  interest.] 

1773  Santiago  dt'stroy(Ml  by  an  earthquake,  June  7. 

1774  Old  (iuatemala  destroyed   by  the  Volcan  de 

Agua. 
1821      Independence  declared. 

1823  Withdraws  from  tln^  Mexican  Confederation. 

1824  Joins  Confed.  of  Central  .\merican  States. 
Slavery  abolished. 

1829     Subjugated  by  San  Salvador. 
1851      Rt'gains  its  indepeifdence  under  CarnMa. 
1854      Invaded  by  American  filibusters  under  Kcn- 
nv  and  Walker. 


120  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1854     Carrera  appointed  president  for  life. 
1863     War  with  San  Salvador. 
1865     Carrera  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  Gen.  Cerna. 
Cerna  deposed  by  Granados. 

1871  The  Jesuits  exiled  for  political  intrigues. 

1872  Alliance  with  Honduras  against  San  Salvador. 
Property  of  the  Jesuits  confiscated. 

1873  Alliance  with  San  Salvador. 
Barrios  elected  president. 

1876  War  with  Hondm-as  and  San  Salvador. 

1884  Work  begun  on  the  Interoceanic  railroad. 

1886  Torture  prohibited  as  punishment. 

1889  Cholera  rages ;  over  1,000  deaths. 

1890  War  with  San  Salvador. 

Guatemala  joins  Union  of  Central  Am. States. 

1893  Brit,  legation  attacked  by  rioters,  Jan.  23. 

1894  Pres.  Lainfiesa  proclaims  himself  dictator. 

1897  Prospero  Morales  incites  a  revolution  ;  sub- 

dued, October. 

1898  President  Barrios  assassinated,  Feb.  8. 


HONDURAS. 


1502  Discovered  by  Columbus. 

1526  Cortez  founds  Truxillo  and  Puerto  Caballos. 

1540  Comayagua  founded  by  Carceres. 

1821  Honduras  declares  its  independence  of  Spain. 

1822  Becomes  part  of  the  Central  Amer.  Confed. 
1839  Withdraws  from  Cent.  Amer.  Confederation. 

[Civil  wars  follow  for  nearly  twenty  years.] 


HONDURAS.  VJl 

1855  President  Cahafios  defeated  and  exiled. 

1856  Pres.  Guardiola  makes  peace  witli  (Guatemala. 

1860  Win.  AValker,  Am.  filibuster,  invades  Hondu- 

ras ;  is  captui-ed,  and  executed  at  Truxillo, 
Sept.  12. 

1861  Insurrection  instigated  by  the  clergy. 

1862  Guardiola  assassinated. 

1863  Montes  president.  [ernment. 
Medina  deserts  Montes,  and  usurps  the  gov- 

1872     Don  Celeo  Arias  deposes  Medina,  and  takes 
the  presidency. 

1875  Marco  Aurelio  Soto  ap.  provisional  governor. 
A  new  constitution  adopted. 

1876  Soto  appointed  president  for  four  years. 
1883     Louis  Bogran  president,  Nov.  27. 

1890  Insurrection,  headed  by  Gen.  Sanchez. 

1891  Gen.  Pariano  Leista  elected  pres.,  Nov.  10. 
Bonilla  proclaimed  i)resident,  Dec.  12. 

1892  Civil  war  begins  in  May  and  continues. 

1893  Insurrection  in  South  Honduras. 

Gen.  Vaequez  elected  president,  Sept.  20. 
Policarpo  Booilla  elected  president,  Dec.  24, 
for  four  years. 

1894  War  with  Nicaragua. 

Bonilla,   leader  of  insurgents,  assumes  the 

presidency,  Jan.  5. 
President  Vasquez  repulses  the  insurgents. 


122  IMPOKTAXT    EVENTS. 


BRITISH    HONDURAS. 

[The  Bay  of  Honduras  was  a  favorite  resort  for  the  English 
buccaneers  during  the  English  and  Spanish  wars.  After  the 
decline  of  freebooting,  the  more  industrious  of  the  buccaneers 
turned  to  the  pursuit  of  cutting  mahogany,  dyewoods,  etc., 
which  brought  on  conflicts  with  the  Spaniards.] 

1725     Spaniards  attempt   to  expel  English  vsood- 

cutters ;  fail. 
1754     Wood-cutters  defeat  Spaniards, 
1763     Treaty  between  England  and  Spain  relating 

to  ^YOod-cutters.  [defined. 

1783     Limits  of  Belize  and  rights  of  wood-cutters 
1796     Spain  attempts  to  expel  men  of  Belize,  but 

fails. 
1840     Alexander    McDonald,   superintendent,  sets 

aside  local  laws,  and  proclaims  supremacy 

of  English  law. 
1845     Eng.  gov't  assumes  control  of  the  t-erritory. 
1850     Belize  excluded  from  conditions  of  Britisli- 

American  treatv. 


NICARAGUA. 

1502  Discovered  by  Columbus. 

1521  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  explores  the  country. 

1524  Granada  founded  by  Cordova. 

1550  Unsuccessful  revolt  against  Spain. 

1610  Leon  founded. 

1685  Dampier,  English  buccaneer,  sacks  Leon. 


SAN    SALVADOR.  123 

1821     Independence  declai'ed. 

1823     Joins  Confederation  of  Central  Anier.  States. 

1826     First  survey  for  shi}>canal  route. 

1847     Boundary  trouble  with  Great  Britain. 

Great  Britain  seizes  San  Juan  del  Norte,  Dec. 
1850     Independence  recognized  by  Spain. 

Clayton-Buhver  treaty  arranged  at  Greytown. 
1856     Walker,  American  filibuster,  Inirns  Granada ; 
he  is  driven  from  Central  America,  1857. 

President  Rivas  claims  the  Mosquito  Coast. 

1859  T.  Martinez  elected  president. 

1860  England  cedes  the  protectorate  of  the  Mos- 

quito Coast  to  Nicaragua. 
1885     The  United  States  government  procures  sur- 
veys of  a  ship-canal  route. 
Concessions  for  100  years  granted  to  the  Nic- 
aragua Canal  Company.  [fields. 
1894     Gen.  Cabeza  hoists  Nicaraguan  flag  "at  Blue- 
Moscjuito  country  organized  under  laws  of 
Nicaragua. 
1897      Death  penalty  abolished.  May  0. 

important  concessions  to  .syndicate  of  Amer- 
ican capitalists. 


SAN     SALVADOR. 

1524     Conquered  by  Alvarado. 

1821     Independence  of  Spain  proclaimed. 

1824     Joins  the  C»Mitr:il  Anit'ricaii  Tnion. 


124  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1839  Becomes  independent. 

1853  A  constitution  adopted. 

1854  Great  earthquake  in  San  Salvador,  April  16. 
1856  Becomes  a  republic,  Castillo  president. 
1860  Gen.  Barrios  president,  Feb.  1  ;  overthi'own, 

Oct.,  1863. 
1865     General  Duenas  president,  April. 

Barrios  executed,  Aug. 
1872     Gonzalez  president,  Feb.  1. 
1876     Zaldivar  president,  May. 
1885     Francisco  Menendez  president,  June. 
1887     Revolution,  Menendez  deposed,  June. 
1890     Gen.  Carlos  Ezeta  president,  Sept.  11. 

War  with  Guatemala ;  peace  ratified,  Sept.  22. 
1894     Gen.  Gutierrez  president,  June  5. 

Revolution  ;  Ezeta  defeated  ;  provisional  gov- 
ernment formed,  June  26. 


BERMUDA. 


[Discovered  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century  by  Juan 
Bermudas.] 

1609     Sir  George  Somers  lands  in  Bermuda. 

1612     Virginia  Company  sell  the  islands  to  mem- 
bers of  thei;-  body. 
Richard  Moore,  a  ship's  carpenter,  the  first 
governor. 

1620     The  first  representative  assembly  meets. 

1725     Bishop  Berkeley  attempts  to  found  a  college 
in  Bermuda ;  unsuccessful. 


WEST    INDIES.  125 

1775     Ships  gunpowder  to  assist  Americans. 
1784     Ships  fitted  out  to  follow  the  whale-fishery. 
1824     ( 'onvicts  sent  to  construct  dockyards. 
1834     Slavery  abolished. 

[No  important  events  have  transpired  in  recent  years.] 


WEST    INDIES. 

1492     C'uhunbus  discovers  Ilayti. 

1623  St.  Kitt's  receives  its  first  English  settlers. 

1624  English  settle  in  Barbados.  [Cruz. 

1625  Eng.  and  Dutch  take  joint  possession  of  Santa 
First  regular  French  colony  in  West  Indies, 

at  St.  Kitt's. 
1628     Xevis  and  Barbuda  settled  by  the  English. 
1630     ilayti  seized  by  French  buccaneers. 
1632     M.  Eustatius  and  Tobago  set.  by  the  Dutch. 

Antigua  and  Montserrat  settled  by  English. 

Three  hundred  French  settlers  in  Dominica. 
1635  (iuadaloupe  and  Martinique  col.  by  French. 
1638     English  take  possession  of  St.  Lucia,  driven 

out  by  Caribs,  1011. 
1640      Tortuga  a  buccaiuMMs'  station. 
1648      I'rench  set.  St.  Barth<»lonicw  and  St.  Martin. 
1650     French  colonization  spreads  to  St.  Lucia. 
1650      I'rench  settlement  established  at  Santa  Cruz. 

1  Barbados  adheres  to  the  lloyalists  of  Eng. 
1652      Barbados  submits  to  the  Commonwealth. 
1655     .laniaica  taken  by  Croinwt'll's  forces. 
1660      Dutch  introduce  slaves  into  Barbadcs. 


126 


IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 


1670  British  possession  of  Jamaica  secured. 

1671  The  Danes  occupy  St.  Thomas. 

1692  Great  earthquake  in  Jamaica ;   Port  Koyal 
destroyed.  [hamas. 

1718  Capt.  Kogers  puts  down  piracy  in  the  Ba- 

1719  Danish  colonists  occupy  St.  John. 
1733  Danes  buy  Santa  Cruz  from  the  French. 
1738  Settlem't  of  the  Maroon  troubles  in  Jamaica. 
1755  Kingston  made  the  seat  of  gov't  of  Jamaica. 
1760  Slave  insurrection  in  Jamaica. 

1763  Great  Britain  secures  St.  Vincent. 

1784  St.  Bartholomew  transferred  to  Sweden. 

1791  XegToes  of  Hayti  revolt  against  France. 

1795  The  last  Maroon  war  in  Jamaica  occurs. 

1801  Toussaint  I'Ouverture  founds  republic  in  St. 

Domingo,  May  9.  [France,  1803. 

1802  Toussaint  surrenders  to  the  French ;  dies  in 

1803  French  quit  Hayti. 

1804  Dessalines  proclaims  massacre  of  all  whites 

in  Hayti,  March  29. 

1831  Great  hurricanes  in  the  West  Indies. 

1838  Slavery  abolished  in  the  British  West  Indies. 

1844  The  '-Dominican   republic"   proclaimed   in 

Hayti,  Feb.  [April  18. 

1852  Hayti  proclaimed  an  empire  under  Solouque, 

1858  Republic  proclaimed  in  Hayti,  Dec.  22. 

1861  Reunion  of  St.  Domingo  with  Spain. 

1865  Insurrection  in  Jamaica,  sup.  by  Gov.  Eyre. 

1873  Turk's  Island  annexed  to  Jamaica. 

[See  Spanish  America,  etc.] 


ARGEXTIXE  REPrKLTC.  127 

SOUTH     AMERICA. 
ARGENTINE     REPUBLIC. 

1516     Juan  Dias  de  Solis  lauds  on  north  coast. 

1527  Scl^astian  Cabot  establishes  a  settlement 
named  San  Espiritu. 

1535     Buenos  Ayres  founded,  Feb.  2. 

1573     City  of  Santa  Fe  founded. 

1620     Buenos  Ayres  separated  from  Asuncion. 

1776  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  the  capital  of  a  vice- 
royalty.  [June  27. 

1806  Gen.  Beresford  (Brit.)  capt.  Buenos  Ayres, 

1807  Sir  Samuel  Auchmuty  takes  Montevideo. 

1809  Argentines   refuse   to  acknowledge  Xapole- 

onic  dynasty  in  Spain. 

1810  Political  independence  of  the  country  begins. 
1814     Montevideo  captured  by  the   revolutionary 

army  of  Buenos  Ayres.  [clared. 

1816  Separation   of  the    country  from  Spain  de- 

1817  Spaniards  defeated  at  Chacabuco  ;  at  Maypu 

in  1818. 

1824  War  of  independence  ended. 

1825  A  national  constitution  decreed  for  the  fed- 

erated States.  [the  country. 

Great  Britain  acknowledges  independence  of 
Kiva<lavia  elected  president. 
Political    parties   take    iiaines   of    I   nitariMiis 

and  Federals. 


128  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1826  Vicente    Lopez,  Federalist,  president. 

1827  Dorrego,  Federalist,  president. 

1828  Unitarians  rebel,  and  defeat  the  Federalists. 

1829  Rosas,  chief  of  the  Federal  party,  rules. 
1838  Buenos  Ayres  blockaded  by  a  French  fleet. 
1840  Lavalle,    Unitarian,    invades    province     of 

Buenos  Ayres,  but  is  defeated  by  Federal- 
ists under  Pacheco. 

1845  England  and  France  intervene  in  the  civil 
war,  and  blockade  Buenos  Ayres. 

1847     Blockade  of  Buenos  Ayres  raised. 

1852  Brazilians  invade  Buenos  Ayres  and  defeat 

Rosas.  [director. 

A  new  constitution  proclaimed,  with  Urquiza 

1853  Civil  war  rages  ;  province  of  Buenos  Ayres 

becomes  an  independent  state,  with  Obli- 

gado  governor. 
Parana  becomes  capital  of  the  13  pi-ovinces. 
1859     Buenos  Ayres  rejoins  the  confederation. 
1865     Paraguayans  invade  Argentine  territories. 

1867  A  rebellion  breaks  out  in  the  northwest. 

1868  Rebellion  suppressed,  Xov. 
1870     Urquiza  murdered. 

1873  Treaty  with  Brazil. 

1874  Insurrection  of  IMitre  at  Buenos  Ayres,  Sept. ; 

suppressed,  Dec.  2, 
1880     Gen.  Roca  becomes   president,  Oct. 

Buenos  Ayres  to  be  definitive  capital. 
1890     Insurrections  and  severe  street-fighting. 

Great  financial  crisis. 


BOLIVIA.  129 

1891  Riots  at  Cordova,  Feb. 
Banks  suspend  payment. 

Bank  of  the  Argentine  Nation  opened,  Dec.  1. 

1892  Jewish  settlements  prospering,  Jan. 

Dr.  Luiz  Saens-Pena  elected  president,  June. 
Insurrections  in  different  provinces. 

1893  Continued  insurrections  and  revolutions. 

1894  General  financial  embarrassment. 
Destructive  earthquake  in  San  Juan,  Oct.  27. 

1895  Pres.  Saens-Pena  resigns,  Jan.  22. 

Sen.  Uriburu  becomes  president,  Jan.  23. 
1898     (ien.  D.  Julio  A.  Roca  inaug.  pres.  Oct.  12. 
Concession  to  Herr  Schiflner  for  construction 
of  a  complete  network  of  railways. 


BOLIVIA. 

1825  I'pper  Peru  becomes  an  independent  state, 

and  takes  the  name  of  Bolivia,  Aug.  11. 

1826  First  Congress  meets,  May  25;  Gen.  Sucre 

governs. 

1828  Santa  Cruz  rules  until  Ib'-VJ. 

1836  Shivery  abolislied. 

1839  \'elasco  president. 

1841  J()s6  Ballivian  president. 

1848  (icneral  Belzu  presi<hMit  until  ISo.'). 

1853  I'ree  trade  proclainit'd. 

1855  (i<'n(Miil  Cordova  president. 

1859  .losv.  Maria  Linares,  dictator,  Manii  M. 

1860  Cordova  constitutional  presidjMit. 


130  I M  PORTA  XT    EVE^^TS. 

1861  Linares  deposed,  and  Dr.  Jose  M.  de  Acha 

chosen  president,  May. 

1862  Treaty  of  peace  and  commerce  •v\ith  U.  S. 

1864  Melgarejo  defeats  troops  of  De  Acha,  Dec.  28. 

1865  Melgarejo  becomes  dictator  of  republic,  Feb. 
Belzu  revolts  ;  is  defeated  by  Melgarejo,  Mar. 

1866  Melgarejo  defeats  Arguedas  at  Yiacha,  and 

proclaims  an  amnesty,  Jan.  24. 

1869     Melgarejo  becomes  dictator  until  1871. 

1871     Morales  president ;  said  to  have  been  mur- 
dered, 1873. 

1874     Dr.  Tomas  Frias  president. 

Corral's  insurrection  suppressed,  Sept. 

1876     Gen.  Hilarion  Daza  president. 

1879  Bolivia  joins  Peru  in  war  against  Chile,  Apr. 

1880  Daza  deposed;  Campero  becomes  president. 
1883     Peace  with  Chile  ;  conditions  finally  settled, 

Dec. 
1888     Aniceto  Arce,  president,  suppresses  a  revolt. 
1892     Mariano  Baptista  declared  president,  Aug,  8. 
1898     Civil  war  in  progress  against  Pres.  Alonzo. 


BRAZIL. 


1499  Brazil  discovered  by  Vincent  Yafies  Pinion. 

1500  Cabral  erects  an  altar  on  Easter  Day  (April) 

at  Port  Seguro,  and  claims  the  country  for 
Portugal. 
1504     Brazil  explored  by  Amerigo  Vespucci. 


BRAZIL.  131 

1531  De  Souza  founds  first  colony  at  S.  Vincente. 

1548  Jews  banished  from  Portugal  to  Brazil. 

1555  French  Protestants  occupy  Bay  of  Bio. 

1580  Brazil  becomes  subject  to  Spain. 

1594  The  French  establish  a  colony  at  Maranham. 

1615  The  French  expelled. 

1630  The  Dutch  seize  the  coast. 

1661  Dutch  give  up  Brazil. 

1693  Gold-mining  begins. 

1710  The  French  capture  Rio  Janeiro. 

1758  Jesuits  expelled.  [neiro. 

1763  Capital  transferred  from   Bahia  to  Rio  Ja- 

1808  Royal  family  of  Portugal  arrive,  March  7. 

1815  Brazil  becomes  a  kingdom. 

1821  Dom  Pedro  regent. 

1822  Brazil  declares  its  independence,  Sept.  7. 
Pedro  I.  crowned  emperor,  Dec.  1.  [20. 

1825     Independence  recognized  by  Portugal,  Aug. 

1831      1  {evolution  ;  abdication  of  Dom  Pedro,  Apr.  7. 

1840     I'rdro  II.  declared  of  age,  July  2''l. 

1850     Steamship  line  to  Europe  commenced. 

1852     Suppression  of  the  slave-trade. 

1861  Dithculties  with  British  government  on  ac- 
count of  plundoring  a  wrecked  British 
ship,  June. 

1863  Dispute  settled  by  arbitration  of  kiug  of  the 

Belgians  in  favor  (jf  Hra/il,  June  IS. 

1864  Confederate  steamer  Florida  seized  by  U.  S. 

Wachusett  while  under  protection  of  Brazil. 
Sec.  Seward  apologizes,  Dec.  20. 


132  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1865  War  with  Uruguay. 

Amicable  relations  with  England  restored. 
Treaty  betw.    Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic  against  Paraguay,  May  1. 

1866  War   continues  with   indecisive   results  for 

four  years. 

1870     Paraguay  subdued  ;  treaty  of  peace,  June  20. 

1874  German  emigrants  called  '•  Muckers "  at- 
tempt to  convert  their  neighbors  by  force. 
July  21-26.  [Sept. 

1885     Bill  for  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  passed, 

1888  Slavery   totally    abolished ;    700,000    slaves 

freed. 

1889  Revolution    at    Rio    Janeiro ;  republic    pro- 

claimed, and  the  emperor  forcibly  con- 
veyed to  the  Alagoas. 

Decree  banishing  the  emperor  and  his  family, 
Dec.  20.  [28. 

Sudden  death  of  the  empress  at  Oporto,  Dec. 

1890  The    republic     recognized    by    the    United 

States,  Jan.  29 ;   by  Great  Britain  about 
Oct.   20. 
First  Congress  of  the  republic  meets,  Nov.  15. 

1891  About  25,000  Polish  emigrants  said  to  arrive, 

Jan.  [Feb.  5. 

Reciprocal  treaty  of  commerce  with  the  U.  S., 
Deodoro  da  Fouseca  elected  pres.,  Feb.  25. 
Fonseca  assumes  the  dictatorship,  Nov.  4. 
Insurrection    breaks    out    in   Rio    Grande, 

Nov.  10. 


CHILE.  133 

1891  Ex-emp.  Dom  Pedro  If.  dies  at  Paris,  Dec.  5. 

1892  lievolutioiis  and  insurrections  continue. 
Solimoes,  armor-clad,  founders,  May  21. 
Deodoro  da  Fonseca  dies  Aug.  28. 

1893  Naval  revolt  led  by  Adni.  de  Mello,  Sept.  7. 
Rio  bombarded,  many  killed,  Sept.  14-25. 
Nictheroy  bombarded,  Oct.  27  et  seq. 
Renewed  bombardment  of  Rio,  Dec.  28. 
Adm.  da  Gama  joins  the  insurgents,  Nov.  7. 

1894  Shots  Hred  between  Da  Gama  and  American 

Admiral  Benhan),  Jan.  29  ;  Benham's  con- 
duct approved  by  U.  S.  gov. 
Prudente  de  Moraes  elec.  president,  Mar.  1. 
Unconditional  sur.  of  Da  Gama,  Mar.  1:1 
De  Mello's  squadron  sur.  to  Argentine  Re- 
pul)lic,  April  10.  [suppressed. 

1895  Renewal   of  war   in   Rio   (irande,   Feb.  28  ; 
Da  Gama  killed  at  Santa  Aiia,  June  24. 

1896  lievolt  of  "  Fanatics." 

1898     Campos  Salles  elected  president,  March  2. 


CHILE. 

1433      Peruvian  Inca  Yupanqui  conquers  Chile. 

1533      Ivule  of  Peruvian  Incas  cease. 

1535      Spanish    invasion,    led    by    Diego    Almagn), 

repulsed, 
1541      \'aldivia  enters  Chile,  and  founds  Santiago. 
1563      The  .\raucanians  (Chileans)  defeat  Valdivia 

about  this  time. 


1.34  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

[War  continues  between  the  Araucanians  and  Span- 
iards for  180  years.] 

1722     Treaty    between    Chileans    and    Spaniards; 

boundary  established. 
1810     Mateo  de  Toro  the  last  Spanish  governor. 

Chileans  depose  the  Spanish  governor,  and 
assert  their  independence,  July. 
1813     Reconquered  by  Spain.  [buco. 

1817     The  Chileans  defeat  the  Spaniards  at  Chaca- 

Independence  of  Chile  secured. 
1826     Peace  with  Spain. 
1833     Present  constitution  formed,  ]May  22. 

1864  Trouble  ^-ith  Bolivia  over  "  Guano  Islands," 

March  1. 

1865  Religious  toleration  enacted. 

Chile  declares  war  against  Spain.  Sept,  29. 

1866  Spaniards  bombard  Valparaiso. 

1879  War  with  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

Naval  battle  ;  Chileans  defeated,  May  21,  23. 
Peruvian  and  Bolivian  army  defeated  about 
Xov.  27. 

1880  War  continues  with  varying  results. 

1881  Treaty  of  peace  with  Spain  confirmed,  Sept. 
Domingo  Santa  Maria   becomes    president, 

Sept.  18. 

1882  Treaty  of  peace  with  Bolivia,  Jan.  25. 
Peace  protocol  between  Chile  and  Peru,  Mar. 
War  resumed  ;  Peruvians  defeated,  July. 

1883  Peruvians  def.  with  great  loss,  July  10,  19. 
Treaty  of  peace  with  Peru  signed.  Oct.  20. 


CHILE.  135 

1886     Seiior  don  Jos6  Manuel  Balmaceda  president^ 
Sept.  18. 

1891  Congi'ess  deposes  the  pres.  for  treason.  Jan.  1 . 
Civil  war  with  varying  results. 

Itata  surrenders  to  American  cruisers,  June  4. 
Battle  of  Placilla,  Balmaceda  totally  defeated, 

Aug.  28. 
The  Great  Powers  recognize  the  Congressists, 

Sept.  16. 
Balmaceda  commits  suicide,  Sept.  10. 
Egan,  U.  S.  minister,  charged  with  breach 

of  neutrality,  Oct.  [16. 

Mob  at  Valparaiso  assaults  U.  S.  sailors,  Oct. 
Sefihor  Jorge  Montt  elected  pres.,  Nov.  4. 

1892  Rioters  punished  for  assaulting  U.  S.  sailors, 

Jan.  [U.  S.,  Aug. 

Egan  concludes   convention  bet.  Chile  and 

1894  Arbitration  com.  awards  U.  S.  §240, 004  dam- 

ages for  assault  against  sailors  of  Bnltimorr. 

1895  Congress  House  at  Santiago  burned.  May  18. 
(iold  standard  adopted,  June  ^i. 

1896  Treaty  of  amity  with  Bolivia,  May. 
Seuor  Erra/uriz  elected  president,  June. 
Deneira  heads  a  rebellion  :  is  def..  June  1. 
Chile  reasserts  ownershi[)  of  Juan  Fernandez, 

Sei>t. 


136  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 


COLOMBIA. 


1499     Visited  by  Alonso  de  Ojeda. 

1502     Columbus  touches  at  Veragua. 

1508     Territory  granted  to  Ojeda  and  Nicuessa. 

A  presidency  erect.,  and  called  New  Grenada. 
1718     Raised  to  the  rank  of  a  viceroyalty. 
1811     Insurrection  against  the  home  government. 
1819     Union  of  N.  Grenada  and  Veneza.,  Dec.  17. 
1821     The  Royalists  defeated,  June  24. 

1824  Bolivar  named  dictator,  Feb.  10. 

1825  Independence  recognized,  June. 

1826  Bolivar  president,  Aug.  ;  dictator,  Xov.  23. 

1828  Padilla's  insurrection,  April  9.  [25. 
Conspir.  of  Santander  against  Bolivar,  Sept. 

1829  Venezuela  separates  from  Xew  Grenada,  Xov. 

1830  Bolivar  resigns,  April  4  ;  dies  Dec.  17. 

1871  The  republic  named  Colombia. 

1872  Manuel  Murillo  Toro  president,  April  1. 
1874     Santiago  Perez  president,  April  1. 
1876     Aquileo  Parra  president,  April  1. 

1878     Trujillo  president,  proclaimed,  April  1. 
1880     R.  Xuiiez  president,  Apr.  1  ;  again  in  Sept., 

1883,  and  Aug.  7,  1886. 
1885     Insurrection  and  civil  war,  Jan. ;  ends,  July. 

1894  President  Xunez  dies  Sept.  18.        [restored. 

1895  Civil  war  breaks  out;    crushed,  and  peace 
Construction  on  Panama  Canal  in  j^rogress. 

1896  President  Caro  resigns,  ]March  6. 
General  Quinto  Calderon  president. 


ECUADOK.  I'Sl 


ECUADOR. 


280     Foreign  tribes  said  to  have  founded  a  king- 
dom at  Quito  wliich  lasted  1,200  years. 

1460  Tupac  Yupanqui,  Inca  of  Peru,  invades  Quito, 
which  is  subsequently  conquered  by  his 
son  Huaina-Capac. 

1533     Conquered  by  Pizarro. 

Made  a  presidency  of  Peru. 

1710     Attached  to  viceroyalty  of  Santa  F6. 

1722     Restored  to  Peru. 

1809     Attempts  to  tlirow  oft"  tlie  Spanish  yoke  fail. 

1822     Independence  secured. 

1828     Invaded  by  Peru;  peace  restored,  1829. 

1830     Separates  from  the  Colombian  Confederation. 
Gen.  Jos6  Flores  first  president. 

1835     Vicente  Rocafuerte  presi<lent. 

1839  Flores  pres. ;  again  in  184;J ;  sue.  by  Roca,  who 
joins  with  England  against  slave-trade. 

1850     Diego  Noboa  president,  recalls  the  Jesuits. 

1856  I'rancisco  Robles  president,  secures  adoption 
<jf  French  system  of  coinage,  weights,  and 
measures. 

1859      U()bl«\s  abdicat»'s,  and  I»'av<*s  the  country. 

1861     Dr.  (Jabri«'l  (iarcia  Moreno  elected  president. 

1865     Moreno  retires  from  office. 

Geronimo  Carrion  president;  Spaiiish  siii»- 
jects  banished. 

1868     Xavicr  Kspinosa  president. 

(ireat  earthciiuiki',  many  towns  destroyed. 


138  IMPORTANT    EVEXTS. 

1869     Revolution,  ^Moreno  elected  pres.  for  6  years. 

1875  Moreno  assassinated  in  Quito,  Aug.  14. 

1876  Dr.  Borrero  president,  Sept. 
Insurrection  breaks  out,  Dec,  under  Yeinte- 

railla,  who  becomes  president. 

1877  Eruption  of  volcano  Cotopaxi,  June  25. 

1883  Alfaro  dictator,  Jan.  [12. 

1884  Jose  Maria  Placido  Caamano  president,  Feb. 
1886     Revolution  at  Esmeraldas,  Xov.  4. 

1888     Antonio  Flores  president,  June  30. 
1892     Luis  Cordero  president,  June  30. 

1895  Epidemic  of  yellow  fever  at  Guayaquil,  Feb. 
Alfaro    organizes    a  government,  June    10, 

and  proclaims  a  general  amnesty. 

1896  Conspiracy  against  Alfaro  ;  crushed,  Aug.  12. 
Jesuits  expelled  from  the  country,  Nov. 

1898     Pres.  Alfaro  assumes  dictatorship,  Dec.  1. 


GUIANA. 

BRITISH    GUIANA. 

1504     Yasco  Xuiiez  lands  on  the  coast. 

1580     Dutch  said  to  have  settled  near  River  Po- 

meroon.  [Dorado. 

1595     Raleigh  ascends  the  Orinoro  in  search  of  El 
1613     A  colony  of  Zealanders  on  the  banks  of  the 

Essequibo. 
1652     The  English  return  to  Paramaribo. 
1662     The  colony  granted  to  Lord  Willoughby. 


Gl   [ANA.  KW 

1669  Dutch  (iiiiaiia  covers  all  the  territory  now 
divided  into  British,  Dutch,  and  French. 

1712  French  attack  the  settlement,  and  exact  a 
contribution.  [(Jeneral. 

1732     Berbice  receives  a  constitution  from  States- 

1763     Formidable  insui-rection  of  negro  slaves. 

1781     English  admiral  Kodney  takes  possession. 

1783     The  colonies  restored  to  Holland. 

1796     Surrendered  again  to  the  British. 

1802  The  Dutch  resume  authority. 

1803  British  Guiana  finally  acquired. 

DUTCH    GUIANA. 

1580     Dutch  visit  the  coasts.  [Dutch   citizens. 

1614     The     States-General    grant    monopolies    to 

1674  The  country  confirmed  to  the  Dutch  by  the 

treaty  of  Westminster. 

1675  Sommelsdijk  governor  of  the  colony ;  assas. 

in  a  mutiny  of  soldiers,  June  17,  1688. 
Troubles  with  the  bush  negroes  and  slaves 
continue  for  many  years.  [plete. 

1786     Pacification  with  the  negroes  and  tribes  com- 

1804  The  English  take  jiossession  of  the  colony. 
1807     The  slave-trade  abolished. 

1815     Dutch  authority  restored. 

1828     Surinam  joined  to  Dutch  West  Indies. 

1832     Incendiary  negroes  jmblicly  burned  alive. 

1845     Surinam  separated  from  West  Indies. 

Baron  von  Raders  governor. 

[The  suppression  of  slavery  and  the  orRanl/ulion  of 
iiiMuiKration  are  tlie  main  events  of  the  recent  lils- 
tory  of  tlie  cohjnv.] 


140  IMPORTAXT  EVEXTS. 

FRENCH  GUIANA. 

1626     Traders  from  Roueii  settle  on  the  Sinnamary, 

1634     Settlers  take  up  their  quarters  at  Cayenne. 

1674  Colony  passes  under  direct  control  of  the 
crown. 

1763  Choiseul,  prime  minister,  sends  out  12,000 
volunteer  colonists  from  Alsace  and  Lor- 
raine;  but  918  are  alive  in  1766. 

1800     Victor  Hugues  appointed  governor.         [ish. 

1809     Successful  invasion  of  Portuguese  and  Brit- 

1814  Territory  nominally  restored  to  France, 
really  surrendered  by  the  Portuguese,  1817. 

1823     Attempt    to    settle    French    agriculturists ; 
frustrated  by  fevers. 
[The  principal  events  of  recent  years  have  been  the 
discovery   of   gold-fields  and   the    introduction  of 
convict  establishments.! 


PARAGUAY. 

1528     Sebastian  Cabot  builds  a  fort  called  Santo 

Espiritu. 
1537     Asuncion  founded,  Aug.  15. 
1542     First  Christian  missions  established. 
1620     Paraguay  separated  from  Buenos  Ayres. 
1776     Placed  under  jurisdiction  of  Buenos  Ayres. 
1811     Declares  itself  independent  of  Spain. 
1814     A  despotism  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Francia. 
1840     Vibal  succeeds. 

[From  1814  to  1844  the  country   was  rigidly  closed 
against  foreigners.] 


rATAGO.MA.  141 

1844  C.  A.  Lopez  president. 

1862  Francis  S,  Lope/,  president. 

1864  Hostilities  between  Paraguay  and  Brazil. 

1865  Lopez  invades  Argentine  Republic  ;  def.  Sept. 

1869  Provisional  government  installed,  Aug.  17. 

1870  Lopez  killed  near  the  Aquidaban,  i\Iar.  \. 
Peace    signed    with    Brazil    and    Argentine 

Republic.  [Dec.  12. 

1871  Salvador  Jovellanos  elect,  pres.  for  3  years, 
1874     Juan  Bautista  Gill  president,  Nov.  25. 

1877  The  president  assassinated,  April. 
Iliginio  Uriarte  president,  April  12. 

1878  Candido  Bareiro  elec.  pres.  for  4  yrs.,  Xov.  25. 
1882     Gen.  B.  Caballero  president. 

1890  J.  Gonzales  president. 

1891  Revolutionary  attempt  by  Vera  sup.,  Oct.  24. 

1893  Establishment  of  a  Socialistic  settlement  by 

emigrants    from    Australia    to  be  named 
"  Xew  Australia,"  July. 

1894  Coup  (I  'Hat,  Marinigo  pres.,  .fune  1 1 . 
Senor  Egusguiza  elected  president,  Sept.  2(i. 


PATAGONIA. 


1520  Discovered  by  ^L1gellan. 
1577  Drake  passes  through  ti>e  strait  of  ALagellan. 
1669  Taken  possession  of  by  Sir  John  Narborough. 
1832  Visited  by  Charles  Darwin, the  great  scientist. 
1873  Kxploretl  by  Moreno;  1877  by  Ro-crs; 
1878-80  by  Lista;    1880  by  Moyano. 


142  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1881     Eastern  Patagonia  comes  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion   of   the    Argentine  Republic ;    Chile 
retains  the  western  portion. 
[See  Argentine  Republic.'] 


PERU. 


1527     The  great  Tnca,  Huayna  Ccapac,  dies. 

Pizarro  reaches  the  coast  at  Tumbez ;    re- 
turns, 1528.  [15. 

1532  Pizarro  and  his  army  enter  Caxamarca,  Xov. 

1533  Reinforced  by  Amalgro. 

The  Inca  Atahualpa  murdered.  [24. 

1534  Manco,  son  of  Huayna  Ccapac,  crowned,  Mar. 

1535  The  city  of  Lima  founded,  Jan.  18. 

1536  The  Peruvians  besiege  the  Span,  in  Cuzco. 
Amalgro  raises  the  siege. 

1538     Fight  between  Amalgro  and  Pizarro  ;  Amal- 
gro defeated  and  executed, 

1541  Pizarro  assassinated  at  Lima,  June  26. 

1542  Vaca  de  Castro  governor. 

De  Castro  defeats  Amalgro  the  Lad,  who  is 

beheaded  at  Cuzco,  Sept. 
Blasco  Xunez  de  Vela  the  first  viceroy.    [28. 
1544     Gonzalo  Pizarro  rebels,  and  enters  Lima,  Oct. 

1546  Battle  of  Anaquito,  the  viceroy  kill'd,  Jan.  IS. 

1547  Pedro  de  la  Gasca  defeats  Pizarro  near  Cuzco, 

and  executes  him  on  the  field,  April  8. 
1551     Don  Antonio  de  Mendoza  2d  viceroy. 


PERU.  143 

1554  Insurrection  of  Giron,  who  is  deieated  and 

executed,  Dec.  7. 

1555  Andres  II.  de  Mendoza  3d  viceroy,  July  6. 
[The  cultivation  of  wheat,  vines,  and  olives,  ami  Kiiro- 

pcan  <loniestic  animals  introduced,  gf)od  priests  pro- 
vided, and  schools  established,  during  Mendoza's 
administration.] 

1561  Conde  de  Xieva  viceroy  ;  1504-69,  Lope  Gar- 
cia de  Castro  governor. 

1569     Don  Francisco  de  Toledo  governor,  Nov.  20. 

1571     Tupac  Amaru,  the  last  of  the  Incas,  behead. 

1581  Between  this  date  and  1770,  59  heretics 
burned  at  Lima,  principally  Europeans. 

1780     Insur.  of  Peruvians  under  Tupac  Amaru. 

1814  Mateo  Garcia  Pumacagua,  a  Peruvian  chief, 
raises  the  cry  of  independence,  is  defeated 
and  executed,  March  12,  1815. 

1821     San  Martin  prochiims  ind.  of  Peru,  July  28. 

1824     War  against  Spain. 

Bolivar  made  dictator,  Feb. 
Mariano  Prado  president,  Xov.  28. 
Independence  secured,  Dec.  9. 

1829     War  willi  Colombia,  tr.'aty  of  peace,  Feb.  28. 

1845     Ramon  Castilla  president. 

1860     New  Constitution  adopted. 

1864  Spanish  admiral  Pinzon  takt's  Cliincha  isles 

(guano),  April  14. 
American  congress  at  Lima,  Nov. 

1865  Chinclia  islands  restored,  Feb.  3. 

1866  Joins  Chile  in  war  against  Spain. 
Spanish  quit  Peruvian  waters,  May  10. 


144  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1868     Severe  earthquakes,  Aug,  13-15. 

1872  Military  insurrection  ;  Gutierrez,  minister  of 

war,  imprisons  President  Balta  ;  is  himself 
killed,  and  hanged  to  a  lamp-post,  July  26. 
Manuel  Pardo  elected  president,  Aug.  2. 

1873  Armed  riots  in  Lima,  ^Nlay. 

1874  British  ship  Talisman  seized  and  condemned 

as  a  prize,  Xov.,  for  supplying  rebels. 

1876  Mariano  I.  Pardo  president,  Aug.  2. 

1877  Xicolas  de  Pierolas  sails  away  with  iron-clad 

Huascar,  May  29  ;  is  forced  by  Brit,  war- 
ships  to  sur.  at  Lima  ;  Peruvians  resent 
Brit,  interf.  and  threaten  reprisals,  June. 
Pierolas  and  his  adherents  amnestied,  Aug. 

1878  Ex-president  Pardo  assas.  at  Lima,  Nov.  IG. 

1879  AVar  declared  against  Chile,  April  2.      [See 

Chile.;\ 
Revolution  at  Lima,  Pierolas  dictator,  Dec. 
22  fit  seq. 

1881  Lima  occupied  by  the  Chileans,  Jan,  17. 
Anarchy  in  Lima,  March. 

1882  Pierolas  quits  Peru,  April  10. 

1883  Lima  evacuated  by  the  Chileans,  Oct.  23. 

[Constant  civil  wars  for  twelve  years.] 
1892     Great  fire  at  Callao,  Aug.  21. 

1894  General  Caceres  president,  Aug.  10. 

1895  Revolution  ended  by  compromise,  Candamo 

president,  March  19. 
Gen.  Xicola  Pierola  elected  pres,,  July  10. 
Caceres  inaugurated  president,  Sept.  8. 


VENEZUELA.  146 

1896  A  revolt  lueaks  out  under  Col.  Seminarios, 

May. 
Gold  mines  of  great  value  discovered. 
A  serious  Indian  uprising  in  Nov. ;  crushed. 

1897  Coinage  of  silver  suspended,  April  9. 
Negotiations    for    reciprocity    with    United 

States  are  begun,  Dec.  2, 
Civil  marriage-law  promulgated,  Dec.  2i. 


URUGUAY. 

1512     Visited  by  Juan  Diaz  de  Solis. 

1516     Solis  slain  by  Charruas  in  Colonia. 

1603     Natives  destroy  a  veteran  force  of  Spaniards. 

1729     Spaniards  estab.  themselves  in  Montevideo. 

1814     ^lontevideo  taken  by  Gen.  Alvear  (Buenos 

Ay  res). 
1828     Becomes  a  free  and  independent  state. 
1830     Republic  formally  constituted. 
1856     G.  A.  Pereyra  president. 
1860     B.  B.  Berro  president. 

f  K<' vol vit ions  and  insurrections  for  the  next  thirty  years.] 

1894     Don  .luan  Idiarte  Borda  president. 
1897      Brrsidt'iit  Borda  assassinateci,  Aug.  J.'). 


VENEZUELA 

1498     First  main  land  in  Amer.  seen  by  Columbus. 
1550     The   territory   becomes   a   Spanish    captain- 
generalcy. 


146  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1811     Proclaims  its  independence ;  war  ensues  for 

ten  years. 
1845     Independence    recognized    by    Spain ;    civil 

wars  follow.  [Sept. 

1876  Renunciation  of  papal  authority  announced, 
1886  Gen.  A.  Guzman  Blanco  elected  pres.Sept.  14. 
1888     Disputes  with  Great  Britain  begin,  Feb. 

[Civil  wars  rage  for  many  years.] 

1894  Gen.  Crespo  assumes  office,  ]\larch  14.        [7. 

1895  French  and  Belgian  consuls  dismissed,  Mar. 
Revolutionary  plots  against  President  Crespo, 

July-March,  1896. 
Expatriated  citizens  return,  April. 

1896  Venezuela  adopts  the  gold  standard. 

1897  Boundary  treaty  with  Great  Britain  ratified, 

April  5. 
Ignacio  Andrade  elected  president,  Sept. 

1898  Hernandez'  insurrection  subdued,  May  19. 


AUSTRIA.  147 

EUROPE. 

AUSTRIA. 

[Anciently  Noriciiiii  and  i)art  <>f  Pannonia,  inhabited  by  the 
Taurisci  (or  Norioi),  a  Celtic  race,  who  were  conquered  by  the 
Romans  14  B.C.  In  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  it  was  overrtin 
by  various  Teutonic  and  Asiatic  tribes,  and  finally  became  a 
margraviate  under  Leopold  I.,  whose  dynasty  ruled  the  coun- 
try 263  years] 

1246  Frederick  11.  kilh-d  in  battle,  June  15. 

1308  Albert  I.  assassinated  by  his  nephew,  May  1. 

1315  Austrians  defeated  by  Swiss  at  Morgart^n, 

Nov.  16. 

1363  Tyrol  acquired  by  Au.stria. 

1437  .Vll)ert  V.  elected  em  p.  of  (iermany.   [rian.  6. 

1453  FnMhM-ick  III.  creates  Archduchy  of  Austria, 

1477  I^ow  Countries  accrue  to  Austria. 

1496  riiilip  T.  acquires  Aragon  and  Castile. 

1526  Bohemia  and  Hungary  united  to  Austria. 

1529  .\ustria  bar.  by  Turkish  invasions  until  1545. 

1556  Charlf's  V.  reigns  over  Austria.  [1583. 

1634  U'allf^nst^in  assassinated,  Feb.  25;  b.  Snpt. 

1683  John  Sobieski  rais«*s  siege  of  Vienna,  Sept.  12. 

1701  War  of  the  Spanish  Succ»'ssion  until  1711. 

1732  .Joseph  Haydn  b.  Mar.  31  ;  d.  May  31,  1800. 

1740  Charles  VI.,  last  sovereign  of  tho  male  line 

of  House  of  Hapsburg,  dies  Oct.  20. 
Maria  .Theresa  cnipifss  f)f  Austria. 

1748  r.-noc  of  Aix-la-Ch.ijM.ll... 

1756  ScvtMi  Years'  War  uulil  17«i{ 


148  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1792     War  with  France  until  1797. 

1797     Franz  Schubert  born  ;  dies  1828. 

1804     Francis  I.,  emperor  of  Austria,  Aug.  11. 

1809     Vienna  captured  by  the  French,  May  13. 

1815     Treaty  of  Vienna,  Feb.  25. 

1835     Ferdinand  I.  emperor,  March  2. 

1848     Insurrection  at  Vienna,  March  13. 

Revolution  in  Hungary,  Sept.  11. 

Francis  Joseph  emperor,  Dec.  2. 
1854     Austrians  enter  Danubian  principalities.  Aug. 

Alliance  with  England  and  France,  Dec.  2. 

1859  War  with  France  and  Sardinia,  April. 
Austrians  defeated  at  Montebello,  May  20 ; 

at  Magenta,  June  4 ;  at  Melegnano,  June 
8  ;  at  Solferino,  June  24  ;  treaty  of  peace, 
Nov.  10. 
Prince  ^fetternich  dies  June  11,  aged  86. 

1860  Jewish  disabilities  removed,  Jan.,  Feb. 

1861  New  constitution   for   Austrian    monarchy, 

Feb.  26. 
Civil  and  political  rights  granted  to  Protes- 
tants, Apr.  8.  [Xov.  18. 

1862  Amnesty  to  political  offenders  in  Hungary, 
1864     Joins  Prussia  in  war  with  Denmark,  Jan. 

1866  War  with  Prussia  and  Italy,  June. 
Battle  of  Koniggratz,  or  Sadowa,  July  3. 
Archduke  Albrecht  defeats  Italians  at  Cus- 

tozza,  June  24.     (See  Prussia.) 

1867  Autonomy  for  Hungary  announced,  Feb.  7. 
Czechs  protest  against  absorption,  ]May-July. 


AUSTRIA.  141) 

1867  Emperor   and   empress   crowned   king    and 

queen  of  Hungary  at  Buda,  June  8. 
Von  Beust,  chancellor,  dies  Oct.  24,  1886. 

1868  Civil  marriage  bill  becomes  law,  May  25. 

1870  Concordat  with  Rome  suspended,  July  30. 

1871  New  German  empire  recognized,  Jan. 
Count  Andrassy,   min.  of  Foreign   Affairs, 

Nov.  13. 
1873      Ueichsrath  changed  into  national  rei)resen- 

tative  assembly,  March  10. 
1875     New  bed  of  Danube  opened,  May  30. 
1878     Austrians  enter  Bosnia,  July  29. 

1882  (JOOth  anniv.  of  House  of  Hapsburg,  Dec.  27. 

1883  Slavonic    agitation     against    Germans    and 

Magyar.s,  Aug.-Sept. 
1886     Army  put  on  a  war- footing  of  1,500,000  men. 

1889  Crown  Prince  Rudolph  dies  Jan.  30. 

1890  Count  Andrassy  dies  Feb.  18. 

1891  Triple  alliance  renewed,  June  28.  [0. 

1894  Commercial  treaty  with  Russia  ratified,  July 

1895  Death  of  Archduke  Albreeht,  Feb.  IS;  borii 

1817. 

Richard  Metternich,  .liplomatist.  <1.  Mar.  1. 

Charter  of  Viennu  suspended,  .May  (grantetl 
in  127S). 

Remarkable  applieation  of  telephone  to  com- 
mercial puri»oses. 

The  Anti-Semitic  agitation  assumes  vast  pro- 
portions. 

Young  Czechs  carry  the  Hohfinjan  Diet,  Nov. 


loO  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1895  Discovery  of  ••  X  rays  "'  announced  by  Prof. 

Wilhelm    Conrad   Kontgen    of   Wiirzburg 
University,  Dec. 

1896  Archduke  Karl  Ludwig,  heir  to  the  throne, 

dies  May  19. 

"  The  Ii'on  Gates ''  barring  the  egress  of  the 
Danube  removed,  Sept.  27  (one  of  the 
great  engineering  feats  of  the  century). 

Liberal  party  win  in  Hungary,  but  are  de- 
feated in  Lower  Austria,  Oct. 

^Millennial  exposition  in  Buda-Pesth. 

1897  Crushing    defeat    of    the     Liberals    in    the 

Reichsrath. 
University  of  Vienna  confers  degree  of  M.  D. 

upon  a  woman  first  time  in  its  history. 
Stormy  scenes  in  the  Chamber,  Sept.  27. 
Agreement  between  Austria  and   Hungary 

('•  Ausgieich  ")  prolonged  for  a  year,  Oct. 
Riotous  scenes  continue  in  the  Reichsrath. 
Francis  Joseph's  semi-centennial  Dec.  2. 

1898  Empress  of  Austria  assassinated  by  an  an- 

archist at  Geneva,  Sept.  10. 
Outbreak  of  bubonic  plague  in  Vienna,  Oct. 
[See  Germany,  Hungary,  France,  Italy,  etc.] 


BAVARIA. 

895     Margrave  Leopold  the  first  duke. 
1071     Guelf  I.,  an  illustrious  warrior,  duke. 
1154     Henry  the  Lion,  duke. 


BKLGH'M.  l.^^^l 

1231  Otho  the  Illustrious,  duke,  assassiuatpd. 

1596  Maximilian  the  Great,  first  elector. 

1726  Charles  Albert,  duke  ;  elected  emperor,  1742. 

1796  The  French  capture  Munich. 

1806  Maximilian-Joseph  I.,  king,  deserts  Napoleon. 

1848  Maximilian-,Joseph  II.,  king. 

1866  Supports  Austria  against  Prussia. 

1869  International  exhibition  at  Munich,  July  20. 

1870  Joins  Prussia  in  the  war  with  France. 
Becomes  part  of  German  empire,  Nov.  22. 

1871  Dr.  Dollinger  opposes  Papal  infallibility. 

1872  •'  Old  Catholic  "  ch.  opens  at  Munich,  Sept. 
1879     International  exhibition  at  Municli.  July  19. 
1886     Prince  Luitpold  regent,  June  10. 

King  Otho  drowns  himself,  June  13. 

[See  Germany,  Austria,  etc.] 


BELGIUM. 

[Belgium,  the  original  seat  of  the  tribes  of  the  Belg.TB,  was 
finally  conquered  by  .luliiis  Cresar  about  54  n.c.  It  was  in- 
cluded in  Gaul,  and  was  known  as  (Jallica  Relgav  In  the  r>th 
and  6th  centuries  it  was  under  the  rule  r)f  the  Franks.  It  was 
afterwards  divided  into  a  number  of  independent  principali- 
ties, and  subsequently  passe<l  under  the  dominion  of  .\ustri:i, 
Spain,  France,  and  Holland.  In  18.'{0  a  revolution  broke  nut, 
when  the  history  of  modern  Belgium  begins.) 

1830  Revolution  begins  at  liniss.-ls,  Aug.  2'). 
Provisional  goveruiueut  declares  ind.,  Oct.  l. 

1831  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  accepts  tiie  crown, 

Julv  12. 


152  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1831      War  with  Xetherlands  begins,  Aug.  3. 
1839     Treaty  of  Holland  and  Belgium  at  London, 
April  19. 

1864  Dissensions  of  Catholics  and  Protestants. 

1865  Leopold  I.  dies  Dec.  10 ;  Leopold  IL  king. 
1868     International   Congress   of  Workingmen   at 

Brussels,  Xov.  6-13. 

1874  International    Conference    at    Brussels    on 

rights  of  neutrals,  July  27. 

1875  Popular  opposition  to  religious  processions. 
Conf.  on  hygiene  at  Brussels,  Sept.  27. 

1878  Gigantic  weir  for  water-distribution  inaugu- 

rated, July  28.  [cation. 

1879  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  oppose  mixed  edu- 

1880  Permanent  International  Exhibition  opens 

at  Brussels,  June  1.  [June  28. 

Diplomatic  intercourse  with  Vatican  susp., 

1883  Parliamentary  reform  bill  passed,  Aug.  17. 
Henri  Conscience,  national  poet  and  novel- 
ist, dies  Sept.  9,  aged  73.  [Oct.  19. 

1884  Communal  elections,  great  liberal  majority, 

1885  Leopold  proc.  sov.  of  Congo  Free  State,  ]May2. 

1889  (xreat  colliery  strike  at  Charleroi,  Dec.  21. 

1890  Castle  of  Laeken  burned  ;  valuable  works  of 

art  and  historical  documents  lost,  Jan.  1. 

1891  Wide-spread  strikes  of  colliers  and  metallur- 

gists. [3,  a.  69. 

1892  Emile  de  Laveleye,  eminent  publicist,  d.  Jan. 

1893  Universal  suffrage  adopted,  April  21. 

1895     Congo  State  annexed  by  government,  Jan.  4. 


BOHEMIA.  153 

1895     Aiiarcliists  sentenced  to  penal  servitude  for 
life,  Feb.  9. 
Labor  Bureau  established  by  decree,  Apr.  30. 
Religious    teaching    made     compulsory    in 

schools,  Sept.  17. 
Brussels  dechired  a  seaport,  Oct.  19.  [Jan. 
1897  Importation  of  American  cattle  proiiibited, 
Cattle  to  be  identified  by  disk  in  lobe  of  ear. 
Strike  of  about  12,000  miners,  June. 
Americans  exempted  from  military  service 
by  treaty. 


BOHEMIA. 

[Bohemia  was  the  seat  uf  the  Boii,  a  Celtic  race,  who  were 
driven  from  the  country  hy  the  Marcomani,  who  were  subse- 
quently supplanted  by  the  Slavonic  race.] 

550  Czechs  (Slavonians)  conquer  Bohemia. 

795  City  of  Prague  founded. 

894  Christianity  introduced. 

1041  Bohemia  conquered  by  Emperor  Henry  HI- 

1198  Ottocar  I.,  first  king  of  Bohemia. 

1253  Ottocar    II.    rules    over    Austria;    killed    at 

battle  of  Marchfeld,  Aug.  20,  1278. 

1346  King  John  (blind)  slain  at  Cr6cy.      [heresy. 

1415  John  Huss,  reformer,  burned  at  Prague  for 

1416  Jerome  of  Prague  burned  for  heresy. 
1419  Ziska,  leader  of  the  Hussites,  takes  Prague, 
1424  Ziska  dies  of  the  }»lague. 

1437      Albert  of  .\ustria  receives  the  crown. 


154  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1440  Ladislas  of  Poland  king. 

1458  George  Podiebrad  king. 

1527  Ferdinand  of  Austria  king. 

1620  Battle  of  Prague,  Xov.  9. 

1648  Bohemia  secured  to  Austria  by  treaty. 

1744  Prague  taken  by  the  Prussians. 

1757  IVussians  defeat  Austrians  at  Prague. 

1775  The  peasantry  revolt. 

1848  Insurrection  at  Prague,  July  12. 

1866  The  Prussians  enter  Bohemia. 

1867  Agitation  of  the  Czechs.  [Germans. 

1890  Settlement  of  disputes  between  Czechs  and 

1891  The    "  Young    Czechs "    victorious    in    the 

elections. 

1892  Fire  in  the  great  silver  mine  at  Birkenberg, 

many  deaths.  May  31. 

[See  Austria,  Germany,  etc.] 


BULGARIA. 

[The  Bulgarians  were  originallj'  a  people  of  Ungrian  or  Fin- 
nish extraction,  and  appear  for  the  first  time  in  history  about 
120  B.C.,  when  they  settled  on  the  banks  of  the  Araxes.  About 
660  a  portion  of  them  crossed  the  Danube,  and  settled  in  Moesia, 
and  subjugated  the  Slavonic  population.  After  prolonged 
struggles  -with  the  Byzantines,  Hungarians,  and  Tatars,  they 
were  finally  subjugated  by  the  Turks.] 

1396     Annexed  to  the  Ottoman  empire.  [13. 

1878  Constituted  an  autonomous  principality,  July 

1879  Alexander  of  Hesse  elected  prince,  April  29. 


DKNMAKK. 


1885     Reunited  with  liouinelia,  Oct. 

War  witli  Servia ;  peace,  188(3.  ['^'»ly  "• 

1887     Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg   elected   prince, 

1891  M.   Beltcheff,   minister   of   finance,    assassi- 

nated, March  '27. 

1892  First  Buli;arian  exliihition  oi>ened,  Aug.  27. 

1893  First  Bulgarian  steamship  company  inaugu- 

rated, Aug.  2!>. 
1895      Rupture  witli  Turkey. 

[See  Turkey,  SercUi.  Ji'otunelia,  etc.] 


DENMARK. 

n.<". 

60  Skiold,  alleged  first  king. 

A.l>. 

935  (Jorni  the  Old,  first  authentic  king. 

1016  Canute  the  (ireat  coiujuers  Norway. 

1168  \'aldenuir  I.  subjugates  the  Wends. 

1202  Valdemar  II. king;  loses  the  family  conquests. 

1375  Margaret  the  (ireat  regent  and  (pieen   until 

lll-J. 

1397  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway  united. 

1440  ('()i>enhagen  nuide  the  capital. 

1448  .Vccession  of  Christian  I. 

1527  Lutheranism  introduced. 

1545  Tyclio  Brahe,  b.  Dec.  9;  d.  Oct.  1:5.  KWH. 

1629  Christian  IV.  head  of  the  Protestant  league. 

1665  Crown  ma<le  hereditary  and  absolute. 

1716  l-'.-)dina!id  1  \'.  drives  Swedes  fr<»ni  Norway. 


156  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1728     Copenhagen  nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 

1767     Abolition  of  serfage  begun  ;  ccmpleted  20 

years  later. 
1801     Copenhagen  bombarded  by  Xelson,  April  2. 
1844     Albert  Bertel    Thorwaldsen,   sculptor,    dies 

Mar.  24;  born  Xov.  15.  1770. 

1848  Insui-rection  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  Mar.  23. 
Danes  defeated  by  the  Prussians  near  Danna- 

werke,  April  23.  [10. 

1849  Victory  over  Holsteiners  and  Germans,  Apr. 

1850  Separate  peace  with  Prussia,  July  2.  [18. 
1852  Integrity  guaranteed  by  Great  Powers,  Feb. 
1855     Xew  constitution  adopted,  Oct.  1. 

1861  Decimal  coinage  adopted. 

1862  Agitation  for  union  with  Sweden,  June. 

1863  Princess  Alexandra  marries  Prince  of  Wales, 

March  10.  [Greece,  June  6. 

Prince    William    George    accepts    crown    of 
Accession  of  Christian  IX.,  Xov.  15. 
War  with  Prussia  and  Austria. 

1864  German  troops  enter  Holstein,  Jan.  21.  [9. 
Danes  gain  naval  battle  off  Heligoland,  May 
Duchies  resigned  to  the  Germans,  Oct.  30. 

1866  Princess  Dagmar  marries  Alexander  of  Rus- 

sia, Xov.  9. 

1867  Proposals  to  sell  W\  I.  to  U.  S.,  Oct.  25. 
1892     Celebration  of  King  Christian's  golden  wed- 
ding. May  26. 

[No  important  event  in  recent  years.] 


FRANTE.  157 


FRANCE. 

A.D. 

418  Franks  settle  in  Gaul. 

496  Clovis  embraces  Christianity. 

511  Salique  law  proclaimed. 

714  Charles  ^lartel  rules. 

732  Martel  defeats  the  Saracens,  Oct.  10. 

752  Pepin  the  Short  reigns. 

800  Charlemagne  crowned  emperor  of  the  West. 

911  Invasion  and  settlement  of  Normans. 

987  Hugh  Capet  reigns. 

996  Paris  made  capital  of  all  Franee. 

1146  Louis  VII.  joins  the  Crusades. 

1163  Albigenses  persecuted. 

1224  Louis  VIII.  frees  his  serfs. 

1249  Louis  IX.  goes  to  the  Holy  Land. 

1307  Knights  Templars  suppressed. 

1314  Union  of  France  and  Navarre. 

1328  The  House  of  Valois  reigns. 

1346  English  invasion  ;  battle  of  Cr6cy,  Aug.  26. 

1356  Battle  of  Poictiers,  Sept.  11). 

1407  France  under  Papal  interdict. 

1415  Battle  of  Agincourt,  Oct.  25. 

1429  Siege  of  Orleans  raised.  May  8. 

1431  Joan  of  Arc  l)urn«'d  at  Rouen,  May  30. 

1475  Edward  IV.  of  England  invades  France. 

1509  John  Calvin  b.  July  10;  d.  May  27,  loOL 

1520  "  Field  of  the  Cloth  'of  (iold  ;  "  tournament 

of  Francis  I.  and  Henry  VIII.  of  En:;. 

1530  Persecution  of  Protestants  begins. 


158  IMIOKTANT    EVENTS. 

1531  Royal  printing-press  established. 

1532  Brittany  annexed  to  France. 

1572  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24. 

1576  "  Holy  Catholic  League  "  established. 

1589  Henry  III.  assassinated,  Aug,  1. 

1590  Battle  of  Ivry,  March  14. 

1593  Henry  IV.  becomes  a  Roman  Catholic. 

1596  Descartes  born  Mar.  31 ;  dies  Feb.  11,  1650. 

1598  Edict  of  Nantes  promulgated,  April  13. 

1606  Pierre  Corueille  born  June  6;  d.  Oct.,  1684. 

1610  Henry  IV.  murdered  by  Ravaillac,  May  14. 

1613  La  Rochefoucauld  born  ;  dies  1680. 

1620  Navarre  annexed  to  France. 

1623  Blaise  Pascal  b.  June  19  ;  d.  Aug.  19,  1662. 

1624  Administration  of  Richelieu. 
1628  Siege  of  Rochelle. 

1634  Academie  de  France  org.  by  Richelieu. 

1636  Boileau-Despreaux  born  Nov.  1  ;  dies  ^Far. 

13,  1711. 

1639  Racine  born  Dec.  21 ;  dies  April  26,  1699. 

1642  Death  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  Dec.  4,  a.  .58. 

1643  Accession  of  Louis  XIV.,  aged  4,  May  14. 
1648  Civil  wars  of  the  Fronde. 

1672  War  with  Holland. 

1685  Edict  of  Nantes  revoked,  Oct.  22. 

1689  War  with  William  III.  of  England. 

1694  Voltaire  born  Feb.  20;  dies  May  30,  1778. 

1697  Peace  of  Ryswick,  Sept.  20. 

1701  War  of  the  Spanisli  Succession. 

1704  Battle  of  Blenheim,  defeat  of  French,  Aug.  2. 


FKANCK.  l."**.* 

1706  French  defeated  at  Rainillies,  ^Nlay  2'^. 

1707  Buffon  1).  Sept.  7  ;  d.  April  10,  1788. 

1712  Rousseau  born  June  28  ;  dies  July  2,  1778. 

1713  Peace  of  Utrecht,  April  11. 
Dissensions  of  Jesuits  and  Jansenists,  Sept. 

1715  Accession  of  Louis  XV,,  Sept.  1.     [schemes. 

1716  Disastrous  results  of  George  Law's  financial 
1743  French  defeated  at  Dettingen,  June  IG. 
1748  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Oct.  18. 

1762     Jesuits  banished  from  France. 
1768     ('liateau])riand  b.  Sept.  14  ;  d.  July  4,  1848. 
1778     France  assists  America  in  its  struggle. 
1780     lieranger  born  Aug.  19;  dies  July  10,  1857. 

Torture  abolished  in  French  Judicature. 
1783     Peace  of  Versailles  with  England,  Sept.  i]. 

MontgoHier  bros.  ascend  in  a  balloon,  June  ."». 
1785      Diamond  Necklace;  afTair. 

1789  Destrnction  of  Pastille,  Pev.  begins.  July  1  I. 

1790  France  declared  a  limited  monanliy.  .Inly  14. 

1791  Death  of  Mirabeau,  April  J. 

1792  First  coalition  against  France,  June. 
Massacre  in  Paris,  100  piicsts  slain,  Sept.  2-5. 
IN'publii;  j)roclaimed,  S«'pt.  22. 

1793  Louis  XVI.  behead.'d.  Jan.  21.  [Feb.  1. 
War  with  England  ainl  Holland  d.'.huv.l. 
War  in  La  Vende*',  Marcli. 

Charlotte  Corday  stabs  Marat,  July  L'. 
Marie  Ajitoin.'tte  beli.'add,  Oct.  10. 
Worship  of  (loddess  of  K^ason,  Nov.  10. 

1794  Danton  »'x.  .\pril  5  ;    KoJjespi.Tn',  .Iun<'   I. 


160  IMPORTANT    EVEXTS. 

1795  Louis  X\TT.  dies  in  prison,  June  8. 
French  Directory  chosen,  Xov.  1. 

1796  Xapoleon  Bonaparte's  campaigns  in  Italy. 
Isidore  Conite  b.  Jan.  19;  d.  Sept.  6,  1857. 

1799  European  coalition  against  France. 
Xapoleon  declared  First  Consul,  Nov.  10. 

1800  Xapoleon  defeats  the  Austrians  at  Marengo, 

June  14. 
Bank  of  France  founded. 
1802     Peace  of  Amiens,  March  25-27. 

Legion  of  Honor  instituted,  May  19. 
Xapoleon  made  Consul  for  life,  Aug,  2. 

1804  Due  d'Enghien  executed,  March  21. 
Xapoleon  proclaimed  emperor.  May  18. 

1805  Xapoleon  cro%vned  king  of  Italy,  May  26. 
Battle  of  Austerlitz.  French  victory.  Dec.  2. 

1806  French  defeat  Prussians  at  Jena,  Oct.  14. 

1807  French  defeat  Russians  at  Eylau,  Feb.  8. 

1808  "War  in  the  Spanish  Peninsula. 

1809  Xapoleon  divorced  from  Josephine,  Dec.  16. 

1810  Xapoleon  marries  Maria  Louise  of  Austria, 

April  1. 

1811  King  of  Rome,  Xapoleon  II.,  born  ISIarch  20. 

1812  "War  with  Russia ;  battle  of  Borodino,  Sept.  7. 
Disastrous    retreat    of    French    army   from 

Russia,  Oct. 

1813  "War  with  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  ^Nlar. 

1814  Paris  surrenders  to  the  Allies,  ]\Iarch  31. 
Abdication  of  Xapoleon,  April  5. 
Bourbon  dynasty  restored.  May  3. 


FRANCE.  101 

1814  Napoleon  arrives  at  Elba,  May  4.       [Mar.  1. 

1815  Napoleon  leaves  Elba,  and  arrives  at  Cannes, 
Napoleon  abolishes  the  slave-trade,  Mar.  20. 
French  defeated  at  Waterloo,  June  18. 
Abdication  of  Napoleon,  June  22. 
Napoleon  arrives  at  St.  Helena,  Oct.  15, 
Marshal  Ney  shot,  Dec.  7. 

1821     Death  of  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena,  May  5. 
1824     Louis  XVIII.  dies  ;  Charles  X.  king,  Sept.  IG. 

1830  Algiers  taken  by  the  French,  July  5. 
Revolution,  July  27. 

Abdication  of  Charles  X.,  Aug.  2.  [7. 

Louis  Philippe,  Duke  of  Orleans,  king,  Aug. 

1831  Abolition  of  hereditary  peerage  in    France, 

Dec.  27.  [Strasburg,  Oct.  29. 

1836     Louis    Napoleon    attempts    insurrection    at 
1838     Talleyrand  dies  May  20;  born  1751. 

Daguerreotyi»e  process  discovered. 
1840     Body  of   Napok'on    deposited   in   Hotel  des 

Iiivalides,  Dec.  15. 
1844     War  with  Morocco,  May. 
1846      Louis    Napoleon    escapes    from    fculn-ss    of 


Ham,  May 


'>.' 


1848     Abdication  of  Louis  riiilipjM',  Feb.  21. 

Kepul)lic  proclainu'd,  Feb.  20. 

Kis«!  of  the  lied  Republicans,  June. 

Louis  Napoleon  elected  president,  Dec.  11. 
1851      Electric  telegraph  between  Franco  and  Eng- 
land, Nov.  Li. 

Coup  tl'ijlal  ot  Louis  Najtolron,  Dec.  2. 


162  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1852  Louis  Napoleon  declared  emperor,  Dec.  2. 

1853  Marriage  of  Louis  Xapoleon  and  Eugenie, 

Jan.  29.  [1786. 

Francis  Arago,  astronomer,  dies  Oct.  2  ;  born 

1854  War  declared  against  Russia,  March  27. 

1855  Industrial  exliib.  at  Paris  opened,  May  L5. 
Attempted  assassination  of  emperor.  Sept,  8. 

1856  Birth  of  the  Prince  Imperial,  March  16. 
Peace  with  Russia  signed,  March  30. 

1858  Mile.  Rachel,  tragedienne,  dies  Jan.  4,  a.  38. 
Orsini  conspiracy,  Jan.  II. 

1859  AVar  with  Austria,  May  12 ;  battle  of  Monte- 

bello,  :\Iay  20;  Palestro,  May  30,  31 ;  Ma- 
genta, June  4  ;  Melegnano,  June  8 ;  Solfe- 
rino,  June  24;  peace,  July  12. 

1860  Commercial  treaty  with  Eng.  signed,  Jan.  23. 
1862     Great  distress  caused  by  civil  war  in  Amer- 
ica, Dec. 

1864  Marshal  Pelissier  dies  May  22  ;  born  1794. 

1865  Proudhon  dies,  Jan.  19  ;  born  1809. 
1867     International  Exhibition  opened,  April  1. 

Imprisonment  for  debt  abolished,  July  18. 

1869  Lamartine  dies,  Feb.  28  ;  born  Oct.,  1792. 
French  Atlantic  tel.  cable  laid,  July  23. 
Pere  Hyacinthe  protests  against  Papal  infal- 
libility, Sept.  20. 

1870  France  declares  war  against  Prussia,  July  17. 
Battles  of  Woerth  and  Forbach,  Aug.  6. 
Battle  of  INIars-la-Tour,  Aug.  16. 

Battle  of  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18. 


FRANCE.  lij'o 

1870  Battle  of  Sedan,  Sept.  1. 
Republic  proclaimed,  Sept,  4, 

Siege  of  Paris  begins,  Sept.  15,  [Oct.  7. 

(Janibetta  escapes  from  Paris  in  a  balloon, 
Surrender  of  Metz,  Oct.  27. 
AU'xandre  Dumas  dies  Dec.  10,  aged  <>7. 

1871  Iving  William  proclaimed  Emperor  of  Ger- 

many at  Versailles,  Jan.  18. 
Capitulation  of  Paris,  Jan.  28. 
(Germans  enter  Paris,  March  1.  [28. 

Communist  revolution  at  Paris,  Mar.  18-May 
Vendome  Column  pulled  down,  May  1<>. 
Peace  between  France  and  Germany  ratified. 

May  18,  [:]1. 

M.  Thiers  appointed  pres.  of  Republic,  Aug. 
Mont  Cenis  Tunnel  opened,  Sept.  17, 

1873  Xai>()leon  Til.  dies  at  Chiselhurst,  Jan.  0. 
iMarslial  MacMahon  j)resident.  May  2(). 
Last  instalment  of  Pru.ssian  indemnity  paid, 

Sept.  5. 
Razaine  sentenced  to  deatii ;  commuted  to  20 
years'  imprisonment,  Dec.  12. 

1874  VcMnlume  Column  restored,  Aug.  31. 

.M.  (iiiizot  dies  Sept.  12;  born  Oct.  4,  1787. 
M,  L<'dru-R()llin  dies  Dec.  31  ;  born  1808. 
1877      M.  'riii.Ms  dies  Sept.  3,  aged  80. 

1879  l\  I'.  Jiilt's  Grevy  elected  president.  Jan.   U). 
i'rince   Louis  Napoleon   killed  in   Zii Inland, 

.Tune  1. 

1880  Tahiti  controlled  by  France,  June  2!>. 


164  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1882  Louis  Blanc  dies  Dec.  6  ;  born  1813. 

M.  Leon  Gambetta  dies  Dec.  31,  aged  44. 

1883  Statue    of    Lafayette    unveiled    at    Lepuy, 

Sept.  6.  [unveiled  at  Par.,  July  4. 

1884  Bartholdi's  statue  of  Liberty  (pres.  to  V.  S.), 

1885  Victor  Hugo  dies  May  22,  aged  83. 

1887  M.  Sadi-Carnot  elected  president,  Dec.  3. 
General  Boulanger  arrested,  Oct.  14. 

1888  Louis  Pasteur  introduces  cure  for  hydropho- 

bia, July  7. 

1889  M.  Chevreul,  chemist,  dies  April  9,  a.  102. 
Universal  exhibition  opened,  May  6. 
Rochefort  and  Boulanger  sentenced  to   de- 
portation, Aug.  14. 

1890  War  with  Dahomey,  Feb.-May. 

1892  Ernest  Renan,  scholar,  d.  Oct.  2,  aged  69. 
Panama  Canal  scandals,  Nov.  25  et  seq. 

1893  H.  A.  Taine,  author,  dies,  March  5,  a.  61. 
Henri   Guy  de   Maupassant,    novelist,    dies 

July  6  ;  born  1850. 
Marshal  MacMahon  dies  Oct.  17,  aged  85. 
M.  Gounod,  musical  composer,  dies  Oct.  18 

born  1818. 

1894  Pres.  Carnot  assassinated  at  Lyons,  June  21 
M.  Casimir-Perier  elected  president,  June  27 
Comte  de  Paris  dies  Sept.  8.  [1805 
Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  d.  Dec.  7  ;  b.  Xov.  19 
Capt.  A.  Dreyfus  sentenced  to  perpetual  im 

prisonment  for  betraying  military  plans 
Dec.  23. 


GERM  AX  Y.  lG;j 

1895     Pres.  Casimir-Perier  resigns,  Jan.  l.'». 

M.  Felix  Faure  elected  pres.,  Jan.  17  ;  d.  1899. 
Marshal  Canrobert  dies  Jan.  28,  aged  86. 
Important  reform  in  criminal  law,  !May. 
War  against  the  Moras  in  Madagascar,  SepC 
Prof.  Louis  Pasteur  dies  Sept.  28,  aged  73. 
1397     Great  fire  at  Charity  Bazar  in  Paris,  Afay  4. 
Duel  between  Prince   Henri  d'Orleans  and 
Prince  Victor  Emmanuel  of  Savoy  ;  Prince 
Henri  wounded,  Aug.  15. 
Deputies  fix  ten  hours  as  a  day's  work  for 

railway  employees,  Dec.  17. 
Panama  Canal  scandal  trials  begin,  Dec.  IS. 
Alphonse  Daudet  dies  Dec.  IG,  aged  57. 
Bill  for  annexation  of  Tahiti  passed,  Dec.  23. 
1898     Trial  of  M.  Zola  begins,  Feb.  7  ;  found  guilty, 
and  sentenced  to  imprisonment,  Feb.  23. 
Revision  granted  in  Dreyfus  case,  Nov.  15. 


GERMANY. 
9     Hermann,  or  Arniiiiin^,   <lt'ft';ils   Varus;   as- 
sassinated, 19. 

450     Great  irruption  of  Germanic  tribes  into  Gaul. 

772     Charlemagne     subdues     and     Christianizes 
Saxons. 

800     Charlemagne  emperor  of  West,  Dec.  25. 

839     Louis  (le  Debonnaire)  sep.  Ger.  from  Fr. 

911     German  princes  assert  independence. 

918     Henry  L  (the  Fowler)  defeats  Huns,  etc. 


160  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

962  Otho  I.  crowned  emperor. 

978  Otho  II.  conquers  Lorraine. 

1042  Henry  III.  conquers  Bohemia. 

1077  Henry  IV.  humiliated  at  Canossa. 

1140  Guelph  and  Ghibelline  feuds  begin. 

1154  Frederic   Barbarossa  emperor ;    drowned   in 

Syria,  June  10,  1190. 
Teutonic  order  of  knighthood  established. 

1245  Ilanseatic  League  established. 

1273  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg  emperor.       [monk.(?) 

1320  Invention  of  gunpowder,  by  Schwarz,  a  Ger. 

1356  Charles  IV.  issues  edict  called  ''  Golden  Bull." 

1414  Sigismund  of  Bohemia  emperor. 

1437  Albert  of  Aiistria  emperor. 

1439  Pragmatic  Sanction  settles  empire. 

1442  John  Faust  establishes  a  printing-office  at 

]\lentz.  (?)  [type  existing. 

1454  Earliest  specimen  of  printing  from  movable 

1455  John  Gutenberg  invents  cut  metal  type. 
1457  First  l)ook  with  a  printed  date,  by  Schoffer. 
1462  First  Latin  Bible  by  Faust  and  Schoffer. 
1471  Albert  Diirer  born  May  20 ;  d.  April,  1528. 
1483  Martin  Luther  b.  Nov.  10;  d.  Feb.  18,  1546. 
1497  Hans  Holbein  (the  Younger)  born  ;  dies  1543. 
1502  Peasants'  wars;  also  in  1514,  1524. 

1517  Lutheran  Reformation. 

1519  Charles  Y.  emperor. 

1521  Luther  excom.  by  Diet  of  Worms,  April  17. 

1522  German  Bible  published  by  Luther. 

1530  Confession  of  Augsburg  published,  Jan.  25. 


(iKKAlAN  V. 


Hi 


1531     Protestant  League  of  Smalcalde,  Dec.  31. 

1535     Anabaptist  war;  John  Leyden  slain,  1536. 

1555     Charles  V.  abdicates,  Oct.  25. 

1570     Hungary  joined  to  empire. 

1618     Thirty  Years'  War  begins;  ends  1648. 

1630     (ler.  invaded  by  Gustavus  Adol[)hus,  June. 

1646     Baron  Leibnitz  b.  July  6;  d.  Nov.  14,  1716. 

1674     War  with  France. 

1697     Peace  of  Ptvswick,  Sept.  20. 

1702     Battle  of  Blenheim,  Aug.  13,  1704. 

1713     Peace  of  Utrecht,  April  17. 

1722     Pragmatic  Sanction,  settling  the  succession 

of  the  Empire  in  the  House  of  Austria. 
1724     Immanuel  Kant  b.  Apr.  26 ;  d.  Feb.  12,  1804. 
1745      Francis  L  emperor. 

1749     Goethe  born  Aug.  28  ;  dies  March  22,  1832. 
1756     Seven    Years*    War    between    Austria    and 

Prussia  begins.  [17!>1. 

Wolfgang  A.  Mozart  b.  Jan.  27;  d.  Dec.  5, 

1759     Johann  von  Schiller  born  Nov.  10  ;  dies  May 

n,  1805. 

1765  .Joseph  II.  emperor. 

1766  L(^rraino  ceded  to  France. 
1788     War  with  Turkey. 

1793     Wars  with  FraiK-e  until  1803. 

1806     (ierman  empire  dissolved,  July  12.       [ISIT. 

1809  Felix  Mendel.ssohn-Bartholdy  b.;  d.  Nov.  4, 

1810  North  Germany  annexed  to  France. 
Robert  Schumann  born  ;  dies  1856. 

1813     Battle  of  Leipsic,  Got.  lU-llh 


168  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1813  Richard  Wagner  born  ;  dies  1883. 

1814  Congress  of  Vienna,  Nov.  1 ;  2d,  :\Iay  25, 1815. 

1815  Germanic  Confederation  formed,  June  8. 
1818  Zollverein  formed. 

1830     Revolution  at  Brunswick.  Sept.  7. 

1848  Insurrections  throughout  Germany. 

1849  Treaty  of  Vienna,  agreement  of  Austria  and 

Prussia,  Sept.  30. 

1850  Treaty  of  Munich  for  revision  of   German 

Confederation,  Feb.  27, 
1863     War  with  Denmark.      (See  Denmark.) 
1866     War  between  German  States.  [June  25. 

1868     Inauguration  of  Luther  ^Monument  at  Worms, 

1870  War  with  France,      (See  France.) 

1871  German  empire  restored ;  AVilliam  of  Prus. 

proclaimed  emp.  at  Versailles,  Jan,  18. 
First  Reichstag,  or  imperial  council,  Mar.  21. 
Prince  Bismarck  chancellor,  ]\Iay  12. 

1872  Jesuits  expelled  from  empire. 
1875     Civil-marriage  bill  passed,  Jan.  25. 

1877  Attempted  assassination  of  emp.  by  Hodel, 

May  11.  "^[ June  2. 

1878  Emperor  wounded  by  Xobiling,  a  socialist. 
Decree  for  expulsion  of  Socialists  issued,  Xov. 

1879  Emperor's  golden  wedding  kept,  June  11. 

1882  German  colonization  society  formed,  Dec.  6. 

1883  Germania,  colossal  statue,  uncovered  by  em- 

peror, Sept.  28.  [June  8. 

1884  Foundation  of  new  Parliament  House  laid, 
1886     Leopold  von  Ranke,  hist.,  d.  May  23,  a.  90. 


GERMAN  V.  1C9 

1887  Treaty  of  alliance  with  Aus.  and  It.,  Mar.  13. 

1888  Knipt'ior  William  I.  dies  March  9,  aged  U\. 
Frederick  III.  emperor,  March;  d.  June  1.'). 
AVilliam  II.  emperor. 

1889  Great  strike  of  coal  miners  in  Westplialia, 

May.  [men  passed,  ^lay  '2[. 

Bill  to  provide  assistance  for  aged  working- 

1890  Resignation  of  Bismarck,  chancellor,  ^lar.  18. 
Heligoland  trans,  to  Ger.  by  Eng.,  Aug.  9. 
International   Socialist    Congress   at    Halle, 

Oct.  12-18. 

1891  Field-Marshal  Von  Moltke  d.  Apr.  21,  a.  00. 
Triple  alliance  renewed,  June  28.  [2. 
Strike  of  printers  throughout  Germany,  Nov. 

1892  Rioting  at  Berlin  and  other  cities  through 

distress,  Feb.  25  et  seq. 
Cholera  rages  at  Hamburg,  Aug.-Oct. 

1893  Seven  weeks'  drought  closed,  July  11. 
Anti-Jesuit  law  of  1872  rei)ealed,  Dec.  1. 

1894  Von  Sybel's  "  The  Founding  of  the  German 

Empire  "  completed;  first  vol.  pub.  1889.  . 
Commercial  treaty  with  Russia  for  10  years. 
Hermann  \»)n  Ihdmholtz  dies  Sept.  8,  a.  73. 
New  parliament-house  oi)ened  at  Ber.,  Dec.  5. 

1895  The  Reichstag  favors  bi-metalism,  Feb.  10. 
Gustav  Freytag,  author,  d.  Apr.  30;  b.  181(5. 
North  Sea  and  Baltic  canal  opened,  June  20. 
Rudolf  von  Gneist,  statesman,  dii's  July  21  : 

born  1810.  [is  10. 

Tauchnit/.  (MiiiMcnt  publishci-.  d.  Aug.  \'-\  \  b. 


170  IMPURTAXT    EVENTS. 

1895  Congress  of    Social  Democrats   at  Breslau, 

Oct.  6. 
Restrictions  imposed  on  American  insurance 
companies.  [Xov. 

1896  Convention  of  Christian  Socialists  at  Erfurt, 
Codification  of  the  civil  code  for  the  empire 

completed.  [2*2. 

1897  Statue  of  AVilliam  I,  unveiled  at  Berlin,  Mar. 

1898  Defeat  of  the  Agrarian  League  party  (pro- 

tectionist), June.  [181o. 

Otto  Bismarck-Schoenhausen  d.  Jul}'  30;  b. 

The  emperor  visits  Constantinople  and  Jeru- 
salem, Oct. 


GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    IRELAND. 

B.C. 

55  C?esar  invades  Britain. 

A.D. 

43  Expedition  of  Claudius  to  Britain. 

47  London  founded  by  A.  Plautius. 

.  51  Caractacus  carried  captive  to  Rome. 

61  Insurrections  of  the  Britons  under  Boadicea. 

78  Agricola  commands  in  Britain. 

95  Danes  and  Xormans  invade  Ireland. 

120  Hadrian  visits  Britain. 

208  Invasion  of  Caledonia  by  Severus. 

284  Revolt  of  Carausius  in  Britain. 

289  Victory  of  Carausius  over  Maximian. 

296  Britain  recovered  by  Constantius.  [Scots. 

367  Theodosius    aids    Britons   aiiainst   Plots    and 


GREAT    I'.KITAIX    AX1>    IKKLAXI).  1*1 

396  War  of  liritmis  with  Picts  and  Scots. 

418  Final  witlidrawal  of  the  Romans. 

448  Arrival  of  St.  Patrick  in  Ireland.  (?) 

449  Landing  of  the  Angles  in  Britain. 
457  Kingdom  of  Kent  fonnded  l>y  Hengist. 
477  Landing  of  Sonth  Saxons  in  Britain. 
495  Cerdic  and  West  Saxons  land  in  Britain. 
593  Kingdom  of  Northumbria  founded. 

597  Arrival  of  St.  Augustine  in  England. 

604  See  of  London  founded. 

664  (';(Mlmon  the  great  English  poet  flourishes. 

735  iK'atli  of  the  Venerable  Bede. 

795  Danes  and  Normans  invade  Ireland. 

800  Dublin  and  other  cities  built  by  Danes. 

827  Egbert  "  overlord  "  of  all  England. 

843  The  Picts  subdued  by  Kenneth  M'Alpin. 

849  Alfred  the  (ireat  born  ;  d.  Oct.  lM,  JMH. 

878  Alfred  defeats  tiie  Danes  ;  peace  of  We<lmore. 

959  Dunstan  archbishop  of  Canterbury;  d.  988. 

975  Edward  the  Martyr,  king  of  England. 

1004  Feudal  system  established  in  Scotland. 

1013  Sweyn,  king  of  Denmark,  conquers  England. 

1014  I'rian  Boroindie  defeats  Danes  in  Ireland. 

1016  Edmund  II.  ("  Ironside  ")  king  of  England. 

1017  Canute  the  Dane  king  of  England. 

1039  Macbeth  murders  Duncan  king  of  Scotland. 

1040  The  Danes  driven  out  of  Scotland. 
1042  Edward  the  Confessor  king  of  England. 
1054  Macbeth,  king  of  Scotland,  defeated  at  Duii- 

sinaiie;  killed,  lo.'.O. 


172  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1066  Harold  11.  last  of  the  Saxon  kings. 

Battle  of  Hastings,  defeat  of  Harold,  Oct.  14. 

William  the  Norman  king  of  England. 

1070  Lanfranc  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

1080  Anglo-Saxon  language  introd.  into  Scotland. 

1087  William  II.  (Rufus)  king  of  England. 

1100  Henry  I.  king  of  England. 

1107  Alexander  I.  king  of  Scotland. 

1T17  War  with  France  and  Anjou. 

1124  David  I.  king  of  Scotland. 

1129  Earthquake  in  England. 

1135  Stephen  of  Blois  king  of  England. 

1138  David,  king  of  Scotland,  invades  England. 

1153  Malcolm  TV.  king  of  Scotland. 

1154  Henry  II.  (Plantagenet)  king  of  England. 

1155  Pope  Adrian  IV.  authorizes  invasion  of  Ire. 
1165  William  I.  ("  the  Lion  ")  king  of  Scotland. 
1167  War  between  England  and  France. 

1170  Assassination  of  Thomas  a  Becket. 

1171  Henry  II.  invades  Ireland. 

1174  Henry  II.  does  penance  at  a  Becket's  tomb. 

1175  The  bull  of  Adrian  IV.  promulgated  in  Ire. 
1177  Ireland  partitioned  by  English  invaders. 

1189  Richard  I.  king  of  England.     Massacre  of 

Jews. 

1190  King  Richard  sets  out  for  the  Crusade. 
1204  France  conquers  Xormandy  from  the  Eng. 
1208  Eng.  placed  under  interdict  by  Innocent  III. 
1210  English  laws  introduced  into  Ireland. 
1214  Rooer  Bacon  born  :  dies  129-i. 


ORKAT    BRITAIN    AND    IKKLAND.  173 

1215  Magna  Charta  signed  by  King  .lolm. 

1216  Henry  III.  king  of  England. 

1218  Trial  by  ordeal  abolished  in  England. 

1228  Stephen  Langton,  archb.  of  Canterbury,  dies. 

1249  Alexander  III.  king  of  Scotland. 

University  of  Oxford  founded. 

1252  P^nglish  laws  introduced  into  Wales. 

1272  Edward  I.  king  of  England. 

1286  Margaret  of  Norway  queen  of  Scotland. 

1290  Expulsion  of  Jews  from  England  by  Edw.  I. 

1292  Baliol  and  Bruce  contend  for  throne  of  Scot. 

John  Baliol  king  of  Scotland. 

1295  Final  organization  of  English  parliament. 

1296  Conquest  of  Scotland  by  Edward  II. 

1297  The  Great  Charter  confirmed  by  liidward  I. 
1301  Title  of  Prince  of  Wales  first  conferred  on 

king's  son  (afterwards  Edward  II.) 

1304  Scotland  submits  to  England. 

1305  Win.  Wallace  executed  by  the  Eng.,  Aug.  2:]. 

1306  Robert  Bruce  crowned  king  of  Scotland. 

1307  Edward  II.  king  of  England. 
1314     IJattle  of  Bannockburn,  June  24. 

1323  Thirteen  years'  truce  between  Eng.  and  Scot. 

1324  .I..hn  Wycliffe  born;  dies  Dec.  31,  1:381. 
1327      Edward  II.  deposed  and  inMrd«*rcd. 

Edward  III.  king  of  England. 
1329      l);t\id  II.  (Bruce)  king  of  Scotlan<l. 

1332  Edward  III.  invades  Scotland. 

1333  I'.attle  of  Ilalidon  Hill ;  defeat  of  Scots. 
1339      Ijjw.ii.l  III.  invad.s  France. 


174  IMPOKTAXT    EVEXTS. 

1344  First  English  gold  coinage  (the  florin). 

1350  Order  of  the  Garter  instituted. 

1362  Use  of  English  in  law  pleadings. 

1370  Robert  II.  (first  Stuart)  king  of  Scotland. 

1376  Death  of  the  Black  Prince. 

1377  Richard  11.  king  of  England. 

1378  Appearance  of  Halley's  comet. 

1380  Wycliffe's    English    Xew    Testanient    com- 

pleted; Bible  completed,  1384. 

1381  Revolt  of  the  peasantry  under  Wat  Tyler. 
1388     Battle  of  Chevy  Chase  betv^een  Percy  and 

Douglas. 
Battle  of  Otterburn,  Douglas  killed,  Aug.  19. 
1390     Statute  for  uniformity  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures in  England. 

1399  Richard  II.  deposed  ;  assassinated. 
Henry  IV.  king  of  England. 

1400  Death  of  Chaucer,  Oct.  25 ;  born  1340  (?). 

1402  Scots  defeated  at  Homildon  by  Hotspur. 

1403  Battle  of  Shrewsbury,  Hotspur  killed,  July  23. 

1406  James  I.  of  Scot,  captured  by  Eng.,  ]\Iar.  30. 

1407  John    Risby,    Lollard    preacher,    burned   in 

Scotland. 

1413  Henry  V.  king  of  England. 

1414  Lollards  persecuted  in  England. 
1418  Sir  John  Oldcastle  hung  in  chains. 
1422  Henry  VI.  king  of  England  and  France. 
1424  James  I.  king  of  Scotland  ;  murdered,  1437. 
1436  AVarbet.  Eng.  and  Scot. ;  9  years'  truce,  1438. 
1440  Eton  College  founded. 


GREAT    HKITAIX    AM)    IRKl.AXD.  ITT) 

1443  King's  College,  Cambridge,  fomi<l<'tl. 

1450  Insurrection  of  Jack  Cade. 

1451  St.  Andrew's  University,  Glasgow,  founded. 
1455  Wars  of  the  Roses  begin. 

1460  Jiiines  III.  king  of  Scotland. 

1461  Edward  IV.  king  of  England. 
1465     Irish  adopt  surnames. 

1470  Henry  VI.  restored  by  Warwick. 

1471  Kt^turn  of   Edward  IV.;   battles   of   Barnet 

and  Tewkesbury,  deaths  of  Warwick  and 
Henry  VI. 
Cardinal  Wolsey  born;  dies  Nov.  29,  1530. 
1473     Chevalier  Bayard  born;  dies  \^>24. 

1475  Edward  IV.  invades  France. 

1476  Caxton  .sets  up  printing-press  at  Westminster. 
1480     War  between  England  and  Scotland. 

1483      Edward  ^^  king  of  England  ;   murdere<l. 

Ivicliard  III.  king  of  England. 
1485      P.altlH  of  Bosworth;  king  Richard  killed. 

Il.iny  \'II.  (house  of  Tudor)  king  of  Eng. 
1488     .lam.s  I\'.  king  of  Scotland. 
1492      11. my  \II.  invades  France. 

1494  (nivcrsity  of  Aberdeen  founded. 

1495  •  Perkin  Warbeck,"  impostor,  invades  Eng- 

land;  executed,  1499. 
1505     John  Knox  born;  dies  Nov.  24,  ir)72. 
1509      Hrnry  VIII.  king  of  England. 

1512  \\'ar  between  England  and  France. 

1513  Battle  of  Fk)dden  Field,  Sept.  9;  James  IV. 

of  Scotlan.l  killed. 


176  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1515     Roger  Ascham  born  ;  dies  1568. 
1526     Tyndale's  Xew  Testament  published. 
1528     James  V.  of  Scot,  banishes  the  Douglases. 
1531     Gypsies  expelled  from  England. 

1534  Great  rebellion  of  the  Fitzgeralds  in  Ireland. 
Papal  power  in  Eng.  abrogated  by  Parlia't. 

1535  Coverdale's  English  Bible  published. 

1536  Incorporation  of  Wales  with  England. 
Dissolution  of  monasteries  begins. 

1538  Use  of  English  Bible  in  churches  enjoined; 
the  Great  Bible  published. 

1540     Order  of  Knights  of  St.  John  suppressed. 

1542  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  born,  Dec.  7 ;  be- 
headed, Feb.  8,  1587. 

1544  Edinburgh  and  Leith  burnt  by  the  English. 
First  cannon  cast  in  England.  [drew's. 

1546  Cardinal  Beatoun  assassinated  at  St.  An- 
Christ's  Church,  Oxford,  and  Trinity  College, 

Cambridge,  founded. 

1547  Edward  VI.  king  of  England. 

1549  Act  of  Uniformity  passed  in  England. 

1550  Rise  of  Protestantism  in  England. 

1552  Edmund  Spenser  born;  dies  1599. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh  b. ;  exec,  Oct.  29,  1618. 

1553  Mary  queen  of  England. 

Lady  Jane  Grey  executed.  Feb.  12,  1554. 

1554  Sir  Philip  Sidney  b.  Xov.  29  ;  d.  Oct.  7,  1586. 
1556     Ridley  and  Latimer  burnt  at  Oxford. 

1558  Elizabeth  queen  of  England. 

1559  English  Book  of  Common  Prayer  first  used. 


GREAT    HHITAIX    AND    IRELAND.  177 

1560  Tlie  Reformation  estab.  by  Scots  Parlia't. 

1561  Francis  Bacon  b.  Jan.  22  ;  dies  Apr.  1  !>,  1026. 
Rebellion  of  Sliane  O'Neal,  Earl  of  Tyrone, 

in  Ireland. 
Tobacco  introduced  into  Great  Britain. 

1562  African  slave-trade  begun  by  Hawkins. 

1563  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  Eng.  Church  settled. 

1564  Shakespeare  b.  April  23  ;  d.  April  23,  1010. 

1566  Rizzio  murdered  in  Scotland,  March  9. 

1567  Murder  of  Darnley  in  Edinburgh,  Feb.  10. 

1568  Flight  of  Queen  Mary  to  England. 

1569  Revolt  of  Catholic  earls  in  England,  Nov. 

1570  Assassination  of  Regent  IVIurray  of  Scotland. 

1571  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  incor. 

1572  Inigo  Jones,  architect,  born;  dies  1052. 
First  English  translation  of  "  Eucli<l "  pub. 

1574     Ben  Jonson,  dramatist,  born;  dies  1037. 
1576     John  Fletcher,  dramatist,  born;  dies  102.1. 
1578     ^Villiam  Harvey,  j)hy.sician,  born  April;  dies 
June,  1057. 

1580  Archbishop  Ussher  b.  Jan.  1;  d.  Mar.  1050. 
Rise  of  the  Brownists  in  England. 

1581  Morton,  regent  of  Scot.,  executed,  June  3. 

1582  I'ni versify  of  Edin])urgh  founded. 

1585      Francis  Beaumont,  (bamatist,  b. ;  d.  1010. 

1587  riohn  Foxe',  martyrologist,  dies;  b.  1517. 

1588  Spanish  armada  defeated,  July. 

Thomas  Hobbes,  philosopher,  b.  ;  tiles  107!». 

1592  Presbyterianism  estal)lished  in  Scotland. 

1593  l/:iak  Walton  b.  Aug.  !»  ;  <1.  D.-c  15,  1063. 


178  I M  PORTA  XT    EVENTS. 

1593  George  Herbert  born  ;  dies  l^'S'2. 

1594  Rebellion  of  Tyrone  in  Ireland. 

1600  English  East  India  Co.  chartered,  Dec.  31. 

1601  Earl  of  Essex  executed,  Feb.  25. 

1602  Hamlet  published. 

1603  James  I.  king  of  England,  March  24. 
Union  of  crowns  of  England  and  Scotland, 

1605  Gunpowder  Plot  of  Guy  Fawkes,  Nov.  5. 

1608  John  Milton  b.  Dec.  9  ;  d.  Xoy.  8,  1674. 

1611  King  James's  Bible  published. 

1614  Logarithms  invented  by  Napier. 

1615  Richard  Baxter  b.  Nov.  12;  d.  Dec.  8,  1691. 

1616  Circulation  of  the  blood  disc,  by  Harvey. 

1620  Pilgrim  Fathers  sail  in  Mayjloirer.  Sept.  6. 
John  Evelyn,  diarist,  b.  Oct.  31 ;  d.  1706. 

1621  Eng.  Commons  claim  freedom  of  discussion. 
1623  Shakespeare's  works,  first  folio,  published. 
1625  Charles  I.  king  of  England,  March  27. 
1628  John  Bunyan  b. ;  d.  Aug.  31,  1688. 

1631  John  Dry  den  born  Aug.  9  ;  d.  May  1,  1700. 

1632  John  Locke  b.  Aug.  29  ;  d.  Oct.  28,  1704. 
Samuel  Pepys,  diarist,  b.  Feb.  23 ;  d.  May 

26,  1703. 
Christopher  Wren  b.  Oct.  20;  d.  Feb.  1723. 

1636     John  Hampden  resists  imposition   of  ship- 
money. 

1638     Solemn  League  and  Covenant  pub..  Mar.  1. 

1640  Long  Parliament  meets,  Nov.  3. 

1641  Abolition  of  Star  Chamber. 

Rebellion  in  Ire. ;  great  massacre,  Oct.  23. 


GREAT    BRITAIN'    AND    IRKLAXH.  17'.) 

1641  Terms  '*  KouiKlhead  "  and  ••  (.'avalit-r  "   first 

used. 

1642  Civil  war  hreaks  out  in  England. 

Battle  of  Edgehill,  Oct.  2:J.  [1727. 

Sir  Isaac  Xewtou  b.  Dec.  2.5 ;  d.  March  20, 

1643  John  Hampden  killed  in  battle,  June  24. 
Battle  of  Newbury,  Sept.  20. 

1644  Battle  of  Marston  INIoor,  July  2. 
William  Penn  born  Oct.  14  ;  dies  1718. 

1645  Archbishop  Laud  beheaded,  Jan.  10. 
Battle  of  Xaseby,  June  14. 

1646  Charles  I.  surrenders  to  Scots  May  o. 

1647  Charles  I.  given  up  by  Scots  to  English  Par- 

liament, Jan.  30. 
George  Fox,  Quaker,  begins  to  preach. 

1649  Charles  I.  executed,  Jan.  30. 

J^ngland  declared  a  Commonwealth,  May  10. 
Cromwell  captures  Drogheda. 

1650  John  Churchill.  Duke  of  Marlborongli,  b. ;  d. 

1722. 

1651  Prince  Charles  Stuart  invades  England. 
Victory  of  Cromwell  at  Worcester,  Sept.  3. 
Scotland  united  to  Eng.  by  Cromwell,  Sept. 

1652  War  l>etween  tlie  English  and  Dutch. 
Irish  n'belliou  su]tpressed.  May.  [20. 

1653  Expulsion  of  the  "  Kun)p  "  by  Cromwell,  Apr. 
Cromwell  made  Protector,  Dec.  DI. 

1654  Peace  between  England  aiul  Holland,  .Vpr.  '>. 
1656     General  Post-Office,  London,  estaljlished, 
1658     Oliver  Cromwell  d.,  Sept.  :{ ;  b.  Apr.  2."),  1599. 


180  IMPORTANT    EVEXTS. 

1658     Richard   Cromwell,   Protector ;   retires  May 
25,  1659. 

1660  Charles  II.  proclaimed  king,  May  8.  [16(31. 
Episcopacy  restored  in  England;  in  Scot., 
The  Royal  Society  of  London  founded. 

1661  Charles  Rollin,  historian,  born  ;  dies  1741. 

1665  The  Great  Plague  in  London. 
The  London  Gazette  established. 

1666  Great  Fire  in  London,  Sept.  2-6. 

1667  "  Paradise  Lost  "  published. 

Jonathan  Swift  b.  Xov.  30;  d.  Oct.  19,  1745. 

1668  Triple  Alliance  between  England,  Holland, 

and  Sweden,  Jan.  23,  April  25. 

1669  Reflecting  telescope  constructed  by  Xewton. 

1670  Hudson's  Bay  Company  incorporated. 
1672     Addison  born  May  1  ;  dies  June  17,  1719. 

1674  Isaac  Watts  born  ;  dies  1748. 

1675  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  begun  ;  completed,  1710. 
Greenwich  Observatory  founded. 

1676  Motion  of  the  sun  proved  by  Halley.        [13. 

1678  Popish  plot  invented  by  Titus  Oates,  Aug. 
Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress  "  published. 

1679  Terms  "  ^^^lig  "  and  "  Tory  "  come  into  use. 
Archbishop  Sharp  murdered,  May  3. 
Habeas  Corpus  Act  passed. 

1682  Chelsea  Hospital  founded. 

1683  Lord  William  Russell  executed,  July  21. 
Algernon  Sidney  executed,  Dec.  7. 

1685     James  II.  king  of  England,  Feb.  6. 
Battle  of  Sedgemoor,  July  6. 


GREAT    BKITAIX    AND    IRELAND.  181 

1685     !>  foil  mouth  beheaded,  July  15. 

1688  riiiice  of  Orange  lands  at  Torbay,  Xov.  5. 
Catalogue  of  the  stars  made  by  Flamsteed. 
English  Revolution.     James  II.  deposed. 
Alexander  Pope  b.  May  22 ;  dies  May,  1744. 

1689  William  and  Mary  declared  king  and  queen, 

Feb.  13. 
Siege  of  Londonderry,  April  '20.        [July  27. 
Battle   of    Killiecrankie,   death    of    Dundee, 

1690  Sea-fight  oft'  Beachy  Head,  June  30. 
Battle  of  the  Boyne,  July  1  (N.  S.,  July  12). 

1691  Cajiitulation  of  Limerick,  Oct.  3. 

1692  .Massacre  of  (ilencoe,  Feb.  13. 
1694     (^ueen  Mary  dies  Dec.  28. 

liank  of  England  incorporated.  [1705. 

1696  (Jreenwich  Hospital  begun  by  Wren;   fin., 

1697  William  Hogarth  born  ;  dies  Oct.  20,  1764. 

1702  Anne  queen  of  Great  Britain,  March  8. 
War  against  France  and  Spain,  ^lay  4. 

1703  Jclin  AVesley  born  June  17;  d.  March,  1791. 

1704  Ciibraltar  taken  by  Admiral  llooke,  July  24. 
Battle  of  Blenheim,  Aug.  13. 

1705  Newcomen's  steam-«Migine  patented. 
Composition  of  light  discovcHMl  by  Xewton. 

1707  Ib-nry  Fielding  b.  Ai)ril  22  ;  d.  Oct.  8,  17.')!. 
Act    of    I'niun    of    F^ngland    and    Scotland, 

Mayl.  [July. 

National  Hag  of  (ireat  liritain  appointed. 
First   Parliament  of    (ireat    Britain    meets, 

Oct.  23. 


182  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1708  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham,  born  Xov. 

15;  dies  May  11,  1778. 

1709  Samuel  Johnson  b.  Sept.  18  ;  d.  Dec.  13,  1784. 

1710  South  Sea  Company  founded. 

1711  David  Hume  born  April  26  ;  d.  Aug.,  1776. 

1712  Duty  on  advertisemeuts  ;  abolislied  1855. 

1713  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  established. 

1714  George  I.  king  of  England,  Aug.  1. 
George  Whitefield  born  ;  dies  Sept.  1770. 

1715  Jacobite  rebellion  ;   James  III.  (Pretender) 

proclaimed. 
Battle  of  Sheritfmuir  (Dunblane),  Xov.  13. 
Battle  of  Preston,  Xov.  12-13. 
Pope's  "  Homer's  Iliad  "  published. 

1716  ^Mississippi  Scheme  projected  by  Law. 
David  Garrick,  actor,  b.  Feb.  20;  d.  Feb.  1779. 
Thomas  Gray,  poet,  born  ;  dies  July,  1771. 

1717  Triple  Alliance   between   France,   England, 

and  Holland,  Jan.  4. 

1718  England  declares  war  against  Spain,  Dec.  27. 

1719  ''  Robinson  Crusoe,"  by  Daniel  Defoe,  pub. 
Watts's  "  Psalms  of  David  "  published. 

1720  "  The  South  Sea  Bubble  causes  finan.  distress. 

1721  Tobias  George  Smollett,  b. ;  dies  Oct.,  1771. 

1722  Jacobite  plot  in  England,  IMay.  [1792. 

1723  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  born  July  16  ;  d.  Feb., 
Sir  William  BlacT^stone  b.  July  10 ;  d.  1780. 

1724  Fahrenheit's  thermometer  invented. 
1726     '•  Gulliver's  Travels  "  published. 

John  Howard,  philan.,  born  ;  dies  1790. 


GREAT    BRITAIN'    AND    IRKLAXI).  183 

1727  George  11.  king  of  EnghuRl,  July  10. 
Aberration  of  light  discovered  by  Bradlej-. 
Thomas  Gainsborough  born;  d.  Aug.,  1788. 

1728  Kise  of  Metliodisni. 

Oliver  Goldsmith  b.  Nov.  10  ;  d.  Apr.  4,  1774. 
John  Hunter,  physician,  born  ;  dies  1793. 

1730  Kdnuind  Burke  b.  Jan.  1  ;  dies  July  0,  1797. 
Josiah  Wedgwood,  potter,  born;  dies  179."). 

1731  Kng.  language  to  l>e  used  in  courts  of  justice. 
AVilliani  Cowper,  poet,  born  Nov.  20  ;  dies 

April  2.5,  1800. 

1735  Harrison's   first    timepiece    constructed,   for 

determining  longitude  at  sea. 

1736  Steam-vessfl  pat.'uted  by  Hulls. 

James  Watt,  born  Jan.  19;  dies  Aug.,  1819. 

1737  Edward  (Jibbon,  historian,  b. ;  d.  Jan.,  1794. 

1738  Sir   Williiiin    Ilcrschcl    born   Nov,    15;    dies 

Aug.,  1822. 

1739  Foundling  Hospital,  London,  established. 

1742  Hiindcl's  "Messiah  "  produced. 

1743  William  Paley,  theologian,  born;  dies  180.'5. 

1744  Sea-fight  witli  French  and  Spanish  fleets  off 

Toulon,  Feb.  22. 

1745  Charles  Kdw.  Stuart  laixls  in  Scot,  July  2:J. 
Jiattle  of  Prestoni.ans,  Sept.  21. 

1746  Battle  of  Culloden,  Apr.  l(j ;  en<l  <.f  rebellion. 
Henry  (Jrattan  1).  July  :5 ;  d.  May  11,  1S20. 
Highlan<l    dress   proliibited    by    I'lirliament, 

Aug.  12.  [IT'tJ. 

Sir  Win.  Juiu-.>,  piiil.,  b.  Sept.  L'.s  ;  d.  Apr.  27, 


184  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1747  Xaval  victories  of  Anson  and  Hawke,  May, 

Oct. 
Shakers  appear  about  this  time. 

1748  Jeremy  Bentham  b.  Feb.  15  ;  d.  June  6,  1832. 

1749  Charles  James    Fox,   statesman,  born  Jan. 

24;  dies  Sept.  18,  1806. 

1750  "Westminster  Bridge,  London,  opened. 

1752  Xew  style  calendar  adopted  in  Great  Britain, 

omitting  11  days  after  the  2d  of  Septem- 
ber, making  the  next  day  the  llth. 
Thomas  Chatterton,  poet,  b. ;  d.  Aug.,  1770, 

1753  British  Museum  founded. 
Wesley's  '•  Hymns  "  published. 

1754  Society  of  Arts,  London,  founded. 

1755  Johnson's  '' Dictionary  "  published.       [1831. 
Mrs.  Siddons,  actress,  born  July  ;  dies  June  8, 

1758  Horatio  Xelson  b.  Sept.  29  ;  d.  Oct.  21,  1805. 

1759  Rob.  Bui-ns  b.  Jan.  25  ;  dies  July  21,  1796. 

1760  George  III.  king  of  Great  Britain, 
Eddystone  lighthouse  completed  by  Smeaton. 

1763     Latent  heat  discovered  by  Black. 

1765  Stamp  Act  passed  by  British  Pari.,  March  22. 
Blackstone's  '•  Commentaries  "  published. 

1766  Death  of  the  "  Old  Pretender,"  Jan.  2. 
'•  Vicar  of  Wakefield  "  published. 

1767  *•  Nautical  Almanac  "  first  published. 

1768  Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  London,  founded. 

1769  Letters  of  '•  Junius  "  begin  to  appear,  Jan. 
Duke  of  Wellington  born  May  1 ;  dies  Sept. 

11,  1852. 


GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    J  KELAND.  185 

1769  Sir  Tlios.  Lawrence  b.  May  4  ;  d.  Jan.  7, 1830. 

1770  Wni.  Wordswortli  b.  Apr.  7  ;  d.  Apr.  'Jl,  1850. 

1771  Sir  Walter  Scott  b.  Aug.  1  o  ;  d.  Sept.  21 ,  1832. 
Sydney  Smith  l^orn  ;  dies  Feb.  22,  1845. 

1772  Samuel  T.  Coleridge  boru  Oct.  21  ;  dies  July 

25,  1834. 

1774  Boston  Port  Bill  passed,  March. 
Oxygen  discovered  by  Priestley. 

Daniel  O'Connell  b.  Aug.;  d.  May  15,  1847. 

1775  Walter  Savage   Landor  born  Jan.  30 ;  dies 

Sept.  17,  1864. 
Charles  Lamb  born  Feb. ;  dies  1834. 
Charles  Kenible,  actor,  b. ;  d.  Nov.  12,  1854. 
Joseph  M.  W.  Turner  born;  dies  1851. 

1776  Adam  Smith's  "  Wealth  of  Xatious  "  pub. 

1777  Thomas  Campbell,  poet,  born;  dies  1844. 

1778  Sir  Humphry  Davy  b.  Dec.  17 ;  d.  May,  1829. 

1779  Thomas  :\Ioore,  poet,  born ;  d.  Feb.  20,  1852. 
Lord  Henry  Brougham  ]>orn  Sept.  19  ;  dies 

May  7,  1803.  [cent,  Jan.  IG. 

1780  Sea-tight  with  Spaniards  off  Cape  St.  Vin- 
Dr.  Chalmers  b.  March  17  ;  d.  May  31,  1847. 
Lord  George  CJordon  riots  in  Lon<lon,  June  2. 
Elizabeth  Fry,  phi!.,  born;  d.  Oct.  12,  1815. 
Vaccination  suggested  l»y  Edward  Jenner. 

1781  Sunday-schools  originated  by  Robert  Kaikes. 

1782  The  lioi/al  (Itonje  sinks  at  Spitliead,  Aug.  29. 

1783  (iabriel  Ros.setti  born;  dies  185L 

1784  Bramah  lock  patented. 

Lord  Palm.M-ston  b.  Oct.  20  :  d.  Oct.  is,  l,S(j5. 


186  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1785  Royal  Irish  Academy  incorporated. 

1786  Warren  Hastings  impeached  ;  acquitted  Apr. 

23,  1795. 
Thos.  De  Quiucey  b.  Aug.  15  ;  d.  Dec.  8, 1850. 

1787  Society  for  suppression  of  slave-trade  formed. 
Edmund  Kean,  actor,  born ;  dies  1833. 

1788  First  publication  of  London  Timeft,  Jan.  1. 
Lord  Byron  b.  Jan.  22  ;  dies  April  18.  1824. 
Sir  Robert  Peel  b.  Feb.  5 ;  d.  July  2,  1850. 
George  III.  insane ;  Prince  of  Wales  regent. 

1789  Herschel's  great  telescope  completed. 

1791  Michael  Faraday  born  ;  dies  Aug.  25,  1867. 

1792  Gas  first  used  for  lighting. 

John  Keble  b.  April  25 ;  d.  :March  29,  1866. 
Sir  John  Herschel  born  ;  dies  May  11,  1871. 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  b.  Aug.  4  ;  d.  July,  1822. 
Lord  John  Russell  b.  Aug.  18 ;  dies  May  28, 
1878. 

1793  Dionysius  Lardner  born  ;  d.  April  29,  1859. 

1794  Thomas  Arnold  b.  June  13  ;  d.  June  12,  1842. 

1795  ^laynooth  College,  Ireland,  founded. 
Thomas  Carlyle  b.  Dec.  4;  d.  Feb.  4,  1881. 

1796  John  Keats,  poet,  born  ;  dies  Feb.  24,  1821. 
1798     Rebellion  in  Ireland  breaks  out,  May  23. 

Battle  of  the  Nile,  victory  of  Xelson,  Aug.  1,2. 

1800  Legislative  union  of  G.  B.  and  Ire.,  July  2. 
Thomas  B.   Macaulay   born    Oct.   25 ;    dies 

Dec.  28,  1859.  [meets,  Jan.  22. 

1801  First  Imperial  Parlia't  of  L^nited  Kingdom 
Victory  of  Xelson  over  Danish  fleet,  Apr.  2. 


GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    IRELAND.  IS. 

1802  Robert  Chambers,  pub.,  b. ;  d.  Mar.  17,  1871. 
Sir  Edwin  Landseer  bom  Marcli  7  ;  dies  Oct. 

1,  1673. 
Hugh  Miller  born  Oct.  10;  d.  Dec.  24,  1856. 

1803  Rising  in  Ire.  under  Rob.  Eniinett,  July  23. 
Atomic  theory  propounded  by  Dalton. 
Doughis  Jerrold  born;  dies  June  8,  1857. 
Robert  Stephenson,  engineer,  born  Oct. ;  dies 

Oct.  12,  1859. 

1804  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  estab. 
Savings  banks  originated. 

Richard  Cobden  b.  June  ;  dies  Apr.  2,  18G5. 

1805  Buhver  Lytton  born  ^lay ;  dies  Jan.,  1873. 
Victory  and  death  of  Nelson  at  Trafalgar, 

Oct.  21. 
Benjamin  D'Israeli,  Lord  Beaconsfield,  born 
Dec.  21  ;  dies  April  11),  1881. 

1806  John  Stuart  Mill  b.  May  ;  dies  May  8,  1873- 

1807  Abolition  of  slave-trade   in  British  Empire, 

^larch  25. 
Cardinal  York,  last  of  the  Stuarts,  d.  July  13. 

1808  Cardinal  Manning  born;  dies  Jan.  11,  1892. 

1809  P^li/.abcth    (Harrett)    Browning    born;     dies 

June  29,  18(J1. 
Alfred  Tennyson  born;  dies  Oct,  G,  1892. 

1811  (nvat  comet  visible  for  four  months. 
Daniel  Maclise  born;  dies  April  25,  1870. 
William  M.  Thackeray  b. ;  d.  Dec.  24,  1863. 
John  Brigiit  b.  Nov.  Id;  d.  March  27,  1889. 

1812  War  with  the  U.  S. ;  peace,  Feb.  17,  1815. 


188  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1812  Charles  Dickens  b.  Feb.;  dies  June  9,  1870. 
Robert  Browning  born;  dies  Dec.  12,  1889. 

1813  Electric  light  discovered  by  Davy. 

1815  Safety  lamp  invented  by  Davy. 

1816  Electric  telegraph  invented  by  Ronalds. 
Charlotte  Bronte  b.  Apr.  21 ;  d.  Dec.  19,  1818. 

1817  Waterloo  Bridge,  London,  opened. 
The  kaleidoscope  invented  by  Brewster. 

1818  The  stethoscope  invented  by  Laennec. 
James  A.  Froude  b.  Apr.  23 ;  d.  Oct.  20,  1894. 

1819  Princess  Victoria  born  ]\lay  24. 

Marian  Evans  (•'  George  Eliot  ")  born  Xov. 

22  ;  dies  Dec.  22,  1880. 
Prince  Albert  born  Aug.;  dies  Dec.  14,  1861. 
John  Ruskin  born  Feb.  8. 

1820  George  TV.  king  of  England,  Jan.  29. 
Astronomical  Society  of  London  founded. 
John  Tyndall  b.  Aug.  21 ;  dies  Dec.  4,  1893. 
Herbert  Spencer  born  April  27. 
Florence  Nightingale  born  May. 

1822  Matthew  Arnold  b.  Dec.  24  ;  d.  Apr.  15,  1888. 
Calculating  machine  invented  by  Babbage. 

1823  British  Antislavery  Societ^^  founded. 

1825  First  voyage  by  steam  from  Eng.  to  India. 
Thomas  H.  Huxley  born ;  d,  June  29,  1895. 

1826  Zoological  Society  of  London  founded. 
1828     Test  Act  and  Corporation  Act  repealed. 

Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  b. ;  d.  Apr.  9,  1882. 
Xew  corn-law  in  England. 
London  University  opened. 


GREAT    BKITAIN    AND     IRELAND.  189 

1829  Roman  Catholic  Emancipation  Xct  passed, 

Apr.  13. 
AVilliam  M.  Rossetti  born  Sept.  25. 

1830  William  IV.  king  of  England. 

Robert  Cecil,  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  born. 
Christina  Rossetti  born  Dec.  5.  [Nov. 

1831  First  appearance  of  Asiatic  cholera  in  Eng., 

1832  Lord   John    Russell's    reform    bill    passed, 

June  7.  [-^^ig-  1- 

1834     Emancipation  of  slaves  in  Kritisii  colonies, 

Charles  H.  Spurgeon  born;  d.  Jan.  31,  1892. 

1837  Punishment  by  pillory  abolished. 

Father  Mathews'  temperance  missions  begin. 
Algernon  Charles  Swinburne  born  April  o. 

1838  Queen  Victoria  crowned,  June  28. 
International  copyright  act  passed. 
National  Gallery,  London,  opened,      [lantic. 
First  voyage  of  Great  Western  across  the  At- 

1839  Anti-corn-law  League  formed,  March  20. 

1840  Penny  postage  in  (\.  B.  comes  into  operation. 
Queen  Victoria  m.  to  Prince  Albert,  Feb.  10. 

1841  Prince  of  Wales  born  Nov.  0. 

"  Young  Ireland  "  party  formed. 

1842  Income  and  Property  tax  imposed  in  (i.  H. 

1843  Disruption  of  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
Daniel  O'Connell  arrested,  Oct.  1  L 
Tiie  Thames  Tunnel  opened. 

1844  Rank  of  Eng.  Charter  Act  pa.ssed,  July  ll>. 

1845  Sir  John  Franklin  sails  to  the  Arctic,  May  23. 
Maynooth  College  incorporated,  June  3(>. 


190  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1845  Faifure  of  potato  crop  in  G.  Brit,  and  Ire. 
Gun-cotton  invented. 

1846  Repeal  of  English  corn-laws,  June  26. 
Evangelical  Alliance  formed. 
Planet  Xeptune  discovered  Sept.  23. 
Charles  Stewart  Parnell  b. ;  d.  Oct.  6,  1891. 

1847  Eoman    Catholic    hierarchy    established    in 

England,  Oct.  [10. 

1848  Great  Chartist  demonstration  in  Eng.,  Apr. 
Insur.  in  Ire.  under  Smith  O'Brien,  July  29. 

1850  First  submarine  telegraph  bet.  Eng.  and  Fr. 

1851  London  Great  Exhibition  opened,  May  1. 

1853  Cholera  breaks  out  in  England,  Sept.  4. 
Advertising  vans  prohibited. 

1854  Declaration  of  war  against  Russia,  Mar.  28  ; 

treaty  of  alliance  with  France,  April  10. 
Armstrong  gun  manufactured. 

1855  Xewspaper  stamp  abolished  in  G.  B.,  June  15. 
Bessemer's  process  for  manufacture  of  steel 

patented. 

1858  First  message  over  Atlantic  cable,  Aug.  20. 
Government  of  India  transf .  to  crown,  Sept.  1. 

1859  Darwin's  "  Origin  of  Species  "  published. 

1860  Great  Eastern  crosses  Atlantic,  June  17-27. 

1861  Paper  duty  in  G.  Brit,  abolished,  June  12. 
Spectrum  analysis  applied  in  astronomy. 
Post-Office  Savings  Banks  opened  in  Eng. 

1862  International  Exhibition  opened   at  South 

Kensington,  May  1.  [July  29. 

Alabama  (Confederate)  sails  from  Liverpool, 


(JKKAT    liKITAIX    AM)    IKKLA.M).  li»l 

1862  Cotton  famine  in  Lancashire  at  its  lioight, 

Dec.  [mark,  Marcli  10. 

1863  Prince  of  Wales  marries  Alexandra  of  Den- 

1864  Appearance  of  the  Fenians  in  L-eland. 
Rudyard  Kipling  born. 

1865  Rinderpest  in  England,  July-Oct, 

Arrest  of  Fenian  leaders  in  Ireland,  Sept.  15. 

1866  Suspension    of  i^Bank    of    England    Charter 

Act,  May  11.' 
Successful  laying  of  Atlantic  cable,  July  '27. 

1870  Irish  Land  Act  passed,  Aug.  1. 

1871  Trial  of  Tichborne  case  begins,  May  11, 
1873     Payment  of  Alabama  indemnity  by  England, 

Sept.  ^  [May  1. 

1876  Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  Empress  of  India, 

1877  Statue  of  King  Alfred  unveiled,  July  14. 

1882  Queen  Victoria  shot  at,  March  10. 
Charles  R.  Darwin  dies  April  1!),  aged  7-']. 

1883  Fenian  dynamite  explosions. 

1884  Prince  Leoi)old  di.'s  March  28. 

1886  Colonial   an<l   Indian    Exhibition    at   South 

Kensington,  May  4. 

1887  Queen's  Jubilee.  [Aug.-Dec. 

1889  Great  labor  strikes  throughout  the  country, 

1890  II.  ^L  Stanh^y  returns  from  Africa.  [2(5. 
Enjpress  Dock  at  Southampton  opene<l,  July 

1893  Duke  of  York  marries  Princess  May,  July  (». 
Rehring  Sea  arbitration  of  (J,  Hritain,  Aug. 

1894  Manchester  ship-canal  opened,  Jan.  1. 

1895  (iladstone  retires  from  political  life.  July  ;J. 


192  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1895  Duke  of  Cambridge,  commander-in-chief  of 

British  army,  retires,  Oct.  31. 

1896  Alfred  Austin  appointed  poet  laureate,  Jan.  1. 
Thomas  Hughes  d.  Mar.  22;  b.  Oct.,  1823. 
Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  Company 

of  Boston,  Mass.,  arrives  in  London,  July  8. 
Sir  John  Everett  Millais  d.  Aug.  13  ;  b.  1829. 

1897  Queen    Victoria's    Diamond    Jubilee    cele- 

brated, June  22. 
Blackwell  Tunnel  opened,  May  22. 
ATilliam  Morris,  poet,  dies  Oct.  3,  aged  62. 

1898  Formidable,  reported  largest  war-ship  afloat, 

launched,  Xov.  17. 

Imperial  penny-postage  on  half-ounce  letters 
announced,  Dec.  25.  [1809. 

Wm.  E.  Gladstone  d.  May  19  ;  b.  Dec.  29, 

Irish  local  government  bill  passed. 

Vaccination  bill,  modifying  compulsory  vac- 
cination, passed. 


GREECE. 

B.C.  [Early  dates  conjectural.] 

2042     Uranus  arrives  in  Greece. 
1910     Inachus  king  of  the  Argives. 
1856     Kingdom  of  Argos  begun. 
1773     Sacrifices  to  the  gods  introduced. 
1764     Deluge  of  Ogyges. 

1700     Pelasgi  in  the  Peloponnesus ;  succeeded  by 
the  Hellenes,  1500. 


GREECE.  103 

1582     Clironology  of  the  Arundelian  marbles  be- 
gins. 
Cecrops  arrives  from  Egypt. 
1504     The  Areopagus  established. 
1503     Deluge  of  Deucalion. 
1495     Panathena?an  games  instituted. 
1493     Cadmus,  with  the  Phanician  letters,  settles 

in  Boeotia,  and  founds  Thebes. 
1453     First  Olympic  games  at  Eiis. 
1356     Eleusinian  mysteries  institut.  by  Eumolpus. 
1326     Isthmian  games  instituted. 
1263     Argonautic  expedition  of  Jason. 

Pythian  games  begun  by  Adrastus. 
1235     Theseus  reigns  in  Athens  for  80  years. 
1213     Amazonian  war. 
1198     Abduction  of  Helen. 

1193     Beginning  of  Trojan  war  ;   Troy  taken,  1184. 
1044     Settlement  of  the  lonians  in  Asia  Minor. 

Royalty  abolished  in  Athens. 
1000     Homer,  epic  poet,  flourishes. 

916     The  Rhodians  l)egin  navigation  laws. 

884      Lycurgus,  lawgiver,  flourishes. 

869     Pheidon,  eminent  sculptor,  flourishes. 

800     Hesiod,  epic  jMjet,  flourishes. 

776      The  first  Olympiad. 

743     Tlio  Mcssf-nian  wars;  contimn'  until  (1(50. 

664      First  s<';j>-tight  on   record,  which  took  place 
bi'tween  th(^  Coriulhians  ;ind  Corryians. 

657      Byzantium  built. 

638     Solon,  Athenian  legislator,  born;  d.  558. 


194  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

621     Laws  of  Draco  published. 
619     iEsop,  fabulist,  born  ;  dies  564. 
600     Spherical  form  of  the  earth  taught  by  Thales. 
590     Seven  sages  of  Greece  (Solon,  Periander,  Pit- 
tacus,  Chilo,  Thales,  Cleobulus,  and  Bias) 
flourish. 
560     Anacreon,  lyric  poet,  born  ;  dies  478. 
527     Pisistratus,  the  tyrant,  seizes  Athens. 
525     JEschylus,  tragic  poet,  born  ;  dies  456. 
514     Themistocles,  Athenian  gen.  and  statesman, 

born ;  dies  449. 
510     The  law  of  ostracism  established. 
500     Miltiades,  Athenian  general  and  statesman, 

born  ;  dies  489. 
490     Battle  of  Marathon,  def.  of  Persians,  Sept.  28. 

First  appearance  of  Aristides  ;  d.  about  468. 
484  .  Herodotus,  historian,  born ;  dies  420. 
483     Aristides,  "  the  Just,"  banished. 
480     Euripides,  tragic  poet,  born  ;  dies  406. 

Athens  taken  by  Xerxes  the  Persian. 

Myron,  eminent  sculptor,  flourishes. 

Leonidas  defends  pass  of  Thermopylae, 

Battle  of  Salamis,  defeat  of  Persians,  Oct.  20. 
479     Battle  of  Plat?ea ;  Persian  fleet  destroyed  at 
^Mycale. 

Themistocles  banished. 
471     Thucydides,  Athenian  historian,  b. ;  d.  401. 
470     Pythagoras  teaches  the  doctrine  of  celestial 

motions. 
469     Pericles  takes  part  in  public  affairs  ;  d.  429. 


GREECE.  195 

460     Deraocritus,  "  the  Laughing  Philosopher,"  b. ; 

dies  361.  [flourishes. 

450     Polygnotus,  first  portrait  and  historic  painter, 

Alcibiades,  Athenian  orator,  born  ;  dies  404. 
448     The  sacred  war  begun  ;  ended  by  Philip,  346. 
445     Xenophon,  historian  and  general,  b. ;  d.  355. 
444     Agesilaus  II.,  king  of  Sparta,  born;  dies  361. 

Aristophanes,  comic  poet,  born  ;  d.  380. 
442     Phidias,  greatest  of  Grecian  sculptors,  flour. 
440     ApoUodorus,  Athenian  painter,  born. 
436     Isocrates,  Athenian  orator,  born  ;  dies  338. 
431     Peloponnesian  war ;  lasts  until  404. 
429     Plato  b. ;  founds  the  Academy,  388  ;  d.  347. 
412     Diogenes,  cynic  philosopher,  born  ;  d.  323. 
411     Govern m't  of  the  "  Four  Hundred  "  in  Athens. 
403     Rule  of  the  *'  Thirty  Tyrants  "  in  Athens. 
400     Retreat  of  the  10,000  under  Xenophon. 

Zeuxis  and  Parrhasius,  em.  painters,  flourish. 
399     Death  of  Socrates  ;  born  468. 
385     Demosthenes,  Athenian  orator,  born ;  d.  322. 
384     Aristotle,  philosopher,  born  ;  dies  322. 
370     Rise  and  fall  of  the  Theban  power  (in  360). 
362     Battle  of  Mantinea,  death  of  Kpaniinondas. 
360     Praxiteles,  eminent  sculptor,  flourishes. 
350     Pausias  of  Sicyon,  inv.  of  encaustic,  flourishes. 
342     Epicurus,  philosoj)her,  born  ;  dies  270. 
341     Menander,  dramatic  poet,  flourishes. 
340     Athens  and  allies  declare  war  againsf  IMiilij); 

defeated,  33H. 
336     Assassination  of  Pliilii"  of  Maecdon. 


196  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

336  Alexander  subdues  the  Athenians. 

330  Apelles,  eminent  painter,  flourishes. 

328  Lysippus,  eminent  sculptor,  flourishes. 

323  Death  of  Alexander  the  Great  ;  born  356. 

Euclid,  geometer,  flourishes. 

319  Antipater,  regent  of  Macedonia,  dies. 

288  Chares,  eminent  sculptor,  flourishes. 

277  Greece  invaded  by  the  Gauls. 

212  Archimedes  observes  solstices. 

160  Hipparchus  disc,  precession  of  equinoxes. 

147  Greece  made  a  Roman  province. 

86  Athens  conquered  by  Sylla,  Roman  general. 

70  Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,  hist.,  flourishes. 

A.D. 

50  Plutarch,  biographer,  flourishes. 

95  Dionysius   the   Areopagite,  Athenian  judge, 
flourishes. 

100  Clemens,  Church  Father,  dies. 

115  Ignatius,  Church  Father,  dies. 

130  Irengeus,  Saint,  born  ;  dies  202. 

169  Polycarp.  Church  Father,  dies. 

253  Origen,  Church  Father,  dies. 

296  Athanasius,  Church  Father,  born  ;  dies  373. 

336  Arius,  founder  of  Arianism,  dies. 

340  Eusebius,  Church  Father,  dies. 

347  Chrysostom,  Church  Father,  born  ;  dies  407. 

395  Rise  of  Eastern  Empire,  which  see. 

1456  Turks  under  Mahomet  II.  conquer  Athens. 

1466  The  Venetians  hold  Athens. 

1770  Struggle  for  independence,  helped  by  Rus. 


GREECE.  197 

1790     Marco  Bozzaris,  patriot,  born;  killed  Aug. 
10,  1823. 

1821  Missoloiighi  taken  by  Greeks,  Xov. 

1822  Independence  of  Greece  proclaimed,  Jan.  27. 
Siege  of  Corinth  by  the  Turks,  Jan. 

1829     Greek  National  Assembly  opens  at  Argos, 
July  23.  [of  Greece,  Sept.  14. 

The  Porte  acknowledges  the  independence 
1832     Othb  of  Bavaria  king  of  Greece,  May  7. 
1837     University  at  Athens  established. 
1843     Bloodless  revolution  at  Athens;  new  consti- 
tution established. 

1863  Prince  William  of  Denmark  becomes  king 

with  title  of  George  I.,  Oct.  31. 

1864  Alexander  Mavrocordato,  patriot,  d.  Aug.  18. 
1870     Decree  suppressing  brigandage  issued,  Oct. 
1878     Thessaly  ceded  to  Greece,  May  24,  1881. 

1882  Cutting  of  Isthmus  of  Corinth  begins,  May  5. 

1883  Coumoundouros,  statesman,  dies  March  i>. 

1885  liiiihvay  between  Athens  and  Corintli  opens, 

April  15. 
(Jreat  discovery  of  statuary  at  Athens. 

1886  Electoral  reform  bill  passed,  June  17. 
1888     National  Industrial  Exhib.  at  Athens,  Nov.  1. 
1890     Fornuition    of    "  Young   Greek "    party    at 

Athens,  Aug. 

1893  Corinth  canal  opened,  Aug.  C. 

1894  Destructive  earthquake  at  Thebes,  April  20. 
1896     ( )lympic  games  revived,  April. 

Revolt  of  Cretans  against  Turkey. 


ly^  IMPOKTAXT    EVENTS. 

1897  Greece  makes  AYar  against  Turkey ;  defeated, 

April-May ;  treaty  of  peace  signed,  Dec.  4. 

1898  Revolt  of  students  at  Athens,  Jan. 
Attempt  to  assassinate  King  George,  Feb.  26. 

THE   EASTERN    EMPIRE. 
[After  tlie  division  of  the  Roman  Empire  the  influence  and 
energy  of  the  Greeks  will  be  found  manifested  in  the  fortunes 
of  the  Eastern  Empire,  -which  came  to  an  end  by  the  taking  of 
Constantinople  by  3Iahomet  II.  May  29, 1453.] 

381     Xestorius,  first  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
July  9.  [of  the  East. 

395     The  Roman  empire  divided,  Arcadius  emp. 
413     Alaric  the  Goth  ravages  the  empire. 
431     First  Council  of  Ephesus;  2d,  449. 
451     Council  of  Chalcedon. 
529     Justinian  code  published. 

War  with  Persia ;  victorious  career  of  Beli- 
sarius,  dies  565,  aged  84. 
537     Dedication  of  St.  Sophia. 
632     Saracens  invade  the  empire. 
770     The  monasteries  dissolved. 

1203  Tlie  Crusaders  take  Constantinople,  July  19. 

1204  Baldwin,  earl  of  Flanders,  elected  emperor. 
1261     The  empire  re-established  by  Michael  Palse- 

ologus,  July  25. 
1361     The  Sultan  Amurath  takes  Adrianople. 
1390     All  the  Greek  possessions  in  Asia  lost. 
1402     Greek  empire  tributary  to  Timour  the  Tatar. 
1448     Constantine  XIII.  the  last  emperor. 
1453     INfahomet  II.  takes  Constantinople. 
[See  Italy,  Turkeij.] 


HERZEGOVINA.  199 

HANOVER. 

[The  country  at  present  in<Mnile<l  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover 
was  occupied  in  remote  ages  by  Saxon  tribes,  who  submitted  to 
Charlemagne,  and  embraced  Christianity.  The  emperor  Lud- 
vig  incorporated  it  in  the  Duchy  of  Saxony,  and  it  subsequently 
passed  to  the  family  of  the  Guelphs.] 

1535  Protestantism  permanently  established. 

1714  Elector  becomes  king  of  England  as  Geo.  I. 

1745  University  of  Gottingen  founded.  [lir. 

1793  Hanoverian  troops  act  against  the  Fr.  repiil)- 

1810  Becomes  a  part  of  kingdom  of  Westphalia. 

1814  Elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom. 

1837  Ernest  Augustus,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  king. 

1848  Liberal  constitution  adopted. 

1851  George  V.,  king ;  opposed  to  reforms. 

1866  Becomes  part  of  the  German  empire. 
[See  Germany.] 


HERZEGOVINA. 

[Herzegovina,  originally  a  |)art  of  Croatia,  was  united  with 
liosuia  in  l.Tjri.  and  made  the  J>uchy  of  St.  Saba  by  the  emperor 
Frederic  III.  in  the  fulli>wing  century.  It  was  ceiled  to  Turkey 
in  1609  at  the  peace  of  Carlowitz.  In  Derember.  18fil.  an  insur- 
rection against  the  Turks  broke  out,  fostered  by  the  Prince  of 
Montenegri>.  It  wa«  subdued;  and  on  Sept.  'J.'},  18(?_'.  Tucato- 
vitch,  chief  of  tho  insurg«'nts,  surrendered  to  Kurschid  Tacha, 
and  an  amnesty  was  granted.] 

1875     [nsurrection  against  tin*  Tiirk.^,  July  1.    ['J'J. 

European  powers  attempt  to  mediate,  Aug. 

Insurgents  demand    full  and    real    freedom, 

S.'pt.  12.  ^      [sidt.s,  Sept.-Xov. 

Sanguinary   engag»*ments,   with   various   re- 


200  IMPORTAJ^T    EVENTS. 

1876     Insurgents    defeated    near    Trebinje,    Jan. 

18-20. 
1878     Occupied  by  the  Austrian s,  July  13. 
1882     Insurrection    against    Austria,  Jan.   16-31 ; 

suppressed,  Oct.  26. 

[See  Austria,  Turkey.] 


HESSE. 

[Hesse,  the  original  seat  of  the  Catti,  formed  part  of  the 
empire  of  Charlemagne.  It  -was  joined  to  Thuringia  until 
about  1263,  when  Henry  I.  became  landgrave  of  Hesse.] 

1530  Pliilip  the  Magnanimous  signs  the  Augsburg- 
Confession,  [stadt. 

1567  Divided  into  Hesse-Cassel  and  Hesse-Darm- 

1803  Hesse-Cassel  becomes  an  electorate. 

1806  Hesse-Darmstadt  becomes  a  grand  duchy. 

1807  Hesse-Cassel  incorporated  with  Westphalia. 
1866  Hesse-Cassel  annexed  to  Prussia. 

[See  Germany,  Prussia.] 


HOLLAND    (NETHERLANDS). 

[The  oldest  inhabitants  of  Holland  were  of  Celtic  origin.  In 
Cfesar's  day  the  whole  district  between  the  Rhine 'and  the 
Scheldt  was  occupied  by  Belgse,  while  the  Betaw  (the  Insula 
Batavorum)  was  peopled  by  a  portion  of  the  Germanic  tribe  of 
the  Chatti  (the  Batari).  The  Frisians  occupied  the  whole 
northern  portion.  From  28  to  47  a.d.  a  struggle  went  on  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  the  Frisians,  which  ended  in  the 
complete  reduction  of  the  tribe.  The  Batavi  and  Frisians 
subsequently  became  ai^iliaries  of  Rome.] 

70     Rome  dismisses  her  Batavian  cohorts. 


HOLLAND     (NETHERLANDS).  201 

70  Claudius  Civili.s  attacks  the  Romans ;  after 
an  exhaustive  struggle,  peace  made  on 
easy  terms. 

481     Clovis,  chief  of  the  Franks,  possesses  IIol. 

695     Willibrord,  first  bishop  of  the  Netherlands. 

[From  the  lOtli  to  the  15th  century  the  country  was 
governed  by  counts  under  the  German  emperors.] 

1299  Holland  united  to  Ilainault. 

1347  Civil  war  bet.  "  Hooks  "  and  '•  Codfish." 

1416  Holland  united  to  Brabant.  [flourishes. 

1438  Lourens  Coster,  a  reputed  inv.  of  printing, 

1477  Annexed  to  Austria. 

1555  Philip  n.  establishes  the  JiKpiisition. 

1576  Union  of  North  and  South  Provinces. 

1577  Peter  Paul  Kubens  born  ;  dies  1040. 

1584     Assassination  of  William  of  Orange,  July  10. 

1586  Battle  of  Zutphen,  Sir  Philip  Sidnev  killed, 

Sept.  22. 

1587  Maurice,  famous  gen.,  becomes  stadt holder. 
1599     Van  Dyck  born  ;  dies  IGll. 

1605  Albert  Cuyp  born;  dies  1691. 

1608  Paul  Rembrandt  born  ;  dies  1669. 

1609  independence  of  United  Provinces  estab. 

1610  David  Teniers  born  ;  dies  1694. 
1613  Gerard  Douw  born;  dies  1680. 

1617  Sir  Peter  Lely  born;  dies  KiSO. 

1618  Synod  of  Dort ;  persecution  of  Arminians. 

1619  Kxecution  of  Barneveldt,  May  14. 

1639      Victories  f)f  Van  Tromp  over  Spanisli  tieet. 
1647      \Vi!Ii:ini  II.  stadthoMer. 


202  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1652     War  with  Eug.  ;  De  Ruyter  def.  by  Blake, 
Oct.  22. 
Van  Tromp  sails  through  British  Channel 
with  broom  at  his  masthead,  Xov.  29. 
1659     Victorious  war  with  Sweden. 
1665     "War  with  England  ;  indecisive  sea-fights. 
1668     Triple  All.  of  England,  Holland,  and  Sweden. 

1671  French  overrun  Holland  ;  the  sluices  opened. 

1672  Murder   of   Cornelius  and   John   De   Witt, 

Aug.  20. 
William  III.  stadtholder. 

1677  William  of  Orange  marries  Mary  of  England. 

1678  Peace  with  France  (Ximeguen). 
1689     William  becomes  king  of  England. 

AVar  with  France;  ends,  1696. 
1697     Peace  of  Ryswick,  Sept.  20. 
1702     AVar  against  France  and  Spain. 
1713     Peace  of  Utrecht,  April  11.  [tria. 

1743     Holland  supports  Maria  Theresa.     (See  ^4t/.*- 
1748     Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Oct.  18. 
1781     AVar  with  England  for  naval  supremacy. 
1787     Civil  war  in  Low  Countries. 
1793     French  Eeimblicans  march  into  Holland. 
1795     Batavian  Republic  established. 
1799     Texel  fleet  surrenders  to  British,  Aug.  30. 
1806     Louis  Bonaparte  king  of  Holland,  June  5. 
1810     Louis  abdicates,  July  1. 

Holland  united  to  France,  July  9. 
1813     Restored  to  house  of  Orange,  and  Belgium 
annexed,  Xov.  17. 


HUNGARY.  203 

1813  William  Frederic,  Prince  of  Orange,  declared 
sovereign  prince  of  United  Neth.,  Dec.  6. 

1831     Belgium  separated  from  Holland,  July  12. 

1840     AVilliam  II.  king,  Oct.  7. 

1849     William  III.  king,  March  17. 

1853  lie-establishment  of  Koman  Catholic  hier- 
archy, Mar.  12, 

1861  Great  inundations ;  40,000  acres  submerged, 
Jan.-Feb. 

1863     Slavery  ceases  in  Dutch  West  Indies,  July  1. 

1868  Fortifications  of  Luxemburg  razed.  May. 

1869  International  Exhibition  at  Amsterdam. 

1871  Possessions  in  Guinea  ceded  to  (ir.  Br.,  July  7. 

1872  Death  of  De  Thorbecke,  statesman,  June  4. 
1876     Canal  between  North  Sea  and  Amsterdam 

opened,  Oct.  4. 
1883     International  Exhiliition  at  Amsterdam. 
1890     Death  of  King  William  III.,  Nov.  2;J. 

Wilhelmina   queen   (b.   1880),  under  (jueen- 
regent. 
1894     Insurrection  in  Dutch  Fast  Indies,  Aug.  25. 
1898     Queen  Wilhelmina  reigns,  Sept.  o. 

Wilhelmina  betrothed  to  Prince  William  of 
Wied,  Oct. 

HUNGARY. 

890     Settled  by  the  L'ngri  and  Magyars. 

997     Stephen,  first  king,  establishes  Christianity. 
1061      Poles  overrun  Hungary. 
1174      Bela  III.  introduces  (ireek  civili/alioii. 


204 


IMPORTAXT    EYEXTS. 


1241 
1301 
1344 
1437 
1442 
1444 

1526 


1683 
1686 
1631 
1697 
1722 

1740 
1790 
1811 
1848 
1849 


1851 

1861 
1866 
1867 


Kavaged  by  the  Tatars. 

Andrew  II.  dies ;  end  of  Arpad  dynasty. 

Victories  of  Louis  the  Great  in  Bulgaria,  etc. 

Albert  of  Austria  becomes  king  of  Hungary. 

Victories  of  John  Hunniades  over  the  Turks. 

King  Ladislas  defeated  aud  slain  at  Varna. 

John  Hunniades  becomes  regent. 

Buda  taken  by  Solyman  II. 

Battle  of  :Mohatz,  Aug.  29,  Louis  II.  killed. 

Hungary  subject  to  Austria. 

John  Sobieski  defeats  the  Turks,  Xov.  12. 

The  Duke  of  Lorraine  retakes  Buda.        [19. 

Prince  Louis  of  Baden  def.  the  Turks,  Aug. 

Prince  Eugene  gains  battle  of  Zenta. 

Pragmatic  Sanction,  authorizing  female  suc- 
cession to  the  throne. 

Hungarians  support  Maria  Theresa. 

Independence  of  Hungary  guaranteed. 

Franz  Liszt  born  ;  dies  186S. 

Rebellion  against  Austria. 

Hungary  declares  itself  a  free  state  ;  Lonis 
Kossuth  supreme  governor. 

Russia  assists  the  Austrians.  [10. 

Defeat  of  Hungarian  army  by  Haynau,  Aug, 

Louis  Batthyany,  patriot,  shot,  Oct.  6. 

Count  Andrassy  sentenced  to  death,  Feb.  23  ; 
subsequently  prime  minister  of  Austria. 

Liberal  constitution  promulgated,  Feb.  26. 

Hungarian  legions  join  the  Prussian  army. 

Restoration  of  the  constitution  of  1848. 


ITALY.  205 

1868  Congress  of  Hungarian  Jews,  Dec.  14. 

1873  Buda-Pesth  constituted  the  capital. 

1876  Francis  Deak,  patriot,  dies  Jan.  28. 

1883  Violent  anti-tJewish  riots,  July,  Aug. 

1885  National  exhibition  at  Buda-Pesth,  May  2. 

1889  Count  Julius  Andrassy  dies  Feb.  18. 

1892  General  Klapka,  hero  of  Koniorn,  dies  about 

May  17. 

1894  Kossuth  dies  at  Turin,  March  20 ;  b.  1802. 

[See  Austria,  Turkey.] 


ITALY. 

ROME. 


B.C.  [Early  dates  conjectural.] 

753  Ronnilus  builds  Rome. 

750  Komans  seize  the  Sabine  women. 

747  Rome  taken  by  the  Sabines. 

716  Romulus  said  to  have  been  killed  by  senators. 

Calendar  of  10  mos.  reformed  and  made  12. 

710  Priesthood,  augur.s,  and  vestals  instituted. 

615  The  Capitol  founded. 

510  Rape  of  Lucretia  by  Tarquin. 

509  Tarquin  H.  expelled  for  tyranny. 

Junius  Brutus  and  Tarquinius  first  cojisuls. 

507  Th(^  Capitol  de<licated  to  Jiipitor  Capitolimis, 

501  Titus  Lartius  first  dictator. 

496  Battl.'  of  Lakr  Regillus;  defeat  of  Latins. 

494  Secession  of  Plfbci.ms  to  Sacn-d  Mount. 


206  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

491  Coriolanus  besieges  Rome. 

486  First  agrarian  law  passed. 

458  Victory  of  Cinciiinatiis  over  the  ^Eqiiiaii?'. 

456  ^Sloimt  Aventine  allotted  to  the  Plebeians. 

451  Virginias  kills  his  daughter  Virginia. 

434  AVar  with  the  Etruscans. 

390  The  Gauls  under  Brennus  sack  Rome. 

343  First  Samnite  war.* 

340  Latin  war. 

339  Equal  political  rights  granted  the  Plebeians. 

304  Second  Samnite  war  ;  the  Samnites  sub.,  291. 

265  Rome  supreme  in  Italy. 

264  The  first  Punic  war. 

260  First  Roman  fleet  built. 

254  Plautus  born  ;  dies  184. 

235  Temple  of  Janus  closed. 

234  Cato  the  elder  born  ;  dies  149. 

225  The  Gauls  invade  Rome. 

213  The  Macedonian  wars  begin. 

207  Second  Punic  war. 

185  Death  of  Scipio  Africa nus  the  elder. 

Terence  born  ;  dies  159. 

168  INIacedon  annexed. 

167  First  public  library  erected  at  Rome. 

149  Third  Punic  war  begins. 

132  Plebeian  consuls  chosen. 

100  Cornelius  Xepos  flourishes  about  this  time. 

98  Lucretius  born  ;  dies  55. 

94  Catullus  born;  dies  54. 

86  Sallust  born;  dies  31. 


ITALY.  Un; 

79     Sylla  defeats  Marius  ;  becomes  dictator. 

73     Revolt  of  Spartacus  the  gladiator. 

70     Virgil  born  ;  dies  19. 

65     Horace  born;  dies  8. 

63     The  Catiline  conspiracy  suppressed  by  Cicero. 

60     First  triumvirate,  —  Caesar,  Pompey,  Crassus. 

59     Livy  born  ;  dies  17  a.d. 

58     Ca?sar's  campaigns  in  Gaul. 

54     Tibullus  born;  dies  19. 

50     War  between  Pompey  and  Caesar. 

46     Cato  kills  himself  at  Utica;  born  95. 
Julius  Caesar  reforms  the  calendar. 

44     Caesar  killed  in  the  Senate  House,  March  15. 

43     Ovid  born;  dies  17  a.d.  [dus. 

Second  triumvirate,  —  Octavius,  Antony,  Lepi- 
Cicero  killed,  proscribed  by  Antony  ;  b.  10(5. 

42     Battle  of  Philippi, death  of  Brutus  and  Cassius. 

27     Octavius  emperor,  as  Augustus  Caesar. 
4     Tlie  empire  at  peace  with  all  the  world;  the 

Temple  of  Janus  shut ;  Jesus  Christ  born. 
3     Seneca  born  ;  dies  G5  a.d. 

A.U. 

14  Tiberius  emperor. 

23  Pliny  the  el<k*r  born  ;  dies  79. 

35  Quintilian  born  ;  dies  9<). 

37  Caligula  emperor;  murdered  by  a  tribune. 

38  Juvenal  born  ;  dies  1*20. 

39  Lucan  born  ;  dies  65. 

40  Martial  born  ;  dies  104.  [wife. 

41  Claudius  I.  eniji. ;   poisoned  by  Agripjtina.  his 


208  IMPORTANT    ETEXT?. 

54  Xero  emperor  ;  kills  himself,  68. 

55  Tacitus  b.  about  this  time;  d.  after  117  (?). 

61  Pliny  the  younger  born;  dies  115. 

62  St.  Paul  arrives  in  Rome  in  bonds. 
64  Rome  burnt  under  Xero. 

67  Peter  and  Paul  said  to  have  been  put  to  death. 

68  Galba  emperor  ;  slain  by  the  praetorians. 

69  Otho  emperor ;  stabs  himself. 

Vitellius  emperor  ;  put  to  death  by  Vespasian. 
Vespasian  emperor. 

72  Suetonius  born;  dies  140. 

75  Coliseum  founded  by  Vespasian. 

79  Titus  emperor. 

81  Domitian,  last  of  the  12  Caesars,  assassinated. 

86  Dacian  war  begins  ;  continues  15  years. 

96  Xerva  emperor. 

98  Trajan  emperor  ;  Trajan's  column  erected,  1 14. 

102  Pliny  proconsul  in  Bithynia. 

117  Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  emperor. 

138  Antoninus  Pius  emperor. 

161  Marcus  Aurelius  emperor. 

188  The  Capitol  destroyed  by  lightning. 

222  The  Goths  are  paid  tribute. 

250  Invasion  of  the  Goths. 

269  Great  victory  over  the  Goths ;  300,000  slain. 

284  The  era  of  the  martyrs,  or  of  Diocletian. 

312  Constantine  the  Great  favors  the  Christians. 

321  Seat    of    empire    removed    from     Rome    to 

Byzantium. 

325  First  general  council  of  Christians  at  Xice. 


ITALY.  200 

330  Constantine  orders  the  heathpii  temples  to 

be  destroyed. 

334  Revolt  of  800,000  Sarmatian  slaves. 

361  Julian,  emperor,  abjures  Christianity. 

364  Empire  divided  into  Eastern  and  Western. 

(See  Eastern  Empire.) 

410  Rome  taken  by  Alaric. 

455  Pillaged  by  Genseric. 

475  Boetius  born  ;  dies  5"25. 

476  Odoacer  takes  Rome. 

536  Empire  recovered  for  Justinian  by  Belisarius. 

600  Rome  at  her  lowest  state. 

728  Independent  under  the  popes. 

896  Taken  by  Arnulf  and  the  Germans. 

962  Otho  I.  crowned  at  Rome. 

1084  City  taken  by  Emperor  Henry  IV, 

1155  Arnold  of  Brescia  put  to  death  as  a  heretic. 

1309  The  pope  removes  to  Avignon. 

1347  Nicola  di  Rienzi,  tribune,  establishes  a  repuh. 

1377  Papal  court  returns  to  Rome. 

1474  Ludovico  Ariosto  b.  (in  Reggio) ;  dies  l^iX). 

1483  Raphael  Sanzio  born  (at  Urbino) ;  dies  1520. 

1494  Correggio  born;  dies  March  o,  1531. 

1503  Julius  II.  conquers  the  Romagna.       [May  0. 

1527  Rome   captured    l)y  Constable   de  Bourbon, 

1581  Domenichino  Zampieri  born;  dies  Kill. 

1626  St.  Peter's  dedicated,  Nov.  18;  begun,  1  i:)(). 

1693  Barometer  invented  by  Torricelli. 

1773  The  Jesuits  exjielled  from  Romr. 

1792  GioacrhinKj  Rossini  b.  Feb.  'J!> ;  d.  Nov..  IsJiS. 


210  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1798     The  French  proch\im  the  Roman  Republic, 
March  20.  [of  Italy,  May. 

1808     Rome  annexed  by  Xapoleon  to  the  kingdom 
1814     Inquisition  re-established,  Aug.  7. 
1831     -'Young  Italy"  party  establ.  by  ]\Iazzini. 
1846     Pius  IX.  elected  pope,  June  16. 

1848  Insurrection  at  Rome,  Xov.  16.  [24. 
The  pope  escapes  from  Rome  to  Gaeta,  Xov. 

1849  Rome  capitulates  to  the  French,  June  30. 
Re-establishment    of    the   pope's    authority, 

July  15. 
1855     Important  concordat  with  Austria. 
1860     Tuscan  volunteers   enter   the   Papal   States, 

May  19. 

1864  Encyclical  letter  of  the  pope,  censuring  80 

errors  in  religion,  philosophy,  and  politics, 
Dec.  8. 

1865  The  pope  denounces  secret  societies,  Sept.  25. 

1866  Law  prohibiting  Protestant  worship  enforced, 

Dec.  31.  [troops,  Sept.  et  seq. 

1867  Conflicts  between    Garibaldians    and   Papal 

1868  The  pope  summons  an  (Ecumenical  Council, 

Dec.  8. 

1869  (Ecumenical  Council  opens.  Dec.  8.  [18. 

1870  Dogma  of  Papal  infallibility  adopted,  July 
The  Italian  troops  enter  Rome,  Sept.  20. 
Rome  and  its  provinces  incorporated  with 

the  kingdom  of  Italy,  Oct.  9. 


I'll 


MODERN    KINGDOM    OF    ITALY. 


1861  Assembly  of   first    Italian  parliament,   Feb. 

26 ;   Victor   Emmanuel  declared  king    of 
Italy,  March  14.  [15. 

The  pope  protests  against  the  kingdom,  Apr. 

Count  Cavour  dies  .June  0,  aged  52. 

1862  Triumphant  progress  of  Garibaldi  through 

Italy,   March ;    taken    prisoner,   Aug.   29 ; 
receives  amnesty,  Oct.  5.      [mont,  June  1. 

1863  Cavour  canal  opened  for  irrigation  of  Pied- 

1864  Franco-Italian  convention  signed  ;   Florence 

to  be  the  capital  of  Italy,  Sept.  15. 

1865  600th    anniversary    of    Dante's    birth    cele- 

brated. May  14. 
Bank  of  Italy  established,  Nov.  7. 

1866  Alliance  with  Prussia,  May  12. 

War  declared  against  Austria,  June  IS. 
Italian  army  defeated  at  Custozza,  June  24. 
Venetia  ceded  to  France  ]>y  Austria,  July  '•\. 
Naval  bat.  near  Lissa  ;  Italians  def.,  July  20. 
Treaty  of  peace  with  Austria,  Oct.  12. 

1867  Garibaldi    invades    Roman    territories;    de- 

feated and  captured,  Sept.  et  scif. 
Italian  troops  enter  Papal  territory,  Oct.  M). 

1868  Prince  Humbert  niarries  his  cousin  Margiie- 

rita,  April  22. 
1870     Mazzini  arreste*!,  .Vug.  14  ;  included  in  gen- 
eral  amnesty   to   political   oflenders,  Oct. 
16;  dies  March  IM.  1872. 


212  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1870  Rome  declared  the  capital  of  Italy,  Dec.  5. 

1871  The  king  and  ministers  remove  to  Rome, 

July  1,  2.  [Oct. 

1872  Great  inundations  in  the  valley  of  the  Fo, 

1873  Jesuits  expelled  from  Italy,  Oct.  20. 

1874  Secret  assassination  societies  prevalent. 

1875  Garibaldi  takes  his  seat  in  the  Chamber  of 

Deputies,  Jan,  24.  [Aug. 

Synod  of  Italian  Catholic  Chui-ch  at  Xaples, 

1876  Discovery  of  a  "  black  book  "  recording  mis- 

deeds of  many  officials,  June. 
1878     Victor  Emmanuel  II.  dies  Jan.  9  ;  buried  in 

the  Pantheon  at  Rome,  Jan.  17. 
Humbert  succeeds  to  the  throne. 
Pope  Pius  IX.  dies  Feb.  7 ;  Leo  XIII.  elected, 

Feb.  20. 
Attempted  assassination  of  the  king,  Xov.  17. 

1882  Garibaldi  dies  at  Caprera,  June  2  ;  b.  1807. 

1883  International  tine  art  exhibition  at  Rome, 

Jan.  21. 

1884  Sig.  Sella,  great  finan.  minister,  d.  Mar.  II. 

1885  Heavy  snowstorms  in  Piedmont,  many  vil- 

lages   destroyed,   and   great   loss   of    life, 
Jan.  16-28.  / 

AVar  with  Abyssinia.  [10. 

1886  Marco  Minghetti,  ex-prime-minister,  d.  Dec. 

1887  Destructive   earthquakes    at    Calabria,    etc., 

Feb.  23  ;  Dec.  4. 
Defensive  treaty  of  alliance  with  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Germany  signed,  March  13. 


ITALY.  2l.> 

1887  M.  Crispi  becomes  prime  minister,  Aug. 

1888  Fall  of  vast  avalanches  in  Northern  It.,  Feb. 
Capital  punishment  abolished,  June. 

1889  Father  Gavazzi,  church  reformer,  dies  Jan. 

9,  aged  80. 
Benedetto  Cairoli,  patriot,  d.  Aug.  8,  a.  G3. 
Treaty  with  Abyssinia  ratified,  Oct.  2. 

1890  Duke  of  Aosta  dies  Jan.  18,  aged  44. 

1891  Treaty   with   Great  Britain    in    relation    to 

East  Africa  signed,  April  15. 
The  Triple  Alliance  renewed,  June  28. 

1892  Gen.  Cialdini,  patriot,  dies  Sept.  8,  aged  81. 

1893  The  pope's  jubilee  at  Rome,  Feb. 

1894  Anarchist  riots  in  Carrara,  Jan.  16  et  aeq. 

1895  Att.  Gen.  Celli  of  Milan  assassinated,  Jan.  7. 
Tri-centenary  of  the   death  of   Tasso  cele- 
brated, April  25. 

Humbert  bridge  over  the  Tiber  op.,  Sept.  22. 

1896  Peace  concluded  with  Abyssinia,  Oct.  20. 

1897  Attempt  to  assas.  King  Humbert,  Apr.  22. 
Pope   issues  encyclical  on  Manitoba  school 

(piestion,  Dec.  24. 

1898  T\v»Miti<'th  anniversary  of  coronation  of  Leo 

XIII.,  March  1.  [Apr.  4. 

Pope  otters  to  mediate   in   Cuban  (piestion. 
Bread  riots  in  many  plaees.  .\pril-May. 


*14  IMPORTANT    EVEXTS. 


FLORENCE. 


[Florence,  a  portion  of  the  ancient  Etruria,  formed  a  part  of 
the  Lombard  kingdom  conquered  by  Charlemagne.  The  most 
important  of  the  Tuscan  cities  gradually  asserted  their  inde- 
pendence, and  were  governed  by  rulers  of  their  own  selection, 
until  finally  absorbed  by  Florence.] 

1198  Becomes  an  independent  republic. 

1215  War.s  of  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines. 

1240  Giovanni  Cimabue  born;  dies  about  1302. 

1265  Dante  Alighieri  born  May  14  ;  dies  1321. 

1266  Arts  or  guilds  established. 
1276  Giotto  Bordone  born  ;  dies  1326. 
1300  Factions  of  the  Bianchi  and  Xevi. 
1304  Francesco  Petrarch  born  ;  dies  1374. 

1348  Great  plague  of  the  Black  Death. 

1349  '•  Decamerone  "  composed  by  Boccaccio  (born 

in  Paris,  1318). 
1387     Fra  Giovanni  Angelico  born  ;  dies  1455. 
1420     The  influence  of  the  Medici  begins. 
1452     Leonardo  da  Yinci  born  ;  dies  1519.     [1517. 
1469     Baccio  della  Porta  (Fra  Bartolomeo)  b. ;  dies 

Xiccolo  ^Nlachiavelli  born  ;  dies  1527. 
1493     Republic  proclaimed. 
1498     Xiccolo  Machiavelli  chief  secretary. 

Savonarola  burned,  May  23  ;  born  1452. 
1860     Florence  annexed  to  Sardinia. 
1864     Florence  becomes  the  capital  of  Italy. 


ITALY.  215 


GENOA. 


[Genoa  is  first  mentioned  in  history  during  the  second  Punic 
war.  It  was  destroyed  by  Mago,  a  Carthaginian  general.  205 
B.{ .,  and  rebuilt  by  the  Romans  203  H.c.  On  the  dismember- 
ment of  the  Latin  empire,  it  fell  under  the  sway  of  the  Lom- 
bards, Franks,  and  Germans  successively.] 

1000     Genoa  becomes  a  free  commercial  state. 
1284     The  (jenoese    destroy  the   naval   power   of 

Pisa. 
1293     Wars  between  Venice  and  Genoa. 
1339     Simon  Boccanegra,  the  first  doge. 
1446     Columbus  b.  about  this  time,  date  uncertain. 
1522     Sacked  by  the  Spaniards  and  Italians. 
1528     Andrew  Doria  restores  the  independence  of 

Genoa. 
1797     Genoa  becomes  the  Liginiau  Kpj>ii))lic. 
1805      Annexed  to  the  French  empire. 
1814     L'nited  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia. 

[See  Italii.] 

LOMBARDY. 

[The  Longobardi  (or  Lan^olcirdi  i,  a  Tmitnnic  tribe  of  obscure 
origin,  descended  into  Italy  about  5(J8,  under  their  king  Alboin, 
and  established  a  kingdom  which  lasted  until  774,  when  its  last 
king,  Desiderius,  was  dethroned  by  Charlemagne.] 

774  Becomes  part  of  the  Carlovingian  empire. 

843  Created  a  separate  kingdom. 

961  Annexed  to  the  German  empire. 

1167  First  Lombard  League. 

1176  The  T^ombards  defeat  Frederic  Barbarossa. 

1226  Second  Lombard  League  formed. 


216  IMPORTAXT    EYFXTS. 

1540  Spain  obtains  possession  of  Lombardy. 

1748  Comes  into  the  hands  of  Austria. 

1797  A  part  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic. 

1815  Restored  to  Austria. 

1859  Joined  to  the  new  kingdom  of  Italy. 

[See  Italy.-] 

MILAN. 

[Milan,  Mediolanum,  capital  of  the  ancient  Lignria,  now 
Lombardy,  is  reputed  to  have  been  built  by  the  Gauls,  aboiit 
408  B.C.] 

B.C. 

222     Conquered  by  the  Roman  consul  Marcellus. 

A.D. 

286  Seat  of  government  of  the  Western  Empire. 

452  Plundered  by  Attila. 

489  Included  in  the  Ostrogothic  kingdom  ;  in  the 
Lombard  kingdom,  569. 

1101  Becomes  an  independent  republic. 

1158  The  emperor  Frederic  I.  takes  Milan. 

1162  It  rebels  ;  is  taken  by  Frederic. 

1169  Rebuilt  and  fortified. 

1499  Conquered  by  Louis  XII.  of  France. 

1540  Annexed  to  the  crown  of  Spain. 

1714  Ceded  to  Austria. 

1805  Made  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 

1848  Insurrection  against  the  Austrians. 

1860  Victor  Emmanuel    enters    Milan   as    king, 

Aug.  8. 


ITALY.  217 


PISA. 

[The  origin  of  Pisa  is  involved  in  obscurity.  Strabo  men- 
tions it  as  one  of  the  bravest  of  the  Etruscan  cities.  In  2"2i> 
B.C.  it  was  tlie  friend  of  the  Romans,  became  their  ally,  and 
was  finally  subjected  to  their  rule.  It  was  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  Italian  cities  in  the  Middle  Ages.] 

1004     Attacked  by  tlie  Saracens;  again  in  lOll. 

1099     Takes  part  in  the  second  crusade. 

1114  Between  this  date  and  1110  the  Pisan  fleet 
attacks  the  Moslems,  and  rescues  a  multi- 
tude of  Christian  captives. 

1118     War  with  Genoa,  lasting  many  years. 

1174  Construction  of  Cani[)anile  (famous  leaning 
tower)  begun. 

1222     War  witli  Florence. 

1228     The  Pisans  defeat  Lucca  and  Florence. 

1260     Defeat  the  Tuscan  Guelfs  at  Montai)erto. 

1284     Sustain  crushing  defeat  from  Genoa,  Aug.  (J. 

[For  more  than  two  centuries  Pisa  was  engaged  in 
fierce  struggles  with  other  Italian  cities,  and  was 
fin.'iUy  subdued  by  Florence  in  l.'»0!>.| 

1564     Galilei  (Galileo)  b.  Feb.  15;  d.  Jan..  IGIl'. 
1597     TiMM-mometer  invented  by  Galilro. 
1604     (ialileo  constructs  a  ttdesco)**'. 
1633     Galileo  condemned  by  the  In<iuisilion. 
[See  Italy,  Florence,  etc. J 


21S  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 


SARDINIA. 

[Sardinia,  an  island  in  tlie  Jlediterranean,  successively  pos- 
sessed by  the  PbcEnicians,  Greeks,  Carthaginians,  Eomans, 
Vandals,  Saracens,  Genoese,  Pisans,  Ai-agonese,  and  Spaniards. 
Victor  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  acquired  Sardinia  in  1720, 
with  the  title  of  king.] 

1708  Sardinia  conquered  by  English  naval  forces. 

1720  Victor  Amadeus  becomes  king. 

1849  Charles  Albert,  king,  abdicates,  ]March  23. 

Victor  Emmanuel  II.  king. 

1851  Cavour  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

1855  Convents  suppressed,  March  2. 

1857  War  with  Austria ;  peace,  Xovember,  1859. 

[For  later  history,  see  Italy.] 

SICILY   AND   NAPLES. 
B.C. 

735  Naxos  built  by  the  Greeks  from  Euboea. 

734  Syracuse  founded  by  Archias  from  Corinth. 

579  Agrigentum  founded  by  the  Dorians. 

405  Dionysius  the  elder  becomes  supreme  in  Sic. 

397  Dionysius  declares  war  against  Carthage. 

387  Dionysius  plants  colonies  in  Italy. 

343  Timoleon  restores  the  republic. 

317  Agathocles  overthrows  the  republic. 

263  War  with  the  Romans. 

212  Syracuse  taken  and  Archimedes  slain. 

210  Sicily  becomes  a  Roman  province. 

135  Servile  wars,  much  slaus^hter. 


ITALV.  1J19 

73  Tyrannical  gov.  of  Verres,  accused  by  Cicero. 

35  Sicily  held  by  Sextiis  Pompeius. 

A.I). 

79  Eruption  of  Vesuvius,  Pompeii  destroyed. 

440  Invasion  of  the  Vandals. 

493  Invasion  of  the  Goths  under  Theodoric. 

536  Taken  by  Belisarius  for  Greek  emperors. 

832  Conquered  by  the  Saracens. 

1038  Partly  recovered  by  the  Greek  emperors  with 

assistance  of  the  Normans. 

1061  Roger  I.  takes  title  of  Count  of  Sicily. 

1131  Roger  II.  crowned  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

1266  Charles  of  Anjou  becomes  king. 

1282  Siciliuu   I'rsjtrrs,  massacre  of  the  French. 
Sicily  con(piered  by  the  kings  of  Aragon. 

1435  Alphonso  of  Aragon  takes  pos.  of  Naples. 

1501  Xaples  and  Sicily  united  to  S[)ain. 

1544  Torquato  Tasso  born  in  Naples;  died  1595. 

1615  Salvator  Rosa  born  ;  dies  1073. 

1711  Discovery  of  buried  Ilerculaneum. 

1713  Victor,  duke  of  Savoy,  king  of  Sicily. 

1735  Charles  of  Spain  i>ecomes  king. 

1755  Excavations  begun  at  Ponjpeii. 

1759  Charles  abdicates,  and  is  sue.  by  Ferdinand. 

1767  The  Je.suits  expelled.  [lost. 

1783  (Jreat   earthquake  in  Messina,  40,000  lives 

1799  The  French  <'stablished  a  republic,  Jan  14. 
The  king  restored  by  aid  of  the  British.  June. 

1805  Fearful  eartlupiake  in  Najdes,  tliousands  per. 

1806  .Joseph  Bonuparle  niiidr  kiu^^  Fei). 


220  IMFORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1808     Bonaparte  abdi.  for  throne  of  Spain,  June. 

Joachim  Miirat  king,  July  15. 
1815     Kingdom  of  Two  Sicilies  restored. 

Murat  seized  and  shot,  Oct.  13. 

Ferdinand  abolishes  the  constitution. 
1821     The  Austrians  invade  the  kingdom. 

Fall  of  the  constitutional  government. 
1825     Ferdinand  d.  Jan.  4,  having  reigned  66  yrs. 
1828     Insurrection  of  the  Carbonari  in  Xaples,  Aug. 

1848  Revolution,  rising  of  the  great  cities,  Jan. 
Messina  taken  by  the  Xeapolitans,  Sept.  7. 

1849  Catania,   Syracuse,   and   Palermo   taken  by 

assault,  April-May. 
1860     Garibaldi  lands  in  Sicily,  May  11,  and  as- 
sumes dictatorship.  May  14  ;  defeats  the 
Neapolitans  in  various  engagements,  May- 
July. 
New  Sicilian  constitution  proclaimed,  Aug.  3. 
The  Sicilians  vote  for  annexation  to   Sar- 
dinia, Oct.  21.  [19. 
1862     Garibaldi  estab.aprovisionalgovernm't,  Aug. 

1865  First  Eng.  Prot.  church  consecrated.  Mar.  11. 

1866  Cholera  rages  in  Xaples,  autunm. 

1867  Great  eruption  of  \'esuvius  begins,  Xov.  12. 

1871  Maritime  exhibition  op.  at  Xaples,  Apr.  17. 

1872  Revival  of  brigandage  and  murder,  Aug. 
1877     Xational  exhibition  of  line  arts  opened  at 

Xaples,  April  8. 
1891     Italian  national  exhib.  at  Palermo,  Xov.  15. 
1893     Increase  of  socialism. 


ITALY.  221 

1894  Frequent  bloody  conflicts. 

Destructive  earthquake  at  Messina,  Nov.  16. 

1895  Disorders  cause  the  suspension  of  studies  in 

the  universities,  Feb. 

[See  Kah/.] 
VENICE. 

452      Venice  founded  by  families  from  Aquileia 

and  Padua. 
697     First  doge  chosen. 
811     Rialto  made -the  seat  of  government. 
997     Becomes  independent  of  the  Eastern  Empire. 
1157     Bank  of  Venice  established. 
1177     Ceremony  of  wedding  the  Adriatic  instituted. 
1202     The  Venetians  aid  tlie  Crusaders. 
1204     Crete  purchased. 
1229     The  four  bronze  horses  by  Lysippus  brought 

from    Constantinople    and    placed    in    St. 

Mark's. 
1263     War  with    tiie    Genoese;   also    in    1:^50-81, 

1377,  1380, 
1346     Defeats  the  Hungarians  at  Zara,  July  1. 
1355     The*  doge  Marino  Faliero  beheaded,  Apr.  17. 
1404     War  with  Padua. 
1428     War  against  Milan;  also  1430. 
1461      War  with    the  Turks;  loss  of  many  Eastern 

possessions. 
1466     The  Venetians  take  Athens  ;  Cyprus.  1  17."). 
1474      Michel- .\ngelo  Buonarotli  burn  (at  Chiusi) ; 

dies  1561. 


222  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1477  Giorgioiie  born  ;  dies  1511. 

Titian  born  (at  Capro  del  Cadora) ;  d.  1576. 

1483  Venice  excommunicated. 

1494  Aldine  Press  established. 

1497  Injured  by  the  discovery  of  America. 

1508  Xearly  ruined  by  the  siege  of  Cambray. 

1571  Takes  part  in  the  battle  of  Lepanto. 

1592  The  Rialto  Bridge   and  the  Piazza  di  San 

Marco  erected. 

1651  Xaval  victories  over  the  Turks.  [39. 

1683  Recovers  part  of  the  Morea  :  loses  it,  1715- 

1775  Antonio  Canova  b.  (at  Passagno)  ;  d.  1822. 

1797  Occupied  by  Bonaparte. 

1805  Annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Dec.  26. 

1814  Transferred  to  the  empire  of  Austria. 

1830  Declared  a  free  port,  Jan.  2-1.  []\Ianin. 

1848  Insurrection  ;   the   city  defended  by  Daniel 

1849  Sur,  to  Austrians  after  long  siege,  Aug.  22. 
1866  Venetia  sur.  to  France,  and  transf.  to  Italy. 

[See  Italy. ^ 


NORWAY. 

630     Olaf  Trsetelia  establ.  a  colony  in  Vermeland. 

940     Haco  the  Good  reigns  ;  dies  963. 

998     Olaf  I.  establishes  Christianity  by  force. 
1066     Harold  Hardrada  invades  England  ;  slain  at 

Stamford  Bridge. 
1096     :Magnus  III.  killed  in  Ireland,  1103.       [war. 
1136     Xumerous  competitors  for  the  crown  ;  civil 


POLAND.  223 

1389     Norway    united    with    Deiiiiiark.    separated 

1448,  reunited  1450. 
1624     Christiania,  the  modern  capital,  built. 
1814     Given  to  Sweden  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel. 
1821     Nobility  abolished. 
1832     Bjornstjerne  Bjornson  born. 
1873     King  Oscar  crowned  at  Drontheini,  July  17. 
1884     Crown  prince  of  Sweden  appointed  Viceroy, 

March  19.  [June  10. 

1892  Norway  desires  autonomy  in  foreign  affairs, 

1893  Nansen  starts  for  arctic  regions,  June  24  ; 

reaches  80°  14'  N.,  April  7,  1895;  arrives 
at  Christiania,  Sept.  9,  189G. 
1897     llerr  Andree  starts  in  a  balloon  for  the  dis- 
covery of  the  North  Pole,  July  11. 

[See  SireiltH,  I)tnmark.\ 


POLAND. 

842  Piastus,  a  peasant,  elected  duke. 

992  Christianity  introduced. 

1080  Boleslas  II.  nmrders  St.  Stanislaus. 

1241  Tatar  invasion. 

1370  Louis  of  Hungary  electt'il  king. 

1444  Battle  of  Varna;  Ladislas  VI.  slain  by  Turks. 

1410  War  against  the  Teutonic  knights. 

1498  The    Wallachians  carry   otf    100,000    Boles, 

anil  s»*ll  them  to  the  Turks  as  slaves. 

1548  SpU'udid  reign  of  Sigisniund  II. 


224  IMPOKTANT    EVEXTS. 

1569     Lithuania  incorporated  with  Poland. 

1654     Poland  conquered  by  Swedes  and  Russiaus. 

1660     Recovers  its  independence. 

1668     John  Casimir  abdicates. 

1683     John  Sobieski  defeats  the  Turks  at  Vienna. 

1770     Stanislaus  abolishes  torture. 

Pestilence  destroys  250,000  persons. 
1772     First  partition  of  the  kingdom  by  Russia, 
Aust.,  and  Prussia  ;  second  partition,  1793. 
1794     Rising  under  Kosciusko,  March.        [Xov.  9. 

Warsaw  and    Praga    sacked   by   Suwarrow, 
1806     Napoleon  enters  AVarsaw. 
1815     Central  provinces  made  the  kingdom  of  Pol. 

Cracow  a  free  republic,  Xov.  27. 

1830  Revolution  at  Warsaw. 

1831  Battles  with  the  Russians. 

The  insurrection  suppressed,  Oct.  5. 

1832  Poland  becomes  integral  part  of  Rus.  empire, 

1846  Cracow  annexed  to  Austria. 

1847  Poland  declared  a  Russian  province,  ^lay. 

1861  Prince  Gortschakoff  governor  of  Poland. 
Great  agitation  throughout  Poland ;  reign  of 

terror  in  Warsaw. 

1862  Rigor  of  Russian  government  relaxed.  April. 
Grand  Duke  Constantine   appointed  gover- 
nor, May  28.  [murdered,  Jan.  22, 

1863  Insurrection    at    Warsaw ;    many    Russians 
Fruitless  intervention  of  European  powers, 

June.  [executions. 

Mouraviefl:"  rules  with  great  severity ;  many 


PORTUGAL.  225 

1866     Churcli  property  appropriated,  Jan.  0. 
1868     Complete  union  witli  Ru.s.  ei!ected,  Feb.  20. 
The  Polish  language    interdicted   in    puhlic 
places,  July. 

1885  Over  30,000  Poles  exp.  from  Prus.  Oct.-Xov. 

1886  Movement  for  denationalizing  Poland,  Feb. 

1889  Conciliatory  measures  towards  Polish  land- 

owners. 

1890  Congress  of  Polish  historians  and  archaeolo- 

gists at  Leopol,  July  17. 
1892     Emp.  William  II.  of  Ger.  favors  the  Poles. 
1894     Political  demonstration   in  Warsaw;   many 

arrests,  April  16. 

[See  Austria,  Prussia,  linssia.] 


PORTUGAL. 

B.C. 

137  The  Lusitanians  suV)niit  to  the  Roman  arms. 

A.D. 

472  Settlement  of  Alaiiis  and  Visigoths. 

713  Conquered  )iy  the  Moors. 

1139  Alfon.so  I.  d<'feats  Moors. 

1308  rnivorsity  of  Coimbra  founded. 

1415  .John  I.,  the  (ireat,  invades  Africa. 

1419  Fra  of  maritime  discoveries  begins. 

1420  Madeira  and  the  Canaries  seized. 
1433  Lisbon  becomes  the  capital. 
1460  Prince  IltMiry,  the  navigator,  dirs. 


226  IMPORTAXT    EVEXTS. 

1497  Passage  to  East  Indies  discovered  by  Vasco 

da  Gama,  Nov.  20. 

1524  Luiz  de  Camoens  born  ;  dies  1579. 

1526  The  Inquisition  established. 

1531  University  of  Evora  founded.  [4. 

1578  King  Sebastian  slain  at  Alcazar,  Africa,  Aug. 

1580  Philip  II,  of  Spain  seizes  the  kingdom. 

1640  Yoke  of  Spain  thrown  off ;  John  IV.,  Duke 

of  Braganza.  becomes  king,  Dec. 

1668  Treaty  of  Lisbon,  with  Spain. 

1755  Lisbon  destroyed  by  earthquake,  Xov.  1. 

1758  The  Jesuits  expelled,  [by  English. 

1762  French  and  Spanish  invade  Portugal ;  saved 

1792  Queen  Maria  becomes  insane. 

1801  War  with  Spain,  March  3  ;  peace,  June  6. 

1807  Invaded  by  France  ;  the  court  sail  for  Brazil. 

1808  Battle  of  Yimiera ;  Wellington  defeats  Junot, 

Aug.  21. 

1809  Oporto  taken  by  Marshal  Soult,  March  29, 

1810  Almeida  taken  by  Massena,  Aug,  27 ;  he  is 

defeated  at  Busaco,  Sept.  27  ;  at  Fuentes 
de  Onoro,  May  5,  1811. 
1815     L^nion  of  Portugal  and  Brazil,  [Oct.  1. 

1820  Revolution ;    Constitutional    Junta    establ,, 

1821  Return  of  the  court,  July  4. 

1826  Dom  Pedro  abdicates  the  throne,  May  2. 

1828  Dom  Miguel  assumes  the  title  of  king,  July  I. 

1833  Donna  Maria  proclaimed  queen,  July  24. 

1846  Civil  war  ;  tlie  Great  Powers  assist  the  queen. 

1853  Maria  II.  dies;  Pedro  Y.  succeeds. 


PRUSSIA.  SJt 

1861     Pedro   V.  dies ;    Duke  of  Oporto  succeeds, 

Nov.  11. 
1865     International  exhibition  at  Oporto,  Sept.  18. 
1872     Great  fire  at  Lisbon,  June  13. 
1882     National  art  exliib.  at  Lisbon,  about  Apr.  1."). 

1889  Luis  L  dies  Oct.  19;  Carlos  succeeds. 

1890  Dispute  with  England  in  relation  to  Africa. 
Anglo-Portuguese  difficulties  settled,  Aug.  20. 

1891  ^lilitary  revolt  at  Oporto,  Jan.  31. 

1892  Violent  cyclones  and  gales,  Feb,  27,  Mar.  6. 
1895     Reconciliation  with  Brazil. 

Re-organization  of  the  House  of  Peers. 


PRUSSIA. 

997  St.  Adalbert  preaclies  Christianity;  is  slain. 

1018  Boleslas  of  Pohind  ravages  tlie  country. 

1061  The  Prussians  renounce  Christianity. 

1163  Berlin  built  by  a  colony  of  Xetherlanders. 

1283  The  Teutonic  Knights  subjugate  Prussia. 

1286  Konigsberg  made  th<'  capital. 

1415  Frederick   IV.  <if  Nuremberg  becomes  Mar- 

graviate  of  Brandenburg. 

1473  Copernicus  b.  Feb.;  d.  May  21,  ir)43. 

1525  Albert  of  Brandenburg  embra.  Lutheran  ism. 

1544  University  of  Konigsberg  founded. 

1608  John  Sigismond  elector  of  Brandenburg. 

1648  Sir(;odfrey  Knellerb.  Aug.  S;  ,1.  Nov.  7,  1723. 

1684  (ieorge  Frederick  Iliindel  born  Fob.  21 ;  dies 
April,  1759. 


228  IMPORTAXT    ETEXTS. 

1701  The  Order  of  the  Black  Eagle  instituted. 

1740  Frederick  II.,  the  Great,  reigns. 

1756  Seven  Years*  War  begins  ;  ends,  1763. 

1757  Battle  of  Prague,  May  6  ;  of  Kolin,  June  18  ; 

of  Rosbach,  Nov.  5. 

1760  An  Austrian  army  marches  to  Berlin.    [War. 

1763  Peace  of    Hubertsbm-g  ends  Seven  Years" 

1767  Karl  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  b. ;  d.  1835. 

1769  Friederich  Alexander  Humboldt  b.  ;  d.  1859. 

1770  Ludwig  van  Beethoven  b. ;  d.  1827. 
1786  Frederick  the  Great  dies,  Aug.  17. 
1792  Frederick  William  II.  invades  France. 

1805  Kaulbach  born  Oct.  15;  dies  1874. 

1806  Prussia  joins  the  allies  against  France. 
Battles  of  Jena  and  Auerstadt,  Oct.  14. 

1807  Peace  of  Tilsit,  July  9. 

Formation  of  the  Tugendbund.  [Germany. 
1813  The  people  rise  to  expel  the  French  from 
1819     Marshal  Bliicher  d.  Sept.  12,  aged  77. 

1848  Insurrection  in  Berlin,  March  IS. 

1849  The  king  declines  the  imper.  crown,  Apr.  29. 
Armistice  betw.  Prus.  and  Denmark,  Juh*  10. 

1850  Hanover  withdraws  fr.  Prus.  alliance,  Feb.  25. 
Hesse-Darmstadt  withdraws  from  the  Prus- 
sian League,  June  30. 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Denmark. 
1852     Industrial  exhibition  at  Berlin,  May  28. 

Repudiates  customs'  union  with  Austria. 
1858     Prince  Frederick  William  marries  Princess 
Victoria,  Jan.  25. 


RUSSIA.  229 

1861  William  I.  ascends  tlie  throne,  Jan.  2. 
Attempted  assassination  of  the  king,  July  14. 

1862  Bismarck-Schonhausen,  premier,  Sept.  'j'-i. 

1863  King  resolves  to  govern  without  Parliament. 

1864  War  with  Denmark  ;  treaty  of  peace,  Oct.  30. 

1865  International  exhibition  at  Cologne,  June  2, 

1866  Prussia  prepares  for  war  with  Austria,  Mar. 
Alliance  with  Italy,  May.  [June  14. 

1866  Prussia  decl.  the  Germanic  Confed.  dissolved. 
War  declared  against  Hanover  and  Saxony, 

June  15;  against  Austria,  June  18. 
Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Prague,  Aug.  23. 
North  German  Confederation  formed,  Aug. 

1867  North  German  constitution  accepted,  May  8. 

1868  Naturalization  treaty  with  U.  S.,  Feb.  22. 
Workmen's  Congress  at  Berlin,  Sept.  26. 

1870     French  deci.  of  war  rec'd  at  Berlin,  July  15. 
North  German  Parliament  engages  to  sup- 
port Prussia,  July  19. 

1870  Day  of  general  prayer  in  Prussia,  July  JT. 
Strasburg  surrenders,  Sept.  28. 

1871  The  king  of  Prussia  proclaimed  ♦-mperor  of 

Germany,  Jan.  18. 
[See  Austria,  France,  Ufrmmuj,  etc.] 


RUSSIA. 

376     Tiie  Iluns  invade  Kussia. 

862      Kuric  the  Norman  l»HCf»mes  grand  duke. 

907      Oleg  successfully  iuv:i<les  the  (Ji-eek  empire. 


230  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

988  Vladimir  the  Great  is  baptized. 

1223  The  "  Golden  Horde  "  of  Tatars  conquer  a 
large  part  of  Russia. 

1252  The  khan  of  Kaptschak  grand  duke. 

1300  ^Moscow  made  the  capital. 

1380  Tatar  war. 

1395  Tamerlane  invades  Russia. 

1462  Ivan  the  Great  founds  the  present  monarchy. 

1475  Fire-arms  and  cannon  introduced. 

1479  Great  invasion  of  the  Tatars. 

1481  Gen.  Svenigorod  annihilates  their  power. 

1554  Siberia  discovered. 

1598  Feodor  I„  last  of  the  race  of  Ruric,  murdered. 

1613  Michael  Fedorovitz,  a  Romanoff,  ascends  the 
throne. 

1617  Finland  ceded  to  Sweden. 

1654  Russian  victories  in  Poland. 

1671  The  Cossacks  subjugated. 

1689  Peter  the  Great  sole  ruler. 

1700  The  Russians  begin  their  new  year  Jan.  1, 
but  retain  the  old  style. 

1703  St.  Petersburg  founded,  :May  27. 

1711  War  with  Turkey. 

1715  Peter  the  Great  visits  France,  Holland,  etc. 

1718  The  Jesuits  expelled. 

1730  Peter  IT.,  last  of  the  Romanoffs,  deposed. 

1762  Peter  III.  dethroned  and  murdered ;  Cath- 
erine II.  reigns. 

1774  Rebellion  of  the  Cossacks  ;  suppressed,  1775. 

1796  Unsuccessful  war  with  Persia. 


RUSSIA.  231 

1801     Emi>eror  Paul  murdered,  March. 
1805     Russia  joins  the  coalition  against  France. 
1807     Treaty  of  Tilsit  with  France,  July  7. 
1812     War  with  France  renewed,  June. 

Battle   of    Smolensko,   Aug.   17  ;  Borodino, 
Sept.  7. 

Moscow  burnt  by  the  Russians,  Sept.  14. 
1815     The  Holy  Alliance  formed. 
1826     Nicholas  I.  crowned  at  Moscow,  Sept.  3. 

War  against  Persia,  Sept.  28 ;  peace,  1828. 

1828  War  declared  against  Turkey,  April  26. 

1829  Peace  of  Adrianople,  Sept.  14. 

1830  War  against  I'oland.      (See  Polmul.) 

1849  Assists  Austria  in  subduing  Hungary. 

1850  Harbor  of  Sebastopol  completed,  Feb. 

1853  War  declared  against  Turkey. 

1854  War  with  France  and  P:ngland.  [22. 
Boml)ardment  of  Odessa  by  allied  fleet,  Apr, 
Battle  ot  the  Alnui,  Sept.  20. 

Siege  of  Sebastopol  begins,  Oct.  17. 

Battle  of  Balaklava,  "  Charge  of  the  Light 

Brigade,"  Oct.  25. 
Russian  attack  at  Inkcrnian,  Nov.  T). 

1855  Knipcror  Nicholas  I.  dies,  March  'J. 
Alt.'xand«'r  II.  rniiM-ror. 

Attack  on  the  Malakholf  and  Rrdan,  .Iuul'  Is. 
The  Russians  retire  from  Sebastopol ;    the 

allies  enter  the  city,  Sept.  8  et  setj. 
Gen.  Mouravieff  captures  Kars,  Nov.  2t>. 

1856  Destruction  of  Sebastopol  docks,  Feb.  1. 


232  IMPORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1856     Treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  Paris,  ^lar.  30. 

The  Crimea  evacuated,  July  9. 
1858     Partial  emancipation  of  the  serfs,  July  2. 

1861  Decree  for  the  total  emancipation  of  the  serfs, 

Feb.  19.  [20. 

1862  Xesselrode,  chancellor  of  the  empire,  d.  ^lar. 

1863  Termination  of  serfdom,  March  3. 

1864  Emigration  of  Caucasian  tribes  into  Turkey, 

April.  [Dec. 

Serfdom  abol.  in  Trans-Caucasian  provinces, 

1865  The  cesarevitch  Xicholas  d.  at  Xice,  Apr.  24. 

1866  Inauguration  of  trial  by  jury,  Aug.  8. 
War  with  Bokhara. 

1867  Russian  America  sold  to  the  U.  S.,  Mar.  13. 

1868  Samarcand  taken  by  Kaufmann,  May  26. 
1871     Schamyl,  Circassian  chief,  dies,  April. 

Electric  telegraph  between  Russia  and  Japan 
completed,  Xov. 

1873  Khiva  captured,  June  10.  [27. 
Turcomans  defeated  at  Tschandyr,  July  25, 

1874  Grand  Duchess  Marie  marries  Duke  of  Edin- 

burgh, Jan.  23.  [29. 

1876  Baltic  provinces  incorp.  with  the  empire,  Jan. 

1877  AVar  declared  against  Turkey,  April  24. 
Insurrection  in  the  Caucasus,  May  IS  et  serj. 

1878  Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  San  Stefano  ;  rati- 

fied at  St.  Petersburg,  Mar.  17. 
Spread  of  Xihilism  in  the  empire. 

1879  Prince  Demetrius  Krapotkine  assas.,  Feb.  21. 
The  poll-tax  abolished  by  ukase,  April. 


RUSSIA.  233 

1879  Attempted  assassination  of  the  Czar,  Apr.  14. 

1880  Many  Nihilists  imprisoned  and  executed, 

1881  Czar  Alexander  II.  assassinated,  March  13. 
Alexander  HI.  becomes  emperor. 

Treaty  of  peace  with  China,  April. 
Treaty  with  Persia  signed,  Dec.  2*2. 

1882  Gen.  Kaufmann  dies  May  IG,  aged  64. 
General  Scobeleff,  the  hero  of  Plevna,  dies 

July  7,  aged  39. 
Exhil).  of   Russian   arts  and   manufactures, 
summer. 

1883  Prince  Gortschakoff  dies  Mar.  11,  aged  85. 
Grand  funeral  of  Tourg6niett',  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Oct.  9. 

1884  (ien.  Todleben  dies  July  1  ;  born  1818. 

1885  (xreat  discontent    among   workingmen    and 

peasantry,  Jan. 

Ship  canal  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Cronstadt 
opened,  May  27. 

Fighting  with  the  Afghans. 

Trouble  with  the  British  government;  Den- 
mark arbitrates. 

Afghan  boundaries  fixed,  Sept.  10. 

1886  Russia  interferes  in  Bulgaria,  Sept. -Dec. 

1887  Baron  Ilirsch  gives  £2,000,000  to  establish 

Jewish  primary  schools  in  Russia,  Dec. 
Universities   closi'd  ;   students  in   a  state   of 
rebellion,  Nov. -Dec. 

1888  Central  Asian  railway  opened,  .May. 
(ireat  tMiideniir  uf  intlucn/a.  Nov..  Dec. 


234  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1890  Persecutions  of  the  Jews ;  protested  against 

by  Tolstoi  and  many  literary  men. 
Danilesky,  historian  and  novelist,  d.  Dec.  24. 

1891  Gontcharoif,  popular  nov.,  d.  Sept,  27,  a.  80. 
On  account  of  severe  famine,  czar  forbids  all 

state  balls  and  festivities,  Oct. 

1892  Count  Tolstoi,  novelist  and  reformer,  active 

in  relief  of  distressed  people,  March. 
Provisions  to  relieve  famine  received  from 

America,  etc. 
Great  outbreak  of  cholera,  260,000  deaths. 

1893  Tariff  war  bet.  Russia-  and  Germany,  Aug. 
Tschaikowsky,    musical    composer,    honored 

with  state  funeral,  Xov.  9. 

1894  Alexander  III.  dies  Xov.  1,  aged  49. 
Xicholas  II.  becomes  czar,  Xov.  1. 
Anton  Rubinstein  dies  Xov.  20,  aged  65. 

1895  Xicholas  II.  proclaims  his  adherence  to  prin- 

ciple of  autocracy,  Jan.  29. 
A  scientific  expedition  sent  to  Abyssinia.  Jan. 
Diplomatic  relations  op.  with  Abyssinia,  July. 
Extensive  Xihilist  conspiracy  disc,  Sept. 
Decision   to  abolish    private  liquor  saloons 

throughout  the  empire. 
Increased  persecution  of  the  Jews. 

1896  First  official  census  of  the  empire,  Feb.  10. 
Czar  assumes  direct  control  of  Russ.  policies. 
Formal  coronation  of  Xicholas  II,,  May  26. 
Great  disaster  on  Khodynski  PI.,  over  3,000 

persons  crushed  to  death  or  wounded. 


SAXUNV 


1896  First '-  strike  "  in  Kuss.,  textile  workers,  June. 

1897  Exiles  to  Siberia  to  go  by  railway,  April. 
Judicial  reform  in  Siberia,  July.  ['2."). 

1898  loo  naval  otficers  arrested  for  bribery,  M:ir. 


SAXONY. 


[The  Saxous,  a  Teutonic  tribe,  are  first  nientioued  by  Ptolemy 
as  occupying  a  part  of  the  Cinibrian  peninsula,  the  district  now 
known  as  Holstein.] 

457  Saxons  under  Ilengist  land  in  Britain. 

531  Ger.  Saxons  join  Franks  against  Thuringians. 

785  Witikind,  the  Saxon  leader,  baptized. 

792  Second  Saxon  war  breaks  out. 

843  Louis  the  German  governs  Saxony. 

880  Otto  the  Illustrious  duke  of  Saxony. 

919  Henry  the  Fowler  founds  the  line  of  Saxon 
emperors  of  Germany. 

1073  Saxons  hostile  to  the  Franconian  emperors. 

1087  Make  peace  with  Emjieror  Henry  W. 

1106  Lothair,  Count  of  Supplinburg,  duke. 

1125  Lothair  placed  on  the  imperial  throne. 

1127  Hein*y  the  Proud  duke  of  Saxony. 

1423  Frederic,  margrave  of  Meissen,  first  elector. 

1429  Country  ravaged  by  the  Hussites. 

1485  The  electorate  divided,  resulting  in  th»'  form- 

ation of  two  Saxon   lines,  Krnestine  and 
Albertine.     [supporter  of  Luther,  d.  \ry2i). 

1486  Frederic  the  Wise  elector,  an  illus.  prince, 
1502      University  of  Witl«'nlMMir  foun.l.'d. 


Too  I31PUKTA>;X    EVENTS. 

1517  Luther's  theses  published,  Oct.  31;  Saxony 

the  cradle  of  the  Reforraatiou.* 

1518  Melauchthon  prof,  in  Univ.  of  Wittenberg. 
1525     John  elector,  a  leader  of  Schmalkald  League. 
1542     First  coal-mine  opened. 

1547     ^Maurice,  of  the  Albertine  line,  elector. 

1552  Maurice  secures  religious  freedom  through- 

out Germany. 

1553  Augustus  I,,  elector,  develops  the  country. 
1629     The  elector  George  joins  Gustavus  Adolphus. 
1632     Wallenstein  enters  Saxony,  [Nov.  16. 

Battle  of  Liitzen,  Gustavus  Adolphus  killed, 
1648  AVar  ends ;  population  had  decreas'd  one-half. 
1691  John  George,  the  last  Protestant  elector. 
1697  Frederic  Augustus  I.  becomes  king  of  Po- 
land ;  the  connection  disastrous  to  Saxony, 
1706  Augustus  gives  up  the  throne  of  Poland. 
1710  Manufacture  of  porcelain  begun  at  Meissen. 
1722     Moravian  Brethren  settle  at  Hernhut. 

1755  Samuel  Hahnemann  born  April;  dies  1843. 

1756  Saxony  suffers  in  the  "  Seven  Years'  War." 
1763     Fred,  Augustus  IIL  elector ;  bee.  king,  1806. 
1770     Torture  abolished. 

1796     Treaty  of  neutrality  with  France, 

1806     Shares  the  defeat  of  the  Prussians  at  Jena. 

Enters  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 
1810     Hahnemann's  "Organum of  Medicine"  (Ho- 
moeopathy) published, 
1813     The   Saxon  troops  desert  Napoleon  at  the 
battle  of  Leipsic,  and  join  the  allies. 


SEKVIA.  237 

1815      The  northern  portion  annexed  to  Prussia. 

[From  the  partition  of  1815  to  the  war  of  1866  the  his- 
tory of  Saxony  is  mainly  a  narrative  of  the  slow 
growth  of  constitutionalism  and  popular  liberty.] 

1849     Uprising  in  Dresden,  barricades  erected,  May. 
1852     Von  Beust  prime  minister;  hostile  to  Prus. 
1854     John  becomes  king ;  a  translator  of  Dante. 
1866     Joins   the    Austrians    against    Prussia ;    oc- 
cupied by  Prussia.  [eration. 
Compelled  to  enter  the  North  Ger.  Confed- 
1877     Leipsic  chosen  the  seat  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Law  for  the  German  Empire. 

[See  Germnvi/.] 


SERVIA. 
1159     Stephen    Nemanya   founds   the    Racian    dy- 
nasty. 
1336     Stephen  Dushan  subdues  Bulgaria. 
1371     The  Servians  defeated  by  the  Turks. 
1459     Subdued  by  Sultan  Mahomet  TT. 
1718     Ceded  to  Austria;  regained  by  Turkey,  \7''\U. 

1806  Re])els,  and  captures  Belgrade.  [ISKJ. 

1807  Kara  (ieorge  estab.  a  governm't;  executed, 
1829     Ah'xander  Miloscli  I.  recognized  as  heredi- 
tary prince  by  tlie  sultan,  Aug.  15. 

1861  Movement  to  render  Servia  independent  of 

Turkey. 

1862  riirk<*y  grants  liberal  concessions. 

1868     rriuoe  Michael  assass.  iu  Belgrade,  June  Id. 
M  il;ui    [V.  siieopeds. 


238  IMFORTAXT    EVENTS. 

1876  Servia  declares  war  against  Turkey,  July  1. 

1877  Peace  with  Turkey  ratified,  March  4. 
Servians  again  declare  war  against  Turkey, 

Dec.  14. 

1878  Proclamation  of  peace  and  national  indepen- 

dence at  Belgrade,  Aug.  22.  [6. 

1882     Milan  proclaimed  king  by  the  Assembly,  Mar. 

1885  Panslavist  agitation,  Sept. 

AVar  declared  against  Bulgaria,  Xov.  13. 

1886  Peace  signed,  March  3 ;  ratified  by  the  sul- 

tan, March  13. 

1888  The  king  divorced  from  Queen  Xatalie  on 

political  grounds,  Oct.  [Mar.  6. 

1889  King    Milan    abdicates ;    Alex,   proclaimed, 

1893  Reconciliation  of  king  and  queen,  Jan.  19. 

1894  King  Milan's  divorce  annulled,  March  18. 

1895  Queen  Xatalie  returns  to  Belgrade,  May  10. 


SPAIN. 

B.C. 

360  Carthaginians  settle  in  Spain. 

212  War  between  the  Romans  and  Carthaginians. 

207  The  Carthaginians  driven  out  of  Spain. 

60  Pompey  governs  Spain. 

A.I). 

409     Conquered  by  the  Vandals,  Alani,  and  Suevi. 
414     Adolphus  founds  the  kingdom  of  the  Visi- 
goths. 
452     Theodoric  T.  vanquishes  the  Suevi. 


SPAIN.  2;)i) 

711     Rodrigo,  last  of  the  Gothic  kings,  killed  in 
battle. 
Establishment  of  the  Saracens  at  Cordova. 

873     Sancho  Inigo,  count  of  Navarre. 
1035     The  kingdom  of  Aragon  begins. 
1091     The  Saracens  call  in  the  Moors  from  Africa. 
1094     Dynasty   of    the    Almoravides    at   Cordova; 

ends,*  1144. 
1099     Death  of  the  Cid  Kodrigo.  [Moors. 

1238     The    kingdom    of    Granada    begun    by    the 
1253     The  Alhambra  founded  by  Mohammed  I. 
1274     The  crown  of  Navarre  passes  to  France. 
1327     Arrival  of  200,000  Moors  to  assist  Granada. 
1340     Battle  of  Tarifa  ;  defeat  of  the  Moors. 
1474     Las  Casas  born  ;  dies  1566. 

1479  Aragon  and  Castile  united. 

1480  Establishment  of  the  Inquisition. 
1492     Persecution  and  expulsion  of  the  Jews. 

Columbus    sent    to  explore   western   world, 
Aug.  :3. 
1499     Mohammedans  persecuted  and  expelled. 
1503     Garci lasso  de  la  Vega  born  ;  dies  1536. 

1516  House  of  .\ustria  acquires  the  crown  of  Spain. 

1517  Cardinal  Ximenes  dies;  born  1431. 

1519  Chailt's  1.  «dected  emp.  of  Ger.  as  Charles  V. 

1534  Society  of  Jesus  founded  by  Loyola. 

1547  Cervantes  born  ;  dies  1010. 

1554  Pliilip  IT.  marries  Mary  of  Kngland,  July  *J5. 

1561  (ireat  persecution  of  Protestants. 

1562  Carpio  Felix  Loj)e  da  Vega  born  ;  difs  1035. 


240  IMPORTANT   EVEi;jS. 

1571  Victory  over  the  Turks  at  Lepanto. 

1598  Philip  III.  banishes  the  Moors. 

1599  Velasquez  born,  June  ;  dies  Aug.  6,  1660. 
1601  Calderon  born  ;  dies  1687. 

1617  Murillo  born  ;  dies  April  3,  1682. 

1700  Accession  of  Philip  V.,  House  of  Bourbon ; 

gives  rise  to  '•  War  of  the  Succession." 

1702  War  of  the  Succession  begins;  ends,  1713. 

1713  Siege  of  Barcelona. 

1762  War  with  England. 

1797  Battle  ofP  Cape  St.  Vincent. 

1808  The  French  take  Madrid,  March. 

Joseph  Bonaparte  king.  [Jan.  16. 

1809  Battle  of  Corunna,  death  of  Sir  Jolm  Moore, 
1811     Wellington  defeats  Massena,  May  5. 

1813     The  French  totally  def.  at  Vittoria.  June  21. 

AVellington  defeats  Soult,  Oct.  8. 
1817     Slave-trade  abolished  for  a  compensation. 
1830     Salique  law  abolished,  March  29. 

Carlist  and  Christina  parties  formed. 
1834     Isabella  II.  sue.  to  the  throne,  Apr.  22 ;  de- 
posed, Sept.  29, 1868  ;  abdi.,  June  25, 1870. 
1837     The  monasteries  dissolved. 

1842  Insurrection  at  Barcelona. 

1843  Success  of  the  revolutionists. 

1846  Marriage  of  the  queen  to  the  Duke  of  Cadiz. 

1851  Death  of  Godoy,  "  Prince  of  Peace,"  Oct.  4. 

1854  Military  insur.  under  O'Donnell,  June  28. 

1859  War  with  Morocco;  peace,  March  26,  1860. 

1861  Annexation  of  St.  Domingo  ratified.  ]May  19. 


SPAIN.  241 

1861  Intervention  in  Mexico,  Dec.  8. 

1862  Much  church  property  in  course  of  sale,  Apr. 

1864  Rupture  with  Peru,  Apr.;  peace,  Jan.  27,  18«).5. 

1865  Dispute  with  Chile. 

Spanish    ship    Covadongn    captured    by    the 
Chileans,  Xov.  26. 

1866  Military  iusur.  headed  by  (ien.  Prim,  Jan.  8. 
Military    revolt   in    favor   of    Prim,   June ; 

quelled  with  much  bloodshed  by  ^Marshals 

O'Donnell  and  Narvaez. 
Freedom  of  the  press  abolished,  Aug.-Sept. 
Re-estab.  of  tranquillity  declared,  Oct.  3. 
Public  instruc.  placed  under  the  clergy,  Oct. 

1867  Death  of  Marshal  O'Donnell,  Nov.  5. 

1868  Death  of  Marshal  Narvaez,  April  '2:i. 
Marshal   Serrano    and   others   exiled  al»out 

July  10. 
Insurrection  begins  in  the  fleet,  Sept.  18. 
Prim  announces  a  provisional  gov't,  Sept.  10. 
Deposition  of  the  queen  declared,  Sept.  20. 
Freedom  of  religious  worship  d.clMit'd,  Oct. 

12,  13. 
Insurrections  against  the  jn-ovisional  gov. 

1869  The  Cortes  votes  for  a  monarchy.  May  21. 

1870  Isabella  II.  abdicates,  June  2.'). 

Leopold   of    Holicn/.ollcrn    nominat<'«l    king, 

July  fi ;  resigns,  July  12.  [Nov.  17. 

Amadeus,  Duke  of  Aosta,  proclaimed  king. 

General    Prim  sliot  by  assassins,  Dec   27 ; 

dies  Doe.  'M),  aged  .'»(;. 


242  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1871  Sagasta  prime  minister,  Dec.  21. 

1872  Insurrection  of  Carlists,  April  et  seq. 
Attempted  assas.  of  king  and  queen,  July  18. 
Red  Republican  rising  at  Ferrol,  Oct.  11. 

1873  King  Amadeus  resigns,  Feb.  11. 
Risings  of  the  Carlists  throughout  Spain. 
The  Federal  Republic  proclaimed,  June  8. 
Castelar  vu'tuallj  dictator,  Sept.  1.5. 

1874  Marshal  Serrano  president  of  ministry. 
Constant  battles  with  the  Carlists. 
Alfonso  XII.  proclaimed  king.  Dec.  29. 

1875  Civil  war  continues  throughout  the  year. 

1876  Don  Carlos  surrenders,  Feb.  27. 

The  pope  opposes  religious  toleration,  April. 
Jews  (expelled  iu  1192)  petition  for  re-ad- 
mission, April.  [Sept. 
Repression    of    Protestant    public    worship, 

1878  The  king  marries  his  cousin  ^Mercedes,  Jan. 

23  ;  Queen  Mercedes  dies  June  26. 
End  of  insur.  in  Cuba  announced,  Feb.  21. 

1879  Espartero,  duke  of  Vittoria,  dies  Jan.  8. 
King  m.  Maria  Christina  of  Austria,  Xov.  29. 
Attempted  assassination  of  king  and  queen, 

Dec.  30. 
1881     Russian  Jews  permitted  to  come  to  Spain. 
Xew  railway  between  Madrid  and  Lisbon 
opened,  Oct.  8. 

1883  Sagasta  at  head  of  ministr}-. 

1884  Fall  of  the  Alcudia  railway  bridge ;  great 

loss  of  life,  April  26. 


SPAIN.  243 

1884  Severe  earthquakes.  Dec.  25-31. 

1885  Cholera  breaks  out  at  Valencia,  May. 
Alfonso  XII.  dies  Nov.  25. 
Marshal  Serrano  dies  Nov.  26. 

1886  Bishop  of  Madrid  assassinated,  April  10. 
Alfonso  XIII.  born  May  17. 
Destructive  cyclone  at  Madrid,  May  12. 

1887  Philippine  exhibition  at  Madrid,  Oct.  17. 

1888  Republican  outbreaks  at  various  places. 

1889  Trial  by  jury  first  put  in  force,  May  29. 
Dispute  with  Morocco  settled,  Sept.  29. 

1890  Strike  of  40.000  workmen  in  Barcelona,  etc., 

March  30. 

1891  (ireat  floods  and  inundations,  Sept.  \l  ef  seq. 

1892  Anarchist  riots  at  Xeres,  etc.,  Feb.  10. 

1893  Destructive  floods,  great  loss  of  life,  Sept.  15. 
War  with  Morocco,  Oct. ;  ends  Feb.  23, 1894. 

1894  Senor  Cabrera,  first  bishop  of  Spanish  Ke- 

formed  Church,  consecrated,  Sept.  23. 

1895  Reina  Rrcpnlo^  cruiser,   sunk,  400  lives  lost, 

about  March  10. 

1896  Personal  fracas  in  the  Senate,  May  21. 
Bomb  expl.  in  crowd  in  Barcelona,  Juno  7. 

1897  Barcelona  anarchists  executed,  June  7. 
Assassination   of   Premier  Canovas  did  Cas- 
tillo, Aug.  8. 

Sefior  Sagasta  prime  minister,  Oct.  2.       [23. 
Scheme  of  Cuban  autonomy  approved.  Xov. 

1898  The    cabinet   votes    an    extraordinary   war 

credit,  April  13. 


244  niroRTAXT  events. 

1898  U.  S.  minister  "Woodford  leaves  ^ladrid,  Apr. 
Declares  that  war  exists  with  U.  S.,  Apr.  24. 
Serious  food  riots,  May  5.  [Xov.  28. 

Accepts  terms  of  peace  proposed  by  U.  S., 
American  and  Spanish  commissioners  sign 
treaty  of  peace  at  Paris,  Dec.  10. 

[See  Sjjanish  America.'] 


SWEDEN. 

1000  Olaf  introduces  Christianity. 

1168  Waldemar  I.  of  Den.  destroys  pagan  temples. 

1260  Stockholm  founded. 

1319  The  crown  of  Sweden  made  elective. 

1363  Albert  of  Mecklenburg  reigns. 

1397  Sweden  united  to  Denmark  and  Xorway. 

1476  University  of  Upsal  founded. 

1520  Xobility  murdered  by  Christian  II.  of  Den. 

1521  Gusta^T.is  Yasa  throws  off  the  Danish  yoke. 
1523  Gustavus  Vasa  ascends  the  throne. 

1527  Lutheranism  introduced. 

1544  The  crown  made  hereditary. 

1611  Gustavus  Adolphus  becomes  king. 

1628  Gustavus  heads  the  Protestants  in  Germany  ; 

killed  at  battle  of  Liitzen,  Nov.  16,  1632. 

1633  Christina  queen  :  abdicates.  June  16,  1654. 

1660  Arts  and  sciences  begin  to  flourish. 

1666  University  of  Lund  founded. 

1688  Emanuel   Swedenborg    born  Jan.   29 :    dies 

•March  29,  1772. 


SWEDEN.  1^15 

1699  Charles  XII.  begins  to  reign. 

1700  Battle  of  Narva ;  defeat  of  Uus.,  Xov.  30. 
1709     Swedes  defeated  at  Pultowa. 

1713  Charles  a  prisoner  to  the  Turks.      [Dec.  11. 

1718  Siege  of  Frederickshald,  Charles  XII.  killed, 

1719  (^ueen  Ulrica  abolishes  despotism. 
1741  Royal  Academy  founded  by  Linnaeus. 
1772  Despotism  re-established  by  Gustavus  IIL 
1792  Gustavus  III.  assassinated,  March  16. 
1809  Gustavus  IV.  dethroned  ;  Charles  XIII.  suc- 
ceeds, March  13. 

Representative  constitution  estab.,  June  7. 

1813  Sweden  joins  alliance  against  X^apo.,  Mar.  13 

1814  Norway  ceded  to  Sweden,  Jan.  14. 

1818     Bernadotte,  French  marshal,  king,  as  Charles 

John  XIV. 
1844     Oscar  I.  king,  March  8. 
1860     Increased  religious  toleration. 
1864     Inauguration  of  free  trade,  Jan.  1. 

National  Scandinavian  Society  founded,  Dee. 
1870     X'^eutrality  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  pro- 
claimed, Aug.  4.  [Nordenskjold. 
1879     Northeast  passage   disrovenMl   by    Professor 
1888     Prince  O.scar  marries  Miss  Munck,  Mar.  15. 

1893  Celebration  of  300lli  anniversary  of   lu'for- 

nuition,  Sept.  5-7. 

1894  Birth    of    Adolphus    celcbral.-d    t Inc. ugh.. m, 

Sweden,  Dec.  9.  [1!>. 

1897     Jubilee  <'«debration  of  King  O.scar.  Sept.  IS. 

Scandinavian  exhibition  at  Stockliolni,  Oct. 


246  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

SWITZERLAND    (HELVETIA). 

909  Helvetia  ravaged  by  the  Huns. 

1032  Becomes  subject  to  Germany. 

1191  Berne  built. 

1306  Period  ascribed  to  William  Tell ;  doubtful. 

1307  Confederation  against  Austria. 

1315  Battle  of  ]\Iorgarten,  defeat  of  Aust.,  Xov.  15. 

1332  Lucerne  joins  the  Confederacy. 

1350  Zurich  becomes  head  of  the  League. 

1351  Berne,  Glaris,  and  Zug  join  the  Confederacy. 
1386  Battle  of  Sempach,  defeat  of  the  Austrians. 
1388  The  Austrians  defeated  at  Xafels,  April  9. 
1400  League  of  the  Grisons  ;  second  League,  1424  ; 

third  League,  1436. 
1444     Battle  of  St.  Jacob's,  1,600  Swiss  and  10.000 

French  killed,  Aug.  26. 
1476     The  Swiss  defeat  Charles  the  Bold.  March  5, 

June  22. 

1480  Swiss  soldiers  first  enter  service  of  France. 

1481  Fribourg  and  Soleure  join  the  Confederacy. 
1484     Ulrich  Zwingli  b.  Jan.  1 ;  killed  Oct.  12, 1531. 
1499     ^Maximilian  I.  acknowledges  Swiss  ind. 
1501     Schaffhausen  and  Basle  join  Confederacy. 
1519     The  Reformation  begins  at  Basle. 

1531     Battle  of  Cappel,  Oct.  12. 
1544     The  Grisons  Leagues  join  Swiss  Confederacy. 
1597     Appenzell  joins  the  Confederacy. 
1602     Geneva    attacked    by    Charles   Emanuel    of 
Savoy,  who  is  defeated! 


SWITZERLAND.  247 

1648  Independence  of  Switzerland  recognized  by 

treaty  of  Westplialia. 

1712  Peace  of  Aargaii,  end  of  religious  war. 

1777  Alliance  with  France,  May  25.  [parties. 

1781  Strife  in  Geneva  bet.  aristocratic  and  dem. 

1782  Fugitive  Genevese  seek  asylum  in  Ireland. 
1792  Swiss  Guards  ordered  to  quit  France. 

1798  Helvetic  Confederation  subjugated  by  Fr. 
Helvetian  Republic  formed. 

1799  Switzerland  the  seat  of  European  war. 
The  number  of  cantons  increased  to  19. 
Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Underwald  separate  from 

the  Republic. 
1815     The  number  of  cantons  increased  to  22. 

Independence  and  neutrality  of  Switzerland 
secured  by  treaty  of  Vienna. 

1846  The  Roman  Catholic  cantons  form  a  sepa- 

rate league  (Sonderbund).  [Oct.  7: 

Insur.   at   Geneva    against  Jesuit   teaching, 

1847  Civil  war,  end  of  the  Sonderbund. 

1848  New  Federal  constitution,  Sept.  12. 

1860  Swiss    forbidden    to    enter    foreign    service 

without  permission. 

1861  Ti  rritorial  disputes  with  France.  [l2S. 
1865      Intern.  Social   Science  Cong,  at  Heme,  Aug. 
1867     Workmen's  International  Congress  at  Lau- 
sanne, Sept.  2-7. 

International  Peace  and  Liberty  Congress 
meets  at  Geneva,  Sept.  9-12  ;  at  Berne, 
Sept.  22-20,  1808. 


248  IMPORTANT    E^^NTS. 

1872  M.  Favre  engaged  to  construct  tunnel 
through  St.  Gothard  in  8  years  for 
£2,000,000,  Aug.  8.  [June. 

1874     Swiss  National  Catholic  Church  constituted, 
Intern.  Postal  Congress  at  Berne,  Sept.  15. 

1878     James  Fazy,  eminent  statesman,  dies  Nov.  6. 

1882  Opening  of  St.  Gothard  railway  from  Milan 
to  Lucerne.  May  20,  21. 

1884     National  exhih.  at  Zurich.  May.  1-Dec.  27. 

1890  Destructive  storms  and  much  distress,  Aug. 
18-23.  [Aug.  18. 

1892     Great  fire  at  Grindelwald.  near  luterlachen, 

18^5     Carl  Schenk.  six  times  president  of  the  Con- 
federation, dies  from  accident,  July  18. 
Declares  against  centralization  of  the  mili- 
tary power,  Nov.  3.  [20. 

1898     Votes  to  take  gov.  control  of  railways,  Feb. 


TURKEY. 

1299  The  Ottoman  empire  founded  by  Osman,  or 

Othman. 

1330  Turks  conquer  Nicaea. 

1346  The  ^Nlorea  conquered. 

1361  Adrianople  taken  by  Amurath  I.  (?). 

1362  Amurath  I.  remodels  the  Janissaries. 
1389  Bajazet  I.  overruns  the  Eastern  Empire. 
1396  He    defeats   the    Hungarians   at   Nicopoli.s, 

Sept.  28. 


tli:ki:v.  24'J 

1402  Bajazet  1.  defeated  and   made  prisoner  l)y 

Tamerlane  the  Tatar. 

1430  Macedonia  annexed. 

1444  Battle  of  Varna.     (See  Hunf/an/.)             [20. 

1453  Constantinople  taken  by  Mehemet  II.,  May 

1458  Greece  subjected  to  the  Turks. 

1480  Otranto  taken. 

1515  Selim  I.  overruns  Syria.  [Egypt. 

1516  Selim   defeats    the    Mamelukes,    and    gains 
1521  Solyman  takes  Belgrade;  Rhodes,  1522. 
1571  Battle  of  Lepanto,  maritime  power  of  Turkey 

destroyed. 
1637     War  with  the  Cossacks. 
1669     Candia  (Crete)  taken,  after  25  years'  siege. 
1683     Mahomet  IV.  besieges  Vienna. 
1703     Mustapha  II.  depo.sed  by  Janissaries. 
1717     Tlie  Turks  lo.se  Belgrade ;  retaken,  IT^iO. 
1745     Defeat  of  the  furks  at  Kars. 
1770     Great  sea-fight  in  channel  of  Scio ;  Russian 

victory. 
1781     The  Crimea  ceded  to  Kus>iu,  .January. 
1787     Disastrous   war   with    Austria    and    Uussia ; 

ends  1701. 
1798     War  with  the  French  in  Egypt. 
1803      Insurrection  of  Mamelukfs  at  Cairo. 
1807     War  against  Russia  and  England. 
1809     The  Russians  defeated  at  Silistria. 
1821     Greek  patriarch  put  to  death  in  Cun^uiiiti- 

nople,  April  23. 
1826     Massacre  of  the  Janissaries,  June  14-1»J. 


250  IMPORTAJS^T   EVENTS. 

1827  Battle  of   Xavarino,  the  Turkish  fleet  de- 

stroyed, Oct.  20. 

1828  War  with  Russia. 

1829  Treaty  of  peace  at  Adriauople,  Sept.  14. 

1830  Turkey  acknowledges  the  independence   of 

Greece,  April  25. 
Treaty  with  America,  May  7.  [21. 

1832  Defeated  at  Konieli  by  Ibrahim  Pacha,  Dec. 

1833  The  Russians  enter  Constantinople,  April  3. 
Treaty  with  Russia,  offensive  and  defensive, 

July  8. 
1838     Office  of  Grand  Vizier  abolished,  March  30. 
1849     Christians  admitted  to  office,  June. 

1853  War  declared  against  Russia,  Oct.  5. 

1854  Rupture  with  Greece  ;  conflicts  ensue. 

1856  Free  exercise  of  religion  authorized,  Feb.  18. 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Austria  guarantee 

integrity  of  Turkisli^empire,  April  15. 

1857  Austrians  quit  the  principalities,  oMarch. 

1858  Massacre  of  Christians  at  Jedda,  June  15. 
Indecisive  conflicts  with  the  ^Montenegrins, 

July. 
Turkish  financial  reforms  begun,  August. 
First  railway  op.  from   Aidan   to  Smyrna, 

Sept.  19.    ^  [Xov.  8. 

The    ^lontenegrin    boundaries    determined, 

1859  Electric  telegraph  completed  between  Aden 

and  Suez,  May.  [destroyed,  Sept.  10-14. 
Great  fire  at  Constantinople,  1,000  houses 
111  treatment  of  Christians,  May,  June. 


TURKEY.  251 

1861  Christians  revolt  in  Herzegovina,  iNIarch. 

1862  IVat-i'  ^vith  Montenegro,  Sept.  2:].  [2^. 

1863  Kxiiibition  of  tlie  produce  of  the  empire,  July 

1864  (heat  immigration  of  Caucasian  tribes,  Apr. 

1865  Cholera    at    Constantinople,    nearly    50,000 

deaths,  August.  [Jan.  1867. 

Revolt  of  the  Maronites,  Dec.  30  ;  suppressed, 

1866  Revolution  in  Bucharest. 

1867  Omar    Pacha,   commander    of    the   Turkish 

army,  dies  April,  1871. 

1868  Dispute  with  Greece  in  relation  to  Crete. 

1869  System    of    compulsory    education    promul- 

gated, Oct. 
Inauguration  of  the  Suez  Canal,  Nov.  17. 

1870  (Jreat  fire  at  Pera,  over  7,000  houses  burned, 

June  5.  [Oct.  23. 

1871  Tunis  made  an  integral  part  of  the  empire, 

1875  Insurrection  in  Herzegovina,  July-August. 

1876  Insurrection  in  Bulgaria  suppressed,  May. 
Riots  in  Constantinople,  ^May  lo. 
Declaration  of  war  by  Servia  and  Montena- 

gro,  July  1,2;  continued  fighting. 
Atrocities  in  Bulgaria,  Augu.st. 

1877  First  Turkish  Parliament  opened,  Mmch  lU. 
^^'ar  with  Russia,  Ai)ril.  [28, 
Holy  war  against  Russiii  i)r()i)oiindt'd.  May 

1878  Treaty  of  peace  with  Russia,  March  :'>. 

1880  Diplomatic  negotiations  with  Kuropcan  pow- 

ers throughout  the  yar. 

1881  Thessaly  ceded  to  Greece,  July  2. 


252  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1883  Difficulties  with  Greek    Church,    Dec.-Jau. 

1884. 

1884  Midhat  Pacha,  statesman,  dies  May,  a.  62. 

1885  Turkey  asks  assistance  of  Great  Powers  to 

settle  Roumelian  question.  [a.  64. 

1886  Hobart  Pacha,  Turkish  admiral,  d.  June  19, 

1888  Direct    railway  communication    opened    be- 

tween Calais  and  Constantinople,  August. 

1889  Troubles  in  Servia  and  Armenia.     [June  22. 

1890  British  yarn-spinning  factory  op.  at  Constan., 

1891  Musurus  Pacha,  diplomatist,  33  years  am- 

bassador at  London,  d.  Feb.  12,  a.  84. 

1894  Diplomatic   relations    suspended   with    the 

Powers  in  relation  to  Armenia,  Dec.  9. 

1895  Commission  appointed  for  reforms  in  Arme- 

nia, June  29.     [4  ;  treaty  ratified,  Dec.  16. 
1898     Final  treaty  of  peace  with  Greece  signed,  Dec. 


WURTEMBERG. 

1241  Ulricli  the  first  authentic  count. 

1495  Raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  imperial  duchy. 

1520  Conquered  by  Bavaria  and  sold  to  Austria. 

1534  Ptecovers  its  rank  as  a  duchy. 
The  Reformation  introduced. 

1571  Johann  Kepler  born  ;  dies  1630.  [etc. 

1688  Devastated  by  French  armies,  also  in  1692, 

1699  Offers  a  home  to  the  exiled  Waldensians. 

1805  Takes  arms  on  the  side  of  France. 


W  I  KTEMIiEK(i.  'Jo'6 

1806     Frederic  I.  assumes  the  title  of  king. 
1813     Deserts  Franco,  and  joins  the  allies. 
1848      A  new  liberal  constitution  granted. 
1851      The  constitution  of  1819  reinstituted. 
1864     Knters  the  German  Customs  Union. 
1866      Takes  up  arms  on  behalf  of  Austria. 

Defeated  by  the  Prussians.  [France. 

1870     Shares  in    the  German  enthusiasm  against 

Becomes  part  of  the  German  empire. 
[See  Germany.] 


254  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 


ASIA. 

[The  reputed  cradle  of  the  human  ra«e,  about  4004  before 
Christ ;  Xoah's  deluge  is  assigned  by  the  old  authorities  to  the 
year  2348  B.C.  Modern  science  has  rejected  this  chronology, 
and  the  subject  of  the  early  history  of  the  world  is  a  matter  of 
doubt  and  mystery.] 

AFGHANISTAN. 

[A  large  district  in  Ceaitral  Asia,  the  early  history  of  -which 
is  very  obscure.  Native  chroniclers  claim  descent  from  the  lost 
tribes  of  Israel.  It  formed  successively  parts  of  the  Persian 
and  Greek  empires.] 

1200  Eiarly  Afglian  conquests  in  India  begin. 

1221  Conquests  of  Genghis  Khan ;  of  Tamerlane, 

1398. 

1525  Sultan  Baber  conquers  Cabul. 

1720  The  Afghans  invade  Persia. 

1738  Xadir  Shah  of  Persia  subdues  the  country. 

1826  Dost  Mohammed  Khan  becomes  ameer. 

1838  Dethroned  by  the  Brit. ;  Suja  Shah  restored. 

1841  British  occupy  Cabul ;  revolt  of  Afghans. 

1842  British  army  destroyed  in  the  Khyber  pass, 

Jan.  6-13.  [Sept. 

Sir  George  Pollock  forces  the  Khyber  pass, 
Dost  Mohammed,  ameer,  friendly  to  the  Brit. 
1863     Shere  Ali  becomes  ameer. 

1878  Shere  Ali  signs  a  treaty  with  Kussia,  Aug. 
Gen.  Roberts  gainsvic.  at  Peivrar  pass,  Dec.  2. 

1879  Yakoob  Khan  recognized  as  ameer ;  contin- 

uous fighting. 


ARABIA.  255 

1880  Constont  fighting  bet.  British  and  Afglians. 

1881  Civil  war  bet.  the  ameer  and  Ayool>  Klian. 
Abdur-Rahman  virtual- ruler  of  all  Afghan- 
istan, Oct.  [cand,  July. 

1888     Central  Asian   railroad  finished  to  Samar- 
1891     (Jreat  Britain  and  Russia  dispute  respecting 
the  Taniir  frontier,  Sept.-Oct. 


ARABIA. 
B.C. 

24     Invaded  by  Galliis,  Roman  gov.  of  Egypt. 

A.I). 

529  Abyssinians  invade  Yemen. 

570  Alohanimed  born  at  Mecca. 

610  'i'he  Koran  begun  ;  finished,  6^}2. 

611  Mohammed  announces  himself  as  a  prophet. 
622  \Ut  flees  to  Medina  (the  ''  Ilegira "),  July  15. 

Tlie  Mohammedan  Arabs,  termed  Saracens, 
begin  their  career  of  conipiest. 
630     Mohammed   acknowledged  as  a  sovereign ; 

dies  June  8,  032. 
634     Omar  chosen  ruler  ;  assas.  Oil ;  Otliman  sue. 
656     Otliman  mur.  by  Ali,  who  usurj)s  the  tiirone. 
660     Ali  assassinatcil ;  succeedccl  by  Muawwyah. 

Damascus  made  capital  of  the  empire. 
750     .Mt  rwnn,  last  of  Ommiade  caliphs,  killed. 

The  gtx^d  days  of  Arabia  ended. 
929      Mecca  stormed  by  Suh^yman  Abu-.I:iliir. 
1171      Lust  Fatiinite  calii>li  dclhnjned  i»y  S;il;idin. 


250  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1517     Sultan  Selim  I.  receives  investiture  of  Mo- 
hammedan caliphate. 
1630     Yemenite  chief  Kliasim  expels  the  Turks. 
1787     Abd-el-Walihab,founder  of  the  Wahhabees,d. 
1803     Mecca  taken  by  the  "Wahhabees. 
1811     Mehemet  Ali  begins  contest  with  Wahhabees. 

[The  later  history  of  Arabia  has  been  a  succession  of 
revolts  and  massacres.] 


ASSYRIA. 

[Originally  Assur,  between  Mesopotamia  and  Media,  was  the 
seat  of  the  earliest  recorded  monarchy.  The  chronologists 
differ  greatly  in  the  dates,  many  of  which  are  now  considered 
mythical.] 

B.C. 

2245  Ximrod,  or  Belus,  reigns. 

2059  Xinus,  king  of  Assyria,  takes  Babylon. 

2007  Semiramis  usurps  the  government. 

1446  Belochus,  last  king  of  the  race  of  Ninus. 

1140  Tiglath-pileser,  the  real  founder  of  the  As- 
syrian empire. 

858  Shalmaneser  II.  makes  large  conquests. 

823  The  empire  enlarged  by  Sanias-Kimmon  II. 

763  A  solar  eclipse  recorded.  [empire. 

745  Pul  usurps  the  throne,  and  consolidates  the 

705  Sennacherib  ascends  the  throne.  [pire. 

680  £sar-haddon  reigns,  and  reorganizes  the  em- 

606  Assyria  becomes  a  Median  province. 

332  Subdued  by  Alexander  the  Great. 


IJAHVLONIA.  257 

A.I>. 

1637  Conquered  by  the  Turks. 

1835  Kxplored  by  Col.  Chesney. 

1848  Luyard's  "  Discoveries"  published. 

1875  "  Assyrian  Discoveries,"  by  Geo.  Smith,  pub. 


BABYLONIA. 

it.r. 
2234     Earliest  astronomical  observations. 

747     Xabonassar  governor. 

729     Conquered  by  Pul,  king  of  Assyria.      [king. 

722      lieconies  independent,  Merodach-baladan  If. 

720  Lunar  eclipses  observed  and  recorded  by 
Ptolemy. 

705     Sargon  king,  expelled  by  Sennacherib. 

640     Xal)opolassar  s«'izes  the  gov. ;  king,  <)2r». 

604  Xebucliadn«v.zar  king;  his  acts  recorded  in 
tl..'  P.ibl.'. 

551      Xal)()na<lins  king.  [sians,  n.'JS. 

539     Belshazzar  king,  slain    by  Medes  and   I'er- 

518     Babylon  revolts,  and  is  taken  by  Darius. 

331     ( 'onquered  by  Alexander,  who  dies  there,  IV2'.\. 

312  S.'jcncus  Nicator  transfers  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment to  Seleuca;   Habylon  is  deserted. 

140  Concpiered  by  the  rarthians,  and  becom.s 
part  of  the  l*ersian  enq)ire. 

A.I). 

650  Conquered  by  the  Mohammedans,  and  be- 
comes seat  of  the  ealiplis  till  llio8,  since 
1038  subject  to  Turkey. 


258  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 


CHINA. 
B.C. 

2356  Yaou  extends  the  empire. 

1123  The  Chow  dynasty  begins  with  AVoo-Wang. 

1115  Mariner's  compass  said  to  have  been  invented. 

551  Confucius  born  ;  dies  478. 

255  Tsin  dynasty  enthroned.  [finished,  204. 

246  Che  Hwang-te  rules  ;  builds  the  '•  great  wall," 

302  Literature  and  the  art  of  printing  encouraged. 

15  The  religion  of  Laot-se  begun. 

A.D. 

68  The  religion  of  F6  introduced. 

420  Nankin  becomes  the  capital. 

635  JSTestorian  Christians  permitted  to  preach. 

845  Christians  proscribed  and  extirpated. 

1260  Seat  of  government  transferred  to  Peking. 

1275  Marco  Polo  introduces  missionaries. 

Kublai  Khan  establishes  the  Mongol  dynasty. 

1368  Ming  dynasty. 

1517  Europeans  first  arrive  in  Canton. 

1616  Manchu  Tatars  begin  conquest  of  the  coun- 
try; their  rule  established,  1643. 

1600  Tea  first  brought  to  England. 

1662  Earthquake  buries  300,000  people  at  Peking ; 
100,000  in  1731.  [32. 

1692  Jesuit  missionaries  preach;  expelled,  1724- 

1812  Edict  against  Christianity. 

1834  Opium  dispute  begins  with  Great  Britain. 

1839  Hong-Kong  taken  by  the  British,  Aug.  23. 


CHINA.  259 

1840  Edict  prohib.  trade  with  Great  Britain,  Jan.  5. 

1841  Honfj-Konri  Gazette  first  published,  May  1. 

1842  ("oiitiuued  war  with  the  British  ;  peace,  Aug. 

20. 
1850     ReViellion  of  the  Tae-pings  breaks  out,  Aug. 
1857     Chinese  fleet  destroyed  by  Com.  Elliot,  May 

25-27. 

1859  Commercial  treaty  with  America. 

1860  War  with  the  British  and  French.     [Oct.  2i. 
Peking  surrenders  to  the  allies,  Oct.  15;  peace, 

1863  The  English  Col.  Gordon  defeats  the  Tae- 
pings. 

1868     Burlingame  treaty  with  I'.  S.  signed,  July  4. 

1870  Massacre  of  French  consul,  priests,  Sisters 
of  Mercy,  and  native  converts,  June  21  ; 
French  indemnified. 

1876  First  railway  in  China. 

1877  Equal    rights    granted    Chinese    Christians, 

Feb.  1. 
Dreadful  famine  in  Xorthern  provinces. 
1880     Li-IIung-Chang  gov.  of  metropolitan  prov. 

1883  Coup  (ritat  at  Peking;  Li-IIung-Chang  de- 

posed; subsecpiently  becomes  viceroy. 

1884  War  with  France ;  treaty  of  peace  ratified, 

Nov.  28,  1885. 

1885  Introduction  of  railways  auth(»ri/.i'(l. 

1887  Iiiuiulatiou  of  the  Iloang-IIo;  millions  of 
pfople  ]>erish. 

1891  Formally  objects  to  Ibiuy  \\ .  Blair  as  min- 
ister from  the  I'nited  States,  April  28. 


260  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1891     Continued  persecution  of  foreigners. 

1894  War  with  Japan,  July. 

Treaty  between  China  and  the  U.  S.,  Aug. 

1895  Treaty  of  peace  with  Japan,  April  17. 

1896  Li-Hung-Chang  visits  Europe  and  America. 

1897  German  mariners  take  Kaio  Chau,  Dec.  3. 

1898  Balance  of  war  indem.  paid  to  Japan,  Apr.  17. 
Forced  abdication  of  the  emperor,  Sept.  22. 


INDIA. 

B.C. 

1500  Northern  India  said  to  have  been  invaded 
and  conquered  by  the  Aryans  between  this 
date  and  1000. 

624     Gautama,  founder  of  Buddhism,  b.;  d.Sl-S  (?). 

327     Invasion  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

A.D. 

1001     Irruption  of  Mohammedans  under  Mahmud 

Ghuzni. 
1186     Extinction  of  the  house  of  Ghuzni. 
1219     Invasion  of  Moguls  under  Genghis  Khan. 
1397     Timour,  the  Tatar,  captures  Delhi. 
1502     Vasco  da  (xama  estab.  a  Port.  col.  at  Cochin. 
1519     Sultan  Baber  completes  conquest  of  India 

before  1527.  [reigns. 

1556     Akbar,  the  greatest  sovereign  of  Hindustan, 

1600  The  Portuguese  introduce  tobacco. 

1601  The  British  East  India  Co.  chartered. 
The  Dutch  first  visit  India. 


INDIA.  201 

1627  Reign  of  Shall  Jelian  ;  golden  age  of  Moguls. 

1640  Madias  founded;  made  a  presidency,  l(jr)2. 

1658  Auiungzebe  reigns. 

1659  Rise  of  the  Maliratta  power. 
1662  Bombay  ceded  to  England. 

1664  French  East  India  Company  established. 
1698  Calcutta  purchased  by  the  East  India  Co. 
1739     Kouli  Khan  (Persian)   captures  Delhi,   and 

massacres  150,000  persons. 
1746     War  between  tlie  British  and  French. 

1756  Calcutta  taken  by  Surajah  Dowla;  sutfoca- 

tion  of  British  in  "  Black  Hole,"  June  20. 

1757  Calcutta  retaken  by  Clive,  Jan.  2. 
1772     Warren  Hastings  governor  in  Bengal. 
1780     Hyder  Ali  defeats  the  British,  Sept.  10. 
1782      Death    of    Hyder;     Tippoo   Sahib  succeeds, 

killed,  1799.  [dies  Feb.  13. 

1798     Christian  F.  Schwartz,  "  the  Apostle  of  I.," 
1803     Maliratta  war;  victories  of  Wellesley  (Duke 

of  Wellington). 
1824      Burmese  war;  British  take  Rangoon,   May 

5;  peace,  Feb.  24,  1820.  [Dec.  7. 

1829     Abolition   of  suttees   (burning  of  widows), 
1838     Slavery  abolished.     Afghan  war.      (Sfe  A/'- 

(/lidiiisldu.) 
1843     Sciiuhi  war;   Scinde  annexed  In  Brit.  India. 
1845      Danish  possessions  purchased  by  (i.  Britain. 
Sikh  war;  Sikhs  uncomlif ionally  surrender, 

March,  1849. 
1851      iJiiniiese  war;  ends,  June,  IS."*;}. 


2G2  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1853  First  Indian  Railway  opened,  April  13. 

1854  Ganges  canal  opened. 

1857  Great  mutiny  of  the  native  troops ;    Delhi 

seized,    Cawnpore    surrenders    to     Xana 
Sahib,  Lucknow  besieged,  etc. 

1858  Government  of  E.  India  Co.  ceases  Sept.  1. 
War  in  Oude  ;  continues  through  1859. 

1861  Great  famine  in  the  northwest  provinces. 

1862  Large  increase  in  cultivation  of  cotton. 

1863  War  with  hill-tribes. 

Hindu  religion  deprived  of  gov.  support,  Dec. 

1864  Gold  currency  to  be  introduced  Dec.  25. 
1866     Awful  famine  in  Bengal;   1,500,000  persons 

perish. 
1869     Rise  of  Brahmo  Somaj,  religious  reformers. 
1871     War  with  the  Looshias ;  they  are  subjected, 

1872. 

1875  Xaga  tribes  chastised. 

The  Prince  of  Wales  visits  India,  Xov. 

1876  Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  Empress  of  India, 

May  1. 
1878     War  with  Afghanistan,  which  see.  [24. 

1882     The  Sirhind  canal  (502  miles)  opened,  Xov. 

1886  Upper  Burmah  annexed  to  Brit.  India,  Jan.l. 

1887  13,390  miles  of  railway  in  India  reported. 
1891     Factory  bill  for  protection  of  women  and 

children  passed,  March  19. 

1893  Free  coinage  of  silver  suspended,  June  26. 

1894  First  medical  Cong,  at  Calcutta.  Dec.  24-29. 

1895  First  railway  constructed  by  native  capital. 


jui>KA.  263 

1898     The  ])uboiiic  plague  epidemic  rages  in  Bom- 
bay, and  continues  in  18U9. 


JUDEA. 

B.C. 

1921  Call  of  Abraham  to  enter  Canaan. 

1896  Isaac  born  to  Abraham. 

1837  Birth  of  Esau  and  Jacob.  • 

1822  Death  of  Abraham. 

1729  Joseph  sold  into  Kgypt. 

1571  Moses  born  ;  dies  14.51. 

1491  The  Israelites  cross  the  Red  Sea. 
The  law  promulgated  from  Sinai. 

1451  Joshua  conquers  Canaan. 

1095  Saul  made  king;  dies  10.5.5. 

1055  David  king;  dies  1015. 

1015  Solomon  king;  dedicates  the  T«^niitl»',  lOOl. 

975  Dt'atii  of  Solomon,  the  kingdom  divided. 

KINGDOM    OF   ISRAEL. 

975     .Icroitoam  establishes  idolatry. 
901      The  Syrians  besiege  Samaria. 
896     Elijah  translated  to  heaven. 
771      TIh;  Assyrian  invasion  under  Pul. 
721     Samaria  taken   by  the   Assyrians ;   the   ten 
tribes  carried  into  caplivily. 

KINGDOM    OF   JUDAH. 

971     Siii>li;ik,  king  of  Egypt,  takes  Jerusalem. 
912     Juhoshaphat  orders  the  law  to  be  taught. 


204  IMl'UKTAM'    EVENTS. 

884  Usurpation  and  death  of  Athaliali. 

741  Pekah,  king  of  Israel,  besieges  Jerusalem. 

726  Hezekiah  abolishes  idolatry,  [stroyed. 

710  Sennacherib  invades  Judea ;    his  army  de- 

588  Xebuchadnezzar  takes  Jerusalem. 

587  Babylonish  captivity  begins. 

536  The  Jews  return  to  Jerusalem. 

515  The  second  Temple  finished. 

445  The  walls  of  Jerusalem  built  by  Xehemiah. 

415  Malachi,  last  of  the  prophets.  [Temple. 

332  Alexander  the  Great  offers  sacrifice  in  the 

320  Jerusalem  taken  by  Ptolemy  Soter. 

285  The  translation  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  (the 
Septuagint)  begins  about  this  time. 

250  Sect  of  the  Sadducees  formed. 

170  Antiochus  takes  Jerusalem. 

166  Government  of  the  Maccabees  begins,   [pey. 

63  Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Romans  under  Pom- 

54  The  Temple  plundered  by  Crassus.     [29-18. 

40  Herod  becomes  king ;  rebuilds  the  Temple, 
4  Jesus  Christ  born. 

A.D. 

26  Pontius  Pilate  procurator  of  Judea. 

33  Christ's  ministry,  miracles,  crucifixion,  and 
resurrection,  27-33. 

41  Jews  receive  the  right  of  Roman  citizenship. 
70  Jerusalem  taken  and  destroyed  by  Titus. 

[See  Syria.] 


JAPAX.  20.") 

JAPAN. 

285     Korean  civilization  introduced. 
552     Buddhism  introduced  from  Korea;  its  hier- 
archy established,  024. 
1192     Shogun  (tycoon)  usurps  supreme  power. 
1543     Portuguese    establish    trading    settlements ; 
expelled,  1037-42.  [strictions. 

1600     Dutch  settlements  tolerated  under  severe  re- 

1853  Commodore  Perry  visits  Jeddo. 

1854  Treaty  of  commercial  alliance  with  the  U.  S. 
1856      Nagasaki  and  Ilakodadi  opened  to  European 

commerce. 
1860     Japanese  embassy  visits  Wash.,  etc,  May  14. 

1863  Treaty  ports  closed,  June  24.  [lU. 
Forts  bombarded  by  foreign  shii^s,  July  15- 

1864  Japan    refuses    to   abide    by   treaties,   }>orts 

bombarded  by  English,  French,  and  Amer- 
ican vessels,  Sept.  5,  G. 

1867  Jeddo  and  other  ports  op.  to  trade,  Apr.  25. 

1868  I  iisurrection  of  the  daimios,  Jan.  27-Feb. ;  re- 

bellion ends,  and  mikado  re-estab.,  ,hily. 
1870      Feudal  system  sujjpressed. 
1872      First  railway  opened  by  mikado,  Oct. 

Fng.  proposed  as  the  national  language,  Dec. 
1875  Mikado  decrees  anew  constitution,  April  14. 
1879      F\'-]>res.  fJrant  arrives  at  Nagasaki,  .June  21. 

1883  Japan  to  be  opened  to  foreign  trade,  Nov. 

1884  Death  of  the  last  tycoon,  April. 
National  religion  disestablished.  Aw.;.  11. 


260  IMrOKTAXT    EVENTS. 

1885  Jap.  diet,  in  Roman  characters  completed. 

1887  Western  dress  and  habits  intro.  by  Count  Ito. 

1888  Complete  trans,  of  the  Bible  into  Jap.,  Feb.  3. 

1889  Xew  constitution  promulgated  by  the  mi- 

kado, Feb,  11. 

1890  First  Japanese  parliament  opened,  Xov.  29. 

1891  Destructive  earthquake  on  the  Xiphon  Isl- 

ands, Oct.  28. 

1894  Fighting  with  the  Chinese  in  Korea. 

War  formally  declared  against  China,  Aug.  3. 
Victorious  campaign  of  the  Japanese  army, 

Sept.,  etc. 
Japanese  fleet  destroy  Chinese  fleet,  Sept.  17. 
Japanese  army  invades  China,  Oct.  25. 

1895  Cliina  makes  overtures  for  peace,  Jan, ;  a 

truce  declared  in  jNIar.,  and  treaty  of  peace 

signed,  April  17. 
Formosa  formally  transf,  to  Japan,  June  2. 
Russia  recognizes  Japan  as  a  modern  power, 

June  11. 

1896  A  tidal  wave  sweeps  the  northeast  coast  of 

Japan,  destroying  many  thousand  people. 

1897  Japan  adopts  a  gold  standard,  March  1. 

1898  The  principle  of  party  gov.  adopted,  June. 


PERSIA. 

B.C. 

559     C}Tus  becomes  king  of  Persia. 

521     Darius  Hystaspes  king  ;  conquers  Babylon. 


PERSIA.  2G7 

490     Persians  defeated  by  tlie  Greeks  at  Marathon. 

485  Xerxes  king,  recovers  Egypt,  484 ;  defeated 
by  the  Greeks,  479  ;  murdered,  465. 

465     Artaxerxes  I.  king,  marries  Esther,  458. 

399     War  with  Greece ;  Persia  invaded,  39<J. 

334  Alexander  the  Great  defeats  the  Persians  at 
river  Granicus. 

323  Alexander  dies ;  Persia  allotted  to  Seleucus 
Nicator,  whose  successors  rule  till  con- 
quered by  Arsaces  I.,  the  Parthian  ;  his  suc- 
cessors rule  till  the  Persian  revolt,  a.d.  220. 

A.l). 

226  The  Sassanides  dynasty  founded. 

227  Religion  of  Zoroaster  restored  ;  Christianity 

persecuted. 

309     Sapor  II.  king,  proscribes  Christianity. 

363     The  Roman  emperor  Julian  invades  Persia. 

428     Armenia  again  united  to  Persia. 

430     Wars  with  Huns,  Turks,  etc. 

642      Persia  invaded  by  the  Arabs;  becomes  the 
seat  of  the  Fatimite  Mohammedans. 
1038     SulMlued  by  the  Seljukian  Turks. 
1123     Omar  Khayydm,  poet,  dies  about  tliis  time. 
1223     Conquered  by  Gengliis  Khan  and  the  Mon- 
gols. 
1345      Bagdad  made  the  capital. 
1388      The  poet  Ilatiz  dies  about  this  time. 
1399     Timour  ravages  the  land. 
1414     The  poet  Jami  bniu. 
1468      Persia  conquered  by  the  Turcoiiiuns. 


268  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1638  The  Turks  take  Bagdad  ;  gi'eat  massacre. 

1796  Teherau  the  capitah 

1826  War  with  Ptussia. 

1856  War  with  England ;  peace,  April  1^. 

1858  The  shah  reorganizes  the  government. 

1865  Railways  in  process  of  formation;  electric 

telegraphs,  18G7. 

1873  The  shah  visits  Europe;  again  in  1889. 

1889  Imperial  bank  of  Persia  established,  Oct.  23. 

1892  Tobacco  monopoly  abolished,  Jan.  7. 

1893  Earthquake   at   Kuchan ;  12,000   deaths  re- 

ported. 

1894  Coinage  and  importation  of  silver  suspended. 

1895  Russo-Persian  frontier  settled. 

1896  Xasr-ed-Din,  shah,  assassinated,  May  1. 


SYRIA. 
B.C. 

1049     Alliance  of  David,  king  of  Israel,  with  king 

Hiram. 
1040     Syria  conquered  by  king  David. 
898     Benhadad  makes  war  on  the  Jews.       [syria. 
740     Syria  subjugated  by  Tiglath-pileser  of  As- 
537     Conquered  by  Cyrus  ;  by  Alexander,  333. 
301     Great  battle  of  Ipsus,  death  of  Autigonus. 
299     The  city  of  Antioch  founded. 
223     Antiochus  III.  conquers  Palestine  ;  defeated 
at  Raphia,  217. 
83     Tigranes  of  Armenia  acquires  Syria. 


PniMiriNK    ISLANDS.  269 

63     Syria  made  a  Koinan  province. 
A.i>.       "  [256. 

162     Invaded  by  the  Partliians;  by  the  Persians, 
638     Conquered  by  the  Saracens. 
970     Conquest  of  Syria  by  the  Fatimite  caliplis. 
1095     Crusades   begin  ;  continue    for   nearly   two 
centuries ;  Christians  expelled  by  the  sultan 
of  P:gypt,  1291. 
1400     Syria  overrun  by  Tamerlane. 
1516     Conquered  by  the  Turks,  and  held  till  1700. 
1799     Bonaparte  overruns  the  country. 
1801     The  French  evacuate  Syria. 
1831     Mehemet  AH  conquers  Syria. 
1841     The  sultan  grants  hereditary  rights  to  Me- 

heraet,  who  gives  up  Syria. 
1860      The  Mohammedans  massacre  Christians  at 
Damascus,  July  9  et  seq. ;  the  English  and 
Fn'Mch  intervene. 
Pacitication  of  the  country  effected,  Nov. 

[No  iiiiiK)rt:int  event  in  recent  years.] 


PALMYRA. 

[Sup|»o.se«l  to  have  been  tl>e  Ta<In>or  of  tli<^  Bible.) 

105  Splendid  p<'riod  of  Palmyra. 

130  ifadrian  gives  it  the  name  of  Adrianople. 

258  Odaenathus  wars  with  Persia. 

264  ()da«Miathus  supreme  commander. 

272  Z.-iM.l.ia  d.'fcated  bv  Aurelian. 


270  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

1521     Discovered  by  Magellan,  who  here  lost  his 

life. 
1565     Taken  possession  of  by  a  fleet  from  Mexico. 
1570     A  settlement  effected  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Manila  river.  [nish. 

1762     Captured  by  the  Eng.  under  Draper  and  Cor- 
1764     Restored  to  Spain. 

1896     Outbreak  of  rebellion  against  Spanish  rule, 

Aug.  31. 

Aguinaldo  becomes  leader.  [1. 

1898     Com.  Dewey  destroys  the  Spanish  fleet,  May 

Gen.  Merritt  lands  at  Cavite,  Manila  harbor, 

July  26. 
Manila  sur.  to  the  American  forces,  Aug.  13. 


ABYSSINIA.  271 

AFRICA. 

ABYSSINIA. 

[Ancient  history  uncertain.] 

330     Christianity  introduced. 
1490     Msited  by  the  Portuguese. 

Court  becomes  Catholic. 
1640     Catholicism  suppressed  before  this  date. 
1855     Theodore  takes  the  title  of  king,  Feb.  11. 

Protestant  missionaries  received,  replacing 

Roman  Catholics.  [insults,  Jan. 

1864      British    subjects   imprisoned    for  pretended 

1867  Kngland    sends    war  expedition    under    Sir 

Robert  Xapier,  Sept.  14. 

1868  Theodore's  troops  defeated  by  the  British, 

April  10;  kills  himself,  April  Vi.  [ll>. 

1872  Kassa  crowned  at  Axum  as  Johanni  If.,  Jan. 
1875      War  with  Egypt ;    Ismail   Pacha  defeated ; 

desperate  tight  at  (Jouda  (Jouddi,  Oct.  Hi. 
1877  Johanrji  defeats  Ment-Iek,  king  of  Shoa,  June. 
1885      War  with  Italy.  [Johanni,  Dec. 

1888  Menelek,  king  of  Shoa,  rebels  against  King 

1889  Protectorate  of  Italy  over  Abyssinia  accepted, 

Oct.  14. 
.Meiu'lek  crowned  negus  of  .\byssinia,  Nov.  •"{. 
1896      King  Menelek  defeats  the  Itaiian.s,  March  1. 
Italy  renounces  her  claim  over  Aby.ssinia, 

Oct.  20. 


272  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

BARBARY    STATES. 
ALGIERS. 

935     Algiers  founded  by  the  Arabs. 

1509  Algiers,  the  seat  of  the  Barbary  pirates,  cap- 
tured by  Ferdinand  of  Spain. 

1516     Xominally  subject  to  Turkey. 

1816     Bombarded  by  a  British  fleet.  [French. 

1830     Barbarian  government    overthrown    by  the 

1833     Abd-el-Kader,  an  Arab  chief,  revolts  against 

France ;  after  a  long  struggle  surrenders, 

Dec.    2;],    1847,    is    reconciled    with    the 

French,  and  dies  May,  1883,  aged  76. 

[The  later  history  of  Algiers  has  been  a  series  of  con- 
flicts with  the  French  government.] 

MOROCCO. 

1051     ^Morocco  subdued  by  Fatimite  Caliphs. 

1471  Tangiers  conquered  by  Alfonso  V.  of  Por- 
tugal. 

1516  The  Scherifs,  pretended  descendants  of  ^lo- 
hammed,  reign  in  Morocco. 

1662  Tangiers  given  as  a  dower  to  Catherine  of 
Portugal  on  her  marriage  with  Charles  II. 
of  I^ngland. 

1844     War  with  France;  peace.  Sept  10. 

1860  A  Moorish  ambassador  in  London,  the  first 
since  the  time  of  Charles  II. 

1889     Dispute  with  Spain ;  settled  about  Sept.  29. 


CARTHAGE. 


1892  Rebellion  of  Angherites,  who  are  defeated, 

July-Sept.  [sharp  fighting. 

1893  Moors  of  the  Riff  tribe  attack  the  Spaniards, 


TRIPOLI. 

1551  Conquered  by  the  Turks.  [dent. 

1741  Hamlet  Bey,  pacha,  makes  himself  indepen- 

1835  Restored  to  nominal  control  of  Turkey. 

1895  Ismail  Bey,  governor, 

TUNIS. 

[Tunis  .'Jt.imls  nearly  on  the  site  of  Ancient  Cartliage.  It 
remainetl  under  African  kings  until  taken  by  Harbarossa  for 
Solyman  the  Magnificent.] 

1871     Becomes    an   integral    pari   of  llie    Turkish 
empire.  [volt.s. 

1881      Controlled  by  France  ;   insurrections  and  re- 
1884      l-'reneh  courts  of  law  established.  [canal. 

1893     Tunis    made   a  seaport   by  construction   of 


CARTHAGE. 

n.c. 

878      According  to  N-gcMxl,  toiiiiilcd  by  l)i<lo  ;  date 

doubtful. 
509      I'irst  alliance  with  the  Romans. 
379      The  Carthaginians  land  in  Italy. 
264      riie  first  Runic  war  begins;   lasts  23  years. 
247      Ilamilcar  Barca  commands  in  Sicily. 
Hannibal  tlie  Great  born. 


2«4  IMPORTANT    EYEXTS. 

242     Hasdrubal  founds  Xew  Carthage    (Cartha- 

gena). 
241     Sicily  lost  by  Carthage. 

229     Hamilcar  kill'd  ;  Hasdrubal  assassinated,  221. 

219     Hannibal  conquers  Spain. 

218     The  second  Punic  war  begins  ;  lasts  17  years. 

Hannibal  crosses  the  Alps,  and  enters  Italy. 

Defeats   the    Romans    at   the    Ticinus   and 

Trebia ;    at    Lake    Trasimenus,    217 ;    at 

Cannae,  216. 
210     The  Carthaginians  expelled  from  Sicily. 
206     Expelled  from  Spain  by  Scipio. 
202     Plannibal  totally  defeated  at  Zama  by  Scipio. 
183     Hannibal,  in  exile  in  Bithynia,  takes  poison. 
149     Third  Punic  war.  [Roman  senate,  July. 

146     Carthage  taken,  and  burned  by  order  of  the 
19     Rebuilt  by  the  Romans. 

A.D. 

200  Becomes  a  Christian  bishopric. 

439  Taken  by  Genseric  the  Vandal,  Oct.  9, 

533  Retaken  by  Belisarius. 

647  Ravaged  by  the  Arabs.  [Egypt. 

698  Destroyed    by    Hassan,    Saracenic    gov.    of 

1861  Antiquities  excavated,  and  brought  to  British 
]\Iuseum. 


CENTRAL,    EAST,    AND    WEST   AFRICA. 

1768     Bruce  begins  his  travels. 

1787     Sierra  Leone  settled  by  the  English. 


EGYPT.  Jt;} 

1795     Mmip^o  Park  makes  his  first  voyage  to  Africa. 

1820  Lil)eria  founded;  independence  proclaimed, 
1847,  J.  .!.  Roberts  president. 

1849  Lake  Ngami  discovered  by  David  Living- 
stone, Aug.  L 

1856  Du  Chailhi  travels  in  Central  Africa. 

1857  Territories  of  Liberia  incr.  by  annexations. 

1858  Second  expedition  of  Livingstone. 

1863  Speke  and  (irant  find  a  source  of  the  Nile  in 

Lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  Feb.  2^5. 
Du  Chaillu  starts  on  a  fresh  exped.,  Aug.  0. 

1864  Sir    Samuel    Baker   discovers   Lake   Albert 

Nyanza. 

1870  Expedition  of  Baker  to  put  down  slave-trade. 

1871  Henry  i\L  Stanley  disc.  Livingstone,  Nov.  10. 
1873  Livingstone  dies  in  Ilala,  Cent.  Afr.,  ^Liy  L 
1879     Stanley  explores  the  Congo. 

1886     The  German  East  African  Co.  founded. 

[Many  expoditions  from  various  F^uropeaii  countrios 
explored  Africa  diiriiiK  the,  siioceecliiig  ten  years, 
resuUing  in  tlio  estal>lislinient  of  the  Congo  State 
under  the  protection  of  Belgium.] 

1895     Congo  State  annexed  to  Belgium. 


EGYPT. 


[The  chronology  of  Egypt  is  very  conflicting,  the  difTerence 
in  dates  being  that  of  centuries.     Hrugsch  and  .Mariette  are  tlie 
authorities  most  commonly  referre«l  to.] 
U.r. 

5004      M.^ncs,  first  known  lawgiver  (M.).  1  1.'..")  ( 15.). 

4235      ('lHM)ps  builds  tin'  great  pvraniid  (.M.),  '■>7'-'i''\ 

(B.). 


27b  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

4100     The  worship  of  Apis  established  (B.). 
2300     Osirtasen  III.  excavates  Lake  Moeris,  and 
constructs  the   Labyrinth    and   the   kilo- 
meter (B,). 
2214     Tlie  Hyksos,  or  Shepherd  kings,  rule  (iNI.). 
1750     Arrival  of  Joseph  (B.).  [(B.). 

1703     Achmes  L  conquers  the  Hyksos  (M.),  1700 
1600     Thothnies  III.  rules;  his  exploits  recorded 

in  his  temple  at  Karnak  (B.). 
1333     Reign  of  Seti ;  makes  first  canal  from  the 

Red  Sea  to  the  Xile  (B.). 
1322     Rameses  II.  (Sesostris)  conquers  Ethiopia. 
1300     INIaneptah,  prob.  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus. 
1288     Rameses  III.  cultivates  navigation  and  com- 
merce (M.)- 
980     Shishak  (1  A'/zvys  xiv.),  ruler  (M.),  9GG  (B.). 
693     Egypt  frequently  invaded  by  Assyrians. 
665     Psammetichus  I.  (Gr.)  restores  the  monarchy. 
612     Necho  II.  defeats  Josiah,  king  of  Judah,  at 

Megiddo  ;  defeated  by  Xebuchadnezzar. 
527     Cambyses  the  Persian  conquers  Egypt. 
424     Egypt  regains  its  independence  by  Armyr- 
t.-eus.  [Persia. 

340     Xectanebes  II.   conquered  by  the   king  of 
332     Alexander  conq.  Egypt ;  founds  Alexandria. 
323     Ptolemy  I.,  Soter,  king  of  Egypt. 
283     The  museum  of  Alexandria  founded;   tlie 

Pharos  completed. 
269     Ambassadors  first  sent  to  Rome. 
82     Revolt  in  Upper  Egypt ;  Thebes  destroyed. 


EGYl'T.  277 

47     Alexandria  besieged  by  C;T?sar. 

43     Cleopatra  poisons  her  brother,   and   reigns 

alone. 
41     Cleopatra  fascinates  Marc  Antony. 
31     liattle  of   Actiuni;    defeat  of    Antony   and 

Cleopatra. 
30     The  kingdom  becomes  a  Konian  province. 

A.l>. 

122  Alex,  restored  by  Adrian  ;  l>y  Severus,  200. 

305  Monachism  begins  in  Egypt.  [Alex. 

365  Great  earthquake  ;  50,000  persons  perish  iu 

389  Destruction  of  temple  and  worship  of  Serapis. 

415  IIyi>atia,  neo-Platonic  piiilosopher,  murdered 
by  a  mob  of  fanatics  in  Alexandria. 

616  Kgypt  conqutu-ed  by  Chosroes  of  Persia. 

640  Conquest  of  Alexandria  by  the  Saracens. 

969  Cairo  founded  by  the  Saracens.  [1001. 

1163  Compiest  by  the  Turks  begins  ;  conipletfd, 

1250  (iovernment  of  the  Mamelukes  established. 

1567  Concpiered  by  Selim  I.,  enq).  of  the  Turks. 

1798  l{(niaparte  seizes  greater  part  of  the  country. 

1801  Turkish  government  restored.  [1. 

1811  M«*h(Mnet  Ali  massacres  the  Mamelukes,  Mar. 

1816  l»<'l/oni  nMnov«'s  status*  of  Memnon. 

1820  Construction  of  the  Mahmoud  canal,  conncct- 
ing  Alexandria  with  th»*  Nile. 

1831  Mehemet  revolts,  and  invades  Syria. 

1832  Ibr.iiiim    takes   Acre,    May  27;  defeats    the 

Turks  at  Konieh,  Dec.  21. 
1841      .Mehemet  ni.id.'  Ii.'ivditary  viceroy  of  Kgypl. 


278  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1848  Ibrahim  Pacha  dies,  Xov.  10. 

1858  Suez  canal  begun  by  M.  de  Lesseps.  [1. 

1861  Malta  and  Alexandria  telegraph  opened,  Nov. 

1863  Increased   cultivation    of  cotton ;  result   of 

American  civil  war. 

1865  Opening  of  part  of  Suez  Canal,  Aug.  15. 

1869  Suez  canal  successfully  opened,  Xov.  17. 

1870  Sir  Sam.  Baker  explores  the  White  Nile,  Aug. 
1872  Slave-trade  apparently  subdued. 

1875     War  with  Abyssinia ;  peace,  1877. 

1879     The  khedive  deposed  by  the  sultan ;  Prince 

Tewfik  proclaimed  successor. 
1882     Insurrection  at  Alexandria,  June  11. 

Forts  bombarded  by  the  British,  July  11. 
Battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir,  defeat  of  Arabi  Pacha, 
Sept.  13. 
1887     Anglo-Turkish  convention  respecting  Egypt, 

signed  July. 
1892     The  Khedive  Tewfik  d.  much  lamented,  Jan. 
7  ;  his  eldest  son.  Abbas,  succeeds,  Jan.  8. 
New  railway  bridge  over  the  Nile,  ]\Iay  5. 

1894  Prof.  Brugsch  Pacha,  Eg\'ptologist,  d.  Sept.  9. 

1895  Ismail  Pacha,  ex-khedive,  dies  March  2. 


SOUDAN. 


1881     Mahdi  declares  himself  a  prophet,  July. 

Defeats  the  Egyptians. 
1883     Campaigns  of  British  and  Egyptians  begin, 
lasting  many  years  with  fierce  fighting. 


SOUTH    AFRICA.  Jt 

1883  Osman  Digiia  commander  for  the  Maluii. 

1885  (len.  Gordon  killed  at  Khartoum,  Jan.  26. 

1893  Defeat  of  tlie  dervishes  by  the  Italians. 

1894  Archibald  Hunter  c^ov.  of  frontier  pro  v. 
1898  Slavery  gradually  ]»ec()miiig  extinct. 


SOUTH    AFRICA. 

1650  Cape  Town  founded  l>y  the  Dutch. 

1814  Finally  ceded  to  England. 

1820  British  emigrants  arrive.  [nal  colony. 

1849  Successful  resistance  to  establishment  of  pe- 

1351  Orange  River  territory  annexed. 

1854  First  parlia't  meets  at  Cape  Town,  July  1. 

1860  First   railway  from  Cape  Town   (.58  miles) 

opened,  Dec. 

1867  Rich  diamond  fields  <liscovered. 

1871  Colony  of  Griqualand  constituted,  Oct.  27. 

1877  ^Var  with  the  Kaffirs.  []>leted,  Dec.  2."). 

1879  r»'l<'graphic  rommunication  with  (i.  H.  com- 

-1885  1  {ail way  to  Kimberley  open<*d,  Nov.  28. 

1892  (In-at  fin'  at  Cape  Town,  Feb.  21.  [2. 

1895  Mr.  ('ceil  11  Ik »df's  made  privy  councillor,  Feb. 

1898  ('«'cil  Rhodes  «dected  as  a  representative  by 

a  large  majority. 

TRANSVAAL    REPUBLIC. 

1848     Transvaal  Republic  found,  d  by  Dutch  Hocrs. 
1852      liidepoiulence  declared,  Jan.  17. 


280  IMPORTANT    EVENTS. 

1876  War  with  the  Kaffirs  under  Cetywayo. 

1877  Annexed  to  the  British  dominions. 

1879  The  Transvaal  declared  a  crown  colony,  Dec. 

1880  The  Boers  claim  independence. 

1881  War  with  the  English. 

1883     Paul  Kriiger,  president ;  again  in  1888. 
1885     Johannesburg  founded. 

1889     Defensive    treaty   with    the    Orange    Free 
State  about  March  13. 

1893  Paul  Kriiger  re-elected  president.     [June  28. 

1894  Brit,  subjects  exempt  from  military  service, 
Revolt  of  the  Kaffirs. 

1895  The  Delagoa  railway  opened,  July  8. 

1896  Dr.  Jamieson  and  his  raiders  defeated,  Jan. 

1 ;  tried  and  convicted  in  London,  July  28. 
1898     Fresh  discovery  of  diamonds  near  Pretoria. 


AUSTRALIA. 

1606     The  Dutch  discover  Australia. 
1686     William  Dampier  lands  in  Australia. 

1787  First  transportation  of  felons  to  Botany  Bay, 

jMay. 

1788  Sydney  founded.  [established. 
1803  Colony  of  Van  Diemen's  Land  (Tasmania) 
1829     West  Australia  formed  into  a  province. 

1834  South  Australia  erected  into  a  province. 

1835  Port  Phillip  (Victoria)  colonized. 
1837     Melbourne  founded. 


HAWAII.  2S1. 

1839  Transportation  of  felons  suspended. 

1842  City  of  Sydney  incorporated. 

1850  Victoria  (Port  Piiillip)  made  a  province. 

1851  (Jold  discovered  by  Mr.  Ilargreaves. 
1853  Mints  established  ;  transportation  ceases. 
1859  (Queensland  made  a  province,  Dec. 

1866     Koyal  Soc.  of  New  So.  Wales  founded,  May. 

1883  Completion  of  railway  between  Melbourne 
and  Sydney,  June. 

1885  Federation  of  Australasian  colonies,  except 
New  South  Wales  and  New  Zealand,  com- 
pleted, Dec.  [gration. 

1888     Au.stralasia  favors  restricting  Chinese  immi- 

1891      Uniform  colonial  postage  adopted,  Jan.  1. 

Title  "Commonwealth  of  Austialia"ado}»ted, 
April  1;  Victoria  requires  ''Common- 
wealth "  to  be  changed  to  "  Federation," 
July  21. 

1895  Tlie  Australasian  Federation  League  meets 
at  Melbourne;  federation  of  the  states 
approved,  .Jan.  *JiJ. 

1898  ••  Old  Age  Pension  "  l)ill  jiasses  the  House  of 
Kep.  of  New  Zealand,  Oct.  20. 


HAW  a: 


1778      Discovered   by  C:ij>tain   Cook,  wiio   is   killed 

there,    Feb.    1  1.    177!». 
1789      Kill-   K;iiiieliaMielt;i  rules  till   l^l!». 


282  IMPOP.TANT    EVENTS. 

1824  King  Kamehaineha  II.  and  queen  visit  Lon- 
don, and  die  there,  July. 

1840  Kamehameha  III.  promulgates  constitution. 

1856  Kamehameha  IV.  mar.  Miss  Emma  Hooker. 

1875  Reciprocity  treaty  with  the  United  States. 

1876  David  Kahikaua  elected  king,  Feb.  12. 
1887  Queen  Kapiolani  present  at  Queen  Victoria's 

Jubilee.  [ceeds,  Jan.  29. 

1891  King  Kalakaua  d.  Jan.  20  ;  Liliuokalani  suc- 

1893  Liliuokalani  deposed ;  provis.  gov.  formed. 

1894  Republic  proclaimed,  S.  B.  Dole,  pres.,  July  -1. 
1898  Annexed  to  the  United  States,  July  7. 


SAMOA. 

1830  Christianized  by  Rev.  John  TTilliams. 

1880  ]Malietoa  king.  [by  Tamatese. 

1887  :\Ialietoa  deposed  by  the  Germans  j  replaced 

1888  Mataafa  gains  victory  over  Tamatese. 

1889  Conflicting  interests  between  German,  Brit- 

ish, and  United  States  governments. 
Three  United  States  war  vessels,  Xipsic,  Van- 
dalia,    and    Trenton,    and   three    German, 
wrecked  at  Apia,  ISlarch  15-16. 

1893  Mataafa  exiled  to  Kakaofo,  Sept.  1.         [44. 

1894  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  d.  at  Apia,  Dec.  4,  a. 
1899     Civil  war  among  natives;  Britisli  and  Amer- 
ican naval  officers  killed,  April. 


INDEX. 


Aargau,  peace  of,  247. 

Abbas,  kheilive  «f  Kgvpt.  27S. 

Abbott,  Hon.  .losojih  C,  '2:$. 

Abbott,  Sir  Jolm.'24. 

Ab<l-cl-Kador,  27-2. 

Abd-el.\Vahhab,'2.v;. 

A btlur- Rahman,  2.')r>. 

Abentcen,  Earl  of,  *24. 

Abraham,  2<3. 

Abyssinia,  2;U,  271. 

AccuU'mie  tie  France,  org.,  15S. 

Aca«iia,  2G,  28. 

Acadians,  14,  27,  28. 

Actui,  Jose,  pros,  of  TJol.,  130. 

Achmcs  I.  of  Egvpt,  270. 

Acliiim,  battle,  2^7. 

Actof  I  iiiformity,  170. 

Union  of  Kng.and  Scot.,  isl. 
Adams,  CharK's  KranciH,  fd. 
Adams,  John,  11,  38,  40.  42.  45. 
Adams,  Jolin  Qidncy,  10,02. 
Adams,  Samntd,  10. 
Adams,  Win.T.,  10i>. 
Adi'.lson,  Joseph,  180. 
Adrian  IV,,  i'ope,  172. 
Adrlanopir,  peace  of,  231,  249; 

formerly  Tulmyra,  20U. 
Adrlano  pic' taken, 218. 
A<lrian  rest.  Alexandria,  277. 
AflvcrtlscnKMits,  duty  on,  1&2. 
Advertisrr,  Montreal',  lU. 
Advertising  vans,  I'JO. 
yl-jschylns,  l'J4. 
yEsop,  104. 
Afghan,  233,  2:.4. 
Afghanistan,  •i.'Vl,  2rM. 
Africa,  271-2,s<». 
Agassi/,,  Lonls  J.  U.,.M, 
Agathocles,  218, 
AgesilauH  II.,  k.  Sparta,  I'.t.'). 
Aglncourt,  baUl<'.  1.'.7. 
Agrarian  law,  200. 


Agrarian  League  party,  170. 
Agricx)laiii  liriiain,  17(i. 
Agricultural    college,   first  In 

r.  S.,70. 
Agricultural  exp.  sta.,  97. 
Agrlgentum  founded,  218. 
Agripplna,  207. 
Aguinaldo,  270. 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  peace  of,  147, 

159,  202. 
Akbar  rules  Hindustan,  200. 
Alabama,  20,  .V.»,  78 
Alalinma,  baltlc-ship,  112. 
A  lal Id  ma  {(.lowic^X.) ,  190;  award 

paid,  89,  191. 
Alain.s  In  Portugal,  225. 
Alamo,  Tex.,  massacre.  07. 
Alanl  conquer  Spain,  238. 
Alarlc  the  Uoth,  198,  209. 
Alaska,  80,  109. 
Albany,  city  of,  Incor.,  8. 
Albemarle,  ram,  83, 
Alberta,  N.  \V.  tcr.,  22, 
Albert,  k.  of  IJohenda,  1.53. 
Albert  of  Austria,  ir.O.  2o4. 
All)i'rtof  r.randenburg,  227. 
Albert  of  Mfcklenljurg,  244. 
Albert,  Prince,  188. 
Albert  I.,  assassinated,  147. 
Albert  V.,  enip.  of  Ger.,  147. 
Albrecht,  Archduke,  148,  149. 
Alclblades,  in:., 
Alcott,  A.  Mronson,47. 
Alcott,  Louisa  May,  OC. 
Alcu.lla  li.  K.bri.lge,  fall,  212. 
Aldine  Press,  222. 
A  Ihbli,  Thomas  n.,f.8. 
Alexander  I.,  k.  of  S<ot,,  172, 
Alexan<Ur  1!.,  Czar,  233, 
Alexander  II  I.,  cmp.,  2.«,  234. 
Alexander  I II.,  k.  of  Scot..  173. 
Alexander  Mllo.-ch  I..  237. 


284 


INDEX. 


Alexanclfir,  P.  of  Bulgaria,  154. 
Alexauder  the  Great,  196,  '256, 

257,  260,  264,  267,  268. 
Alexandra,  Princess,  156. 
Alexandria,  Museum,  276;  be- 
sieged, 277. 
Alexis,  Grand  Duke,  88. 
Alfaro,  dictator,  Ecua.,  138. 
Alfonso  I.  def.  Moors,  225. 
Alfonso  v.,  Portugal,  272. 
Alfonso  XII.,  242,  243. 
Alfonso  XIII.,  243. 
Alfred,  King,  statue  of,  101. 
Alfred  the  Great,  171. 
Algiers,  56,  272. 
Alhambra  founded,  239. 
Alien  and  sedition  laws,  46. 
Ali  rules  Arabia,  255. 
Allan,  Sir  Hugh,  22. 
Allan  steamship  line,  75. 
Allen,  Ethan,  18. 
Allston,  Washington,  34. 
Alma,  battle  of  the,  231. 
Almagro,  D.,  Chile,  133. 
Almoravides,  dynasty,  239. 
Almy,  John  J.,  admiral,  105. 
Alonzo,  pres.  of  Bol.,  130. 
Alphonso  of  Aragon,  219. 
Aluminum,  imp.  process,  97. 
Alvarado  subduesIndians.llS ; 
conquers  San  Salvador, 1-2;J. 
Alvear  takes  Montevideo,  145. 
Amadeus.D.of  Aosta,241,  242. 
Amadeus,  Vic,  Sardinia,  218. 
Amalgro  the  Lad,  Peru,  142. 
Amaru,  Tupac,  inca,  143. 
Amazonian  war,  193. 
America,  Central,  118-124. 

Russian,  sold  to  U.  S.,  232. 
America,  North,  1-117. 
America,  South,  127-146. 
America  wins  race,  74. 
American  — 

Antiquarian  Societv,  54. 

Antislavery  Society,  66,  88. 

army  disbanded,  37. 

Bible  Society,  57. 

Colonization  Society,  57. 

Daily  Advertiser,  37. 

Exposition  at  N.  Orleans,  96. 

Farmer,  58. 

Federatiou  of  Labor,  97. 


American  — 

Inst,  of  Elec.  Eng.,  95. 

Soc.  of  ]Mech.  Eng.,  98. 

Inst,  of  Miu.  Eng.,  88. 

Philosophical  Society,  12. 

ports  closed,  51. 

Protective  Association,  103. 

Public  Health  Ass.,  89. 

Society  of  Civil  Eng.,  74. 

Sunday-school  Union,  62. 

University, NVashington,  107. 

Woman's  Suflrage  Asso.,  87. 
Americans  evacuate  N.  Y.,  32. 
Amendments,   Constitutional, 
l.-X.,rati!ied,  42;  XI.,  43; 
XII.,  49;  XIII.,  85;  XIV., 
87;  XY.,SS. 
Ames,  Fisher,  15. 
Amherst  College,  60. 
Amiens,  peace  of,  160. 
Ammen,  Daniel,  admiral,  112. 
Amnesty,  gen.,  proc,  85,  86. 
Amurath  I.,  Sultan,  198,  248. 
Anabaptists  ban.,  6;  war,  1G7. 
Anacreon,  194. 
Anaquito,  battle,  142. 
Anarchists,  Chicago,  97,  98;  in 
Barcelona,    243;    in     Bel- 
gium, 153. 
Ancient   and   Hon.   Artillery 

Co.,  192. 
Anderson,  Mary,  actress,  77. 
Anderson,  Robert,  gen.,  50. 
Audersonville  prison,  82. 
Andover  Theol.  Sem.,  52. 
Andrade.L,  pres.,  Venez.,  Hf>. 
Andrassy,  Count,  149,  201,  205. 
Andre,  Major,  35. 
Andree,  balloonist,  223. 
Andrew  II.,  death,  204. 
Andrew,  John  A.,  58. 
Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  7,  8. 
Angherites,  rebellion,  273. 
Angles  li^  Britain,  171. 
Anglin,T.  W.,24. 
Anglo-Amer.  arbit.  treaty,  109. 
Anglo-Saxon  language,  172. 
Anne  arr.  at  Plymouth,  4. 
Anne,  queen  oif  Gt.  Brit.,  181. 
Anson  and  Hawke,  184. 
Anthracite  coal,  22. 
Anti-corn-law  League,  189. 


IKPEX. 


285 


Antietam,  battle,  80, 

Anligonus,  .leath.269. 

Antigua,  W.  I.,  settled,  125. 

Antl-Jcsult  law.  IC!). 

Anti-Masonic  I'arty,  65. 

Antioch  fouixleM, '2<hS. 

Autiochus,  -JtU,  2i\S. 

AntipatiT,  Maceilonia,  11>6. 

Antl-Rcnt  troubles,  44. 

Antisluvery  Society,  lirst,  18; 
inN.  Y.,66. 

Antoninus  Fius,  emp.,  208. 

Ao3ta,  Duke  of,  death,  213. 

Apache  Indian  war,  'J5. 

Apelles,  1%. 

Apis,  worship  of,  276. 

Apollodorus,  195. 

Appenzcll  joins  Confed'y,  246. 

Appleton'fi  Cyclopiedla,  78. 

Arabia,  '255,  'J5r.. 

Arago,  Francis,  162. 

Aragon,  147,  2;W. 

Arau<;anians,  ISS. 

Arbor  Day,  origin,  89. 

Arcadlus,  emperor,  19S. 

Arce,  pres.  of  Hoi.,  i:}(). 

Archieological  Inst.of  Am.,92. 

Archibald,  8lr  A.  O.,  19. 

Archimedes  observes  sol- 
stices, VJi];  slain,  218. 

Arctic,  steamer,  lost,  75. 

Areouagus  established,  193. 

Argall  burns  I'ort  Royal,  25. 

Argentine  Republic,  127-l'J'.t. 

Argonauticcxp.  of  Jason,  l'.i;{. 

Argos,  kingdom  of,  liri. 

Arias,  C,  dep.  Medina,  121. 

Ariosto,  Ludovlco,  209. 

Arlstides  ••  the  .lust,"  194. 

Aristophanes,  195. 

Arl.stotle,  195. 

Arlus,  found,  of  Arlanism,  196, 

Arkansas,  67,  7h. 

Armstrong  gun,  190. 

Arnolfl,  Heneillct,  IK,  34,  35, 

Arnold,  Matthew,  IhH. 

Arnold  of  Hrescla.  death,  209. 

Arnolil,  Thomas,  18<i. 

Arnulf  takes  Rome,  209. 

"  Aroostook  war,"  69. 

Artaxerxes,  king,  2«',7. 

Arthur,  Chester  A.,  64,  9.'{, 


I  Arundclian  marbles,  193. 
I  Aryans  conquer  Imlia,  260. 

AsDury,  Francis,  bishoi),  13. 

Ascham,  Roger,  176. 

Ashtabula,  R.  R.  accident,  91, 

Asia,  2.54-270. 

Assiniboia,  N.  W,tcr.,22. 

Assyria,  256,  257. 

"Assyrian   Discoveries,"  257. 

Aster,  John  Jacob,  15. 

Astor  Library,  N.  Y.,  75. 

Astronom.  ob.servations,  257. 

Astronom.  Soc.  of  Lond  ,  1S8. 

Asuncion,  Tar.,  founded,  140. 

Atahualpa,  Inca,  mur.,  142. 

Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa 
Fe  R.  R.,  10.-.. 

Athabraska,  N.  W.  ten,  22, 

Alhaliah,  death,  264. 

Athanasius,  196. 

Atlanta  campaign,  83. 

Atlantic  cable,  76,  77,  85,  93, 
190,  191. 

Atomic  theory,  187, 

Attila  plunders  Milan,  216. 

Au(;hmuty,  Sir  Samuel,  127. 

Audubon,  John  J.,  34, 

Auerstadt,  battle,  22S. 

Augsl)urg  Confession,  200. 

Augustus  1.,  Saxony,  2;W. 

Augustine,  St.,  in  Kng.,  171. 

Aurellan  def.  Zenobla,  269. 

AurungzelK!  reigns,  261. 

Austerlit/,  battle,  160. 

Austin,  Alfred,  192, 

Austrabisian  col.,  fed.  of,  280. 

Australia,  '280. 

Australian  ballot  system,  ;>9. 

Austria,  147-ir><». 

Avalanches  in  N.  Italy,  213. 

Avon  defeateil,  5<;. 

Ayoob  Khan,  255. 

Aztecs  In  Mexico,  1. 

Raber,  Sultan,  2.54,  260. 

K.ibylon,  25<;,  2.'>7. 

Uabylonla,  ■2.')7. 

Ilache,  George  M..  com.,  107. 

Bacon,  Francis,  177. 

Itacon,  Nathaniel,  rebellion,  7. 

Haion,  Roger,  172. 

lladajos  foundeil,  118. 


286 


INDEX. 


Baglcy,  Ensign,  killed,  30. 
Bahamas,  piracy  in,  126. 
Bailey,  Theodoras,  adm.,  50. 
Bainbridge,  Wm.,  com.,  17. 
Bajazetl.,  248.  249. 
Baker,  Sir  S.,  dis.  Lake  Albert 

Nyanza,  275. 
Balaklava,  battle,  231. 
Balboa,  Vasco  de,  2. 
Baldwin,  earl  of  Flanders,  198. 
Balfour,  William  D..  24. 
Baliul,  John,  of  Scot.,  173. 
Ball,  Thomas,  59. 
Ballivian,  pres.  of  Bol.,  129. 
Ballou,  Hosea,  Univ.,  17. 
Ball's  Blixfl",  battle,  79. 
Balmaceda,  Jos6.  Chile,  135. 
Baltimore  American,  47. 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  R.  R.,  04. 
Baltimore  laid   out,  10;    first 

public  school,  64. 
Baltimore, Lord,  founds  col. ,4. 
Bancroft,  George,  47. 
Bank  of  England,  181, 189,  101. 
Bank  of  France  founded,  100. 
Bank  of  Italy  estab.,  211. 
Bank  of  N.  America,  35. 
Bank  of  Persia,  268. 
Bank  of  Venice,  221. 
Banks,  Nathaniel  P.,  57,  76,  80. 
Bannockburn,  battle,  173. 
Baptist  church,  5,  7,  9. 
Baptista,   M.,  pres.  of   Bol., 

130. 
Barbados,  W.  L,  set.,  125. 
Barbarossa,  Frederic,  166,  215. 
Barbary  pirates,  272. 
Barbary  States,  272,  273. 
Barbuda,  W.  I.,  set.,  125. 
Barcelona,  siege,  240;    strike 

in,  242. 
Barlow,  Francis  C,  106. 
"  Barnburners,"  71. 
Barnet,  battle,  175. 
Barneveldt,  execution,  201. 
Barney,  Joshua,  com.,  15. 
Bamum,  Phineas  T.,  53. 
Barometer,  invention  of,  209. 
Barrios,  pres.  of  Gua.,  120. 
Barrios,  pres.  of  S.  Sal.,  124. 
Barron,  Cora.,  16,  60. 
Bartholdi,  stat.  of  Liberty,  101. 


Barton,  Clara,  org.  Red  Cross 

Soc,  65. 
Bastille,  destruction  of,  159. 
Batavian  Republic,  202. 
Bate:?,  Joshua,  40. 
Baton  Rouge,  27,  28,  29. 
Batthyany,  Louis,  shot,  204. 
Bavaria,  150,  151. 
Baxter,  Richard,  178. 
Bayard,  Chevalier,  175. 
Bayard,  Thomas  F.,  113. 
Bazaine,  116, 163. 
lieachy-llead,  sea-fight,  181. 
Beatoun,  Cardinal,  a?.sas.,  176. 
Beaumont,  Francis,  177. 
Beauregard,  Pierre  G.  T.,  57. 
Becket,  Thomas  a,  172. 
Bede,  the  Venerable,  171. 
Beecher,  Henrv  Ward,  55. 
Beecher,  Lyman,  18. 
Beethoven,  Ludwig  von,  228. 
Behring-Sea,  24, 101, 114, 191. 
Bela  111.,  203. 
Belgium,  151-153,  202,  203. 
Belgrade  captured,  237,  249. 
Belisarius,  198,  209,  219,  274. 
Bell,  Alexander  G..  72,  91. 
Bellamy,  Etlward,  73. 
Belmont,  Mo.,  battle,  79. 
Belochus,  king,  2o6. 
Belshazzar,  257. 
Beltcheff,  M.,  Bulgaria,  155. 
Belzoni    removes    statue    of 

Memnon,  277. 
Belzu,  pres.  of  Bol.,  129. 
Benhadad,  268. 
Benham,  Admiral,  133. 
Bennett,  James  Gordon,  44. 
Benninirton,    Vt.,  settled,  15; 

battle,  32. 
Bentham,  Jeremy,  184. 
Benton,  Thomas  U.,  76. 
lieranger,  Pierre  Jean,  159. 
Berbice,  Brit.  Guiana,  139. 
Beresford  capt.  B.  Ayres,  127. 
Berkeley,  Bish.,  in  Berm.,  124. 
Berkeley,  Sir  Wm.,  gov.,  5. 
Berlin,  169,  227,  228,  229. 
Bermuda,  124,  125. 
Bernabe,L.,Span.  min., 111,112. 
Bernadotte,  k.  of  Sweden,  245. 
Berne  built,  246. 


INDEX. 


287 


Berro,  B.  P.,  pres.  Unip:.,  145. 
Bessemer  steel,  STt,  190. 
Beust,  Von,  14!t,  237. 
BiuDchi  anil  Nevi,  '214. 
Bible,  first  Eugllsh,  In  U.  S., 
35;  trans,  into   Jap.,  2G<!; 
use  of,  in  churches,  17G. 

Great,  published,  17('>. 

Kin^r  .lanics's,  pub.,  178. 

WvcliiVe's,  completed,  174. 
Bidille,  Nicholas,  com.,  13. 
Bienville  in  La.,  2f;. 
Bierstadt,  Albert,  63. 
BlK  Bethel,  fijiht  at,  78. 
Big  Black  River,  battle,  81. 
Bismarck,  ICS,  1(1«>,  170,  22^. 
Bjarni  on  N.  K.  coast,  1. 
Bji)rnson,Bjornstjerne,  223. 
Black  Death,  214. 
••  Black  Friday,"  87. 
Black  Hawk  war,  t;5. 
••niackHole,"2(;i. 
Black  Prince,  dcalh.  174. 
Blackstone,      Sir    \Vm..    182; 

"Commentaries."  1S4. 
Blackwell,  Klizabeth,  Go. 
BIackw»;ll  Tunnel  opened, 192. 
Hlainc.  James  Li.,  <J4. 
Blair,  Henry  W.,  2.VJ. 
Blan«;.  Louis,  d^ath,  KA. 
Blanco,  Capt.-Cien.,  30. 
Blanc'o,  (j.,  i)res.  Venc/,.,  140. 
Bl;ind  silver  bill,  !^2,  104. 
Hlenhelm,  battle,  l.'is,  l(;7,  181. 
Hil/zanl  in  E.  SUties,98. 
lilondln,  rope-walker,  77. 
Bliicher,  Marshal,  228. 
Boafllcea,  insurrections,  170. 
Hoccacclo,  214. 

HcMM'JincKra,  Simon,  dojre,  21.'>. 
Boers clal m  I ndependencx-,  280. 
r.oetlus,  201». 

Hogran,  i)res.  of  Hon  ,  121. 
Bohemia.  147,  UA,  ir>4. 
Boilcaii-Despreaux.  H'A. 
Bolcslas  II.,  mur.  St.  Stanis- 
laus, 2-2.3. 
RoleHJasof  l*«dand,  227. 
BoMvar,  dictator.  Col,,    Teru, 

\.u\,  \r\. 

Bolivia,  120,  130. 
Bombiy,  2G1,  J^iJ. 


Bonaparte,  Jos.,  210.  220,  240. 
r.onai)artc,  Louis,  202. 
Ronaparte,  Nap.,  222,  2r>n,  277. 
Bonds  and  Treasury  notes,  83. 
Bonilla,  I'ollcarpo,  pres.,  121. 
Hook  of  Common  Prayer,  17G. 
Boone,  Daniel,  14. 
Booth,  Edwin  T.,  00. 
Booth,  Junius  Brutus,  45. 
Booth,  J.  Wilkes,  i^. 
Borda,  J.  I.,  pres.  Urug.,  145. 
Bordone,  Giotto,  214. 
Boroclino,  battle,  ICO,  2.31. 
Boroimhe,  Brian,  171. 
Borrero,  Dr.,  Ecua.,  138. 
Boston,  British  evacuate,  18. 

Ddily  Advertiser,  55. 

Daily  (Jiobe,  8'J. 

Daily  /'ost,  (','>. 

Evening  Transcript,  G5. 

preat  lire  in,  81). 

Herald,  72. 

Journal  established,  (W;. 

AIassa<Te,  17. 

News  Letter,  I». 

Port  Bill,  17,  185. 

Recorder,  bl. 

settled,  5. 

subway  oi)ened,  113. 

Cniversltv  chartered,  87. 
Bosworth,  battle,  17.'). 
Botany  Bay,  felons  at,  280. 
Boncicault,  Dion,  loo. 
Boudinot,  Ellas,  .3G. 
Bou lander  arrested,  1G4. 
Bounty  for  llshin^-vessels,  42. 
Bourbon,  ConsUible  tie,  200. 
Bourbon  dyimsty  restored,  IGO. 
Boutwell,  George  S.,  58. 
Bow.lltch,  Nathaniel,  17. 
lio.ccr  captured,  55. 
Boyne,  battle,  181. 
Bo/.zarls,  Marco,  107. 
Brabant  unit,  to  Holland,  2()|. 
Brad<I.KU,  (Jen.,  def.,  14.27. 
Bradford's  Pil>?.  .Journ:il,  loO. 
Bradford.  Win..  K'>v.,  4.  <'>. 
Bnidford,  Wm.,  painter,  102. 
Bradstreet,  Simon,  frov.,  3. 
Bralnnah  lock  jiatented,  185. 
Brahino,  Soinaj,2ti2. 
Bralnerd,  David,  mlss'y.O. 


288 


Brandy  wine,  battle,  32. 
Brant,  Josei)h,  Mohawk,  12. 
Brazil.  130-133. 
Breckinridge,  John  C,  60. 
Brewster,  Wm.,  death,  6. 
Bridge,  Brooklyn,  1)4. 
Bridgman,  Laura,  G4. 
Brigandage,  197,  220. 
Bright,  John,  187. 
Bristow,  Benj.  H.,  108. 
Britannia,  first  Ciinarder,  69. 
British  ai.d  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety, 1&7. 

Antislavcry  Society,  ISS. 

army  in  Phil.,  32. 

capture  Savannah,  33. 

Columbia,  21. 
British  East  India  Co.,  260. 

evacuate  Charleston,  S.  C  , 
36;  Long  Island,  37;  New 
Jersey,  32;  Phil.,  33;  R.  1., 
34;  Savannah,  Ga.,  36. 

leave  Port  Roval,  S.  C,  33. 

Museum,  184,274. 

Science  Association,  25. 
Brittany  an.  to  t  ranco,  138. 
Broderick,  Senator,  killed,  77. 
Bronte,  Charlotte,  ISS. 
Bronze  horses,  Venice,  221. 
Brook  Farm,  70. 
Brooks,  Phillips,  67. 
Brougham,  Lord  Henry,  185. 
Brown,  John,  47;  capt.  Har- 
per's Ferry,  77. 
Brown  University,  15. 
Browne,  Charles  F.,  67. 
Browning,  Elizabeth  B.,  187. 
Browning,  Robert,  ISS. 
Brownists,  rise  of,  177. 
Bruce,  Robert,  k.  of  Scot.,  173. 
Bruce,  traveller,  274. 
Brugsch,  Pacha,  278. 
Brunswick,  revolution,  168. 
Bruselas  founded,  118. 
Brutus,  death,  207. 
Brvan,  William  J.,  108. 
BrVant,  Wm.  Cullen,  44. 
Bubonic  plague,  150,  263. 
Buchanan,  James,  41,  76. 
Bucharest,  revolution,  251. 
Buckner,  John,  print.-press,  7. 
Buda-Pesth,  205. 


Buddhism,  265. 

Buell,  Don  Carlos,  gen.,  58. 

Buena  Vista,  battle,  115. 

Buenos  Ayres,  127, 128, 140. 

Buflbn,  Corate  de,  159. 

Bulgaria,  154,  155,  251. 

Bull,  E.  W.  (Con.  grape),  105. 

■Bull  Run,  battle,  78. 

Bunker  Hill,  battle,  18;  cen- 
tenary of,  90. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument,  62, 70. 

Bunyan,  John.  178. 

Buonarotti,  Mich. -Angelo, 221. 

Bureau  of  Navigation,  95. 

Burgoyne,  surrender,  32. 

Burke,  Edmund,  183. 

Burlingame.  Anson,  61. 

Burmese  war,  261. 

Burns,  Anthony,  fug.  slave, 
75. 

Burns,  Robert,  184. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  E.,  62,  80. 

Burr,  Aaron,  14,  49,  51. 

Burritt,  EUhu,  53. 

Butler,  Benj.  F.,  58,  79. 

Bvron,  Lord,  l86. 

Byzantium,  193,  208. 

Caamano,  J.  M.C.,  Ecua.,  138. 
Caballero,  B.,pres.,  Par.,  141. 
Cabanos,  pres.,  exiled,  121. 
Cabot,  John,  2. 
Cabot,  Sebastian,  127, 140. 
Cabral  in  Brazil,  130. 
Cabrera,  Senor,  bishop,  243. 
Cabui,  British  in,  254. 
Caceres,  pres.,  Peru,  144. 
Csi'ie,  Jack,  insurrection,  175. 
Cadillac,  La  Motte,  26. 
Cadmus  founds  Thebes,  193. 
Ca?dmon,  Eng.  poet,  171. 
Caesar,  Caius  Julius,  170,  207. 
Cairoli,  Benedetto,  death,  213. 
Calculating  machine,  188. 
Calcutta,  261,  262. 
Calderou,240. 
Calderon,  Quinto,  Col.,  136. 
Calendar,  new  style,  184, 205. 
Calhoun.  John  C,  36,  66. 
California.  3,  73,  110. 
Caligula,  emperor,  207. 
Calvin,  John,  157. 


INDEX. 


280 


Cambray,  sleprc,  22-2. 
Cambyeea  the  rersian,  27fi. 
Cam«»en,  8.  C,  battle,  34. 
Canioens,  Luiz  de,  2-26. 
Campanile,  construct,  of,  217. 
Cannibell,  Alexander,  40. 
Campbell,  Thoinafi,  18.i. 
Campbellltcp,  f!'}. 
Campero,  pres.  of  Bel.,  130. 
Campos,  Mar.shal,  in  Cuba,  20. 
Canada    and     U.    S.  Fishery 
Com.,  21. 

divided,  10. 

exhibition  at  Regina,  24. 

lirst  railway  in,  10. 

oil-wells  In,  20. 

royal  troops  leave,  21. 

surrenders,  28. 

treaty  with  France,  23. 

Upper  and  Lower,  reun.,  20. 

S.  Confederates  in,  20. 
Canadian- A  nieri.  commis. ,  1 14. 
Canadian  clerpy  reserves,  20. 
Canadian  Pacific  R.  R.,  2:^. 
Canatlian  Parliament,  20. 
Canal  bet.  North  Sea  and  Am. 

eterdam,  203. 
Canal  tolls,  23. 
Canby,  (Jen.,  killed,  89. 
Canna»,  Romans  def.,  274. 
Cannon,  llrst  cast  in  Kng.,  170. 
Canova,  Antonio,  222. 
Canrobert,  Alar.,  death,  lo.";. 
Canton,  Kuropeans  in,  2.')8. 
Canute  the  (.ireat,  1.').'),  171. 
Capo  Hreton  discovered,  2. 
Cape  .St.  Vincent,  liat.,  IH.'i,  240. 
Cape  Town  founded,  270;  first 
parliament  meets  at,  270; 
g^reai  tire  at,  270. 
Capet,  HuKh,  reigns,  1.57. 
Capitol,    Ronic,  founded,  205; 

dedi(ate<l,20.'), 
Capitol,  \Va«^h.,  burnt,  5<;. 
Cappel,  battle,  24fi. 
Caractaius,  captive,  170. 
Carausiusln  Itrltaln,  170. 
Caravels,  Span  ,  in  N.  Y.,  hr2. 
Carbonari  in  Naples,  22<i. 
Carcercs  (,'omayagna,  120. 
Carey,  Henry  (;'.  pol.econ.,03. 
Carlctou,  Wlll,72. 


Carlist  and  Christina  parties, 
'240. 

Carlists,  iupurrection,  242. 

Carlyle,  Thomas,  180. 

Carnot,  Pres.,  assas.,  104. 

Caro,  pres.,  Colom.,  130. 

Ctirofine,  steamer,  burnt,  68. 

Carrara,  anarchist  riots,  213. 

Carrera  achieves  ind.of  Gua., 
110;  pres.,  120;  dies,  120. 

Carrio,  Geronimo,  Ecu,,  137. 

Carroll,  Charles,  11. 

Carteret,  Philip,  gov.,  7. 

Carthage,  273,  274. 

Carth.iginians,  2:}8,  273,  274. 

Cartier,  .Jacques,  2. 

Cartier,  Sir  Geo.  E.,  19. 

Carver,  .John,  gov.,  4. 

Cary,  Alice,  60. 

Cary,  Phiebe,  62. 

Casimir,  John,  abdicates,  224. 

Casimir-Perier,  M.,  104,  10."). 

Cass,  Lewis,  .36. 

Cassius,  death,  207. 

Castclar,  dictator,  242. 

Castile,  147 ;  uni.toAragon,239. 

Castilla,  Ramon,  Peru,  143. 

Castillo,  Canovas  del,  243. 

Castillo,  pres.  of  S.  Sal.,  124. 

Castro,  Vaca  de,  in  Peru,  142. 

Catania  captured,  220. 

Catherine  II.,  Russia,  230. 

Catherine  of  J'ortiigal.  272. 

Catholic  carls  revolt,  177. 

Catholics  in  Abyssinia,  271. 

Catiline  conspiracy,  207. 

Cato,  death,  207. 

Cato  the  elder,  206. 

Cattle,  2,  80,  l.'i3. 

Catullus,  206. 

Caucasians,  Immigration.  2.'>1. 

Caucasus,  insu'-rection,  2;{2. 

Cavour,  Count,  211,  21H. 

Cawnporc  surrenders,  2*^2. 

C.'ixton,  \V'.,  print. -press,  17r». 

Cecil,  Robert,  Mar<|ul8of  Sal- 
isbury, l^o. 

Cecrops  i'n  (;rerc«>,  103. 
I  r«-dar  Creek,  Va.,  battle,  K3. 

Cedar  Mountrdn,  iciftle.  80. 
I  Celll,  att.gcn.,  assas.,  213. 

CVUSUS  Act,  41. 


290 


INDEX. 


Census  In  Russia,  234, 
Census  Office,  Wash.,  fire,  107. 
Centennial  lut.  Med.  Congress 

at  Philadelphia,  91. 
Central  America,  steamer,  7fi. 
Central  Asian  railway,  i-JS,  255. 
Central  College  incor.,  58. 
Century  Dictionary  pub.,  101. 
Cerdic "in  Britain,  ill. 
Cerna,  pres.  of  Gua.,  120. 
Cerro  Gordo,  battle,  115. 
Cervantes,  239. 
Cervera,  admiral,  30,  31. 
Cetywayo,  war  with.  290. 
Chalmei-s,  Dr.,  185. 
Chambers,  Robert,  187. 
Champion  Hills.Miss.,  bat.,  81. 
Champlain  in  Canada.  25. 
Chancellorsville,  battle,  SI. 
Channing,  Wm.  Ellery,  34. 
Chautilly,  Va.,  battle,  SO. 
Chapultepcc  taken,  115. 
Chares,  sculptor,  19t>. 
Charity  Bazar,  Paris,  fire,  165. 
Charlemagne,  157, 165. 
Charles  Al.,  emp.  Bav.,  151. 
Charles  Albert,  king,  abd.,218. 
Charles  of  Anjou,  king,  219. 
Charles  of  Spain,  king,  219. 
Charles  the  Bold,  246. 
Charles  I.,  k.  of  Eng.,  178, 179. 
Charles  II.,  k.  of  Eng.,  180,272. 
Charles  IV.  of  Germany,  166. 
Charles  v.,  emp.  of  Ger.,  166, 

167,  2:!9. 
Charles  V.  rules  Austria,  147. 
Charles  VI.,  Austria,  147. 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  245. 
Charles  AlII.  of  Sweden,  245. 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  battle,  35. 
Charruas  slays  Solis,  Uru.,  145. 
Chase,  Salmon  P.,  52. 
Chateaubriand,  159. 
Chattanooga,  battle,  82. 
Chatterton,  Thomas,  184. 
Chaucer,  Geoffrey  dies,  174. 
Chauncy,  Charles,  6. 
Che  Hwang-te  rules  China,  258. 
Chelsea  Hospital  founded,  180. 
Cheops,  pyramid  of,  275. 
Cherry  Valley  massacre, 33. 
Cherub  captures  Essex,  55. 


Chesapeake,  V.^.  frigate,  51,55. 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal,  63. 

Chesney,  Col.,  in  Assyria,  257. 

Chevreul,  M.,  death,  164. 

Chevy  Chase,  battle,  174. 

Chicago  and  K.  Island  R.R.,  75. 

Chicago,  great  fire,  88;  intense 
heat,  109;  peace  jub.,  113. 

Chicago  Tribune,  72. 

Chickamauga,  battle,  82. 

Child,  LvdiaM.,  48. 

Chi  Ids,  George  W.,  103. 

Chile,  133-135. 

China,  258-260. 

China,  embassy  to  U.  S.,  92. 

Chinese,  immigration,  92,  98, 
103,103,  281;  massacre  of, 
in  Wyoming,  95. 

Chippewa,  battle,  55. 

Chloroform  discovered,  65. 

Choate,  Ruf  us,  47. 

Choiscul  sends  colonists,  140. 

Cholera  in  U.  S.,  66;  in  Gua 
iema)a,  120;  in  Germany, 
169;  iu  England,  189,  190; 
in  Naples,  220;  in  Russia, 
234;  in  Spain,  243;  in  Con- 
stantinople, 251. 

Christian,  Eing,  156. 

Christian  I.  of  Denmark. 155. 

Christian  II.  of  Denmark,  244. 

Christiania,  223. 

Christianity  in  Bohemia,  153; 
in  Hungary,  203;  Julian 
abjures,  209;  in  Norway, 
222;  in  Poland,  223;  in 
Prussia,  227;  in  Sweden, 
244;  in  Abyssinia,  271. 

Christians,  first  council,  at 
Nice,  208;  ill  treatment, 
250;  revolt,  251;  Ncstorian, 
258;  rights  granted.  259. 

Christian  Science,  doctrine, 86. 
Endeavor  Society,  93, 110. 
Socialists,  conv.  "of,  170. 

Christina,  Q.  of  Sweden,  244. 

Christopher  Colon  wrecked,  30. 

Christ's  Church,  Oxford,  176. 

Chronicle,  San  Francisco,  85. 

Chrysostom,  196. 

Churchill,  John,  Duke  of  Marl 
borough,  179. 


INDKX, 


2 '.a 


Church,  first,  of  Boston,  4, 

Church  of  Scotland,  disrup- 
tion, 161». 

Churubusco,  battle  of,  115. 

Claldini,  (.ieii.,  death,  213. 

Cicero,  2<t7,  21'.». 

Cilley,  duel  with  Graves,  68. 

Cimabue,  Giovanni,  -214. 

Cincinnati  and  Covintjton  sus- 
IJensiou  bridRC,  i<C. 

CincinnatuB,  victory  of,  '206. 

City  of  Jioston,  stnir.  lost,  t<7. 

City  of  Columbus,  Hteanier,  IM. 

Civil  KiKbtri'  liill,  8.-). 

Civil  Bcrvicc  order  issued,  'Jl. 

Civil  war  in  Am.,  last  IJKbt,  85. 

Clan-na-Gael,  ii;{. 

Clarendon  Press,  Oxford.  182. 

Clark,  A  Ivan  G.,  52,  Ki.").  lO'j. 

Clay  CompromiMo  15111,  ~:i. 

Clay,  Henry,  ■il;  duel  with 
Randolph,  6:i. 

Clayton-IJulwer  treaty,  123. 

Clayton,  John  M.,  45. 

Claudius  Civilis,  2itl. 

Claudius  1.,  enip.,  170,  2(i7. 

Clemens,  (Jh.  Father,  I'JJ. 

Clemens,  bamuel  L.,  (i7. 

CIeoi)atra,  277. 

••  Cleopatra's  Needle,"  93. 

Clermont,  stcandtoat,  51. 

Cleveland,  Stephen  Grover, 
C>^,*X),  102.  Kd,  km;.  Pis. 

Cleveland  &  Toledo  K.  It.,  75. 

Clifton  suspen.slon  briilge,  21. 

Clingman,T.  L..  llo. 

Clinton,  l)e  Witt,  10. 

Clinton,  Gen.,  :54. 

Clinton,  Geo  ,  12.  50,  .^4. 

Clive,  cjipt.  Calenlta.  2td. 

Clovls,  k.  KiaiikH.  I."i7.  JOl. 

Coal;  anthraeite.  22.41. 

Coast-survey  woik,  TtX. 

Cobden,  Hichard,  1^7. 

Coekburn,  Sir  Geo..  54. 

C<»nin,  Charles  C,  107. 

Coiiiaire  ordinance.  39. 

CoM  Harbor,  Va.,  battle,  83. 

Coleridge,  Samuel  T.,  185, 

Colfax,  S<'hiiyler.  01. 

Coliseum  founded,  208. 

ColUus,  Jcuuiu,  97. 


!  Collins  steamship  line,  73. 

Colondiia,  \'M>. 

Colonial  Cour..  8;  rlshts,  18. 

Colonial  post:i;:e,  Aus.,  281. 

Colorado  ailmillcd,  91. 

Colt,  Samuel,  55. 

Cohnnbia  College,  14,  lOT,. 

Columbian  naval  review.  102. 

Columbus,  2,  31,  118,  120,  122, 
125,130,145,215,23'.). 

Comet,  Donati's,  77;  Hallcy's, 
174. 

Communist  rev.  in  Taris,  163. 

Compass,  mariner's,  2.58. 

Comte,  Isidore,  160. 

Concord,  battle,  18. 

ton  federate  Congress,  84. 

Confederates  in  Ky.,  80. 

Confideration,  Art.  of,  18,  33. 

Confession  of  Augsburg,  106. 

Confucius,  2.58. 

Congo  Free  State,  1.52,  275. 

Congress  ailopts  decimal  cur- 
rency, 37;  authorizes  pro- 
vif-ional  army,  46;  auth. 
seizing  hostile  French  ves- 
eels.  46. 

Congress,  lib.,  lire  in,  74. 

Congress  of  Hungarian  .lew.s, 
205;  Peace  ami  Lllierty, 
247;  Polish  historians, elc, 
225;  Postal,  248;  .Social 
Democrats,  170;  Social 
Science,  247;  Vienna.  HW; 
Workmen's,  1.52,  229,  247. 

Conkling,  K<).--coe,6t. 

Conn«'ctlcut,  settled,  5;  lirst 
const.,  5. 

Conscience,  Henri,  1.52. 

Constantino,  Gr.  Duke,  2-24. 

Constantino  the  ( ireat.  208,209. 

Constanline  Mil.,  198. 

(;onstantin<»ple,  2.V»,  251. 

Constantius  rec.  Urit.,  170. 

ConxtellalioH,  frigate,  47. 

Constellation  carries  food  to 
Ire.,  93. 

Constitution,  Atlanta,  o«.,  ><t). 

Constitution,  frigate,  .54,  .Vi. 

Continental  Congress,  llrst,  17; 
last.  40. 

Conlreras,  battle,  115. 


292 


INDEX. 


Cooke,  Josiah  P.,  104. 
Cooper,  James  Fenimore,  40. 
Cooper,  Peter,  41. 
Cooper  Union,  76. 
Copenhagen,  156. 
Copernicus,  227. 
Copley,  .John  S.,  11. 
Copyrigtit  law,  40,  65. 
Corday,  Charlotte,  159. 
Cordero,  Luis,  F:eua.,  138. 
Cordova,  Arg.  Kep.,  129. 
Cordova,  Fernando  de,  2. 
Cordova,  f  ds  Granada,  122. 
Cordova,  pres.  Bol.,  129. 
Corean  ambassadors,  94. 
Corinth  canal,  197. 
Corinth,  Miss.,  battle,  SO. 
Coriolauus,  bes.  Rome,  206. 
Corneille,  Pierre,  158. 
Corn-laws,  Eng.,  188,  190. 
Cornwallis,  Lord,  35. 
Corral,  insur.  of,  130. 
Correggio,  209. 
Corse,  John  xM..  102. 
Cortereal,  Gaspar,  2. 
Cortes  of  Spain,  241. 
Cortez,  Hern.,  2,  28, 114,  120. 
Corunna,  battle,  240. 
Cossacks,  230,  249. 
Costa  Rica,  118,  119. 
Coster  Lourens,  201. 
Cotopaxi,  eruption,  138. 
Cotton  famine  in  Eng.,  191. 
Cotton  first  sent  to  Eng.,  37; 

first  manuf.  in  U.  S.,  39. 
Cotton,  John.  6. 
Couch,  Darius  N.,  109. 
Coumoundouros,  states.,  197. 
Council  of  ChalcedoD,  198. 
Council  of  Ephesus,  198. 
Coup  d'etat  in  Paris,  16L 
Courier-Journal,  LouibV.,  87. 
Covadonga  capt.,  241. 
Coverdale's  Eng.  Bible,  176. 
Cowpens,  S.  C,  battle,  35. 
Cowper,  William,  18;J. 
Coxey's  "  army,"  104. 
Cracow,  224. 

Crauch,  Christopher  P.,  55. 
Crawford,  Francis  M.,  72. 
Crawford,  Thomas,  55. 
Crecy,  battle,  157. 


Credit  Mobilier,  89. 
Cremation  in  U.  S.,  91. 
Cretans,  revolt  of,  197. 
Crete    (Caudia)     taken,    249; 

purchased  by  Venice,  221, 
Crimea  evacuated,  232 ;  ceded 

to  Russia,  249. 
Crispi,  M.,  prime  mln.,  213. 
Crittenden,  John  J.,  39. 
Crockett,  David,  39. 
Cromwell,  Oliver,  179. 
Cromwell,  Richard,  180. 
Crown  Point  surr.,  18. 
Crusaders,  198,269. 
Crystal  Palace,  N.  Y.,  77. 
Cuba,  2,  29-31,  111,  112, 114, 242. 
Cuban  suflferers,  109. 
Culloden,  battle,  183. 
Culver,  Helen,  gift,  105. 
Currency  Bur.  of  Treas.,  S3. 
Curtis,  Geo.  Wm.,  62. 
Cushman,  Charlotte  S.,  57. 
Custer.  George  A.,  i)9,  90. 
Custer's  troops  mas.,  90. 
Custozza,  211. 
Cuyp,  Albert,  201. 
Cyane  captured.,  f)& 
Cyclone  at  Madrid,  243. 
Cyrus,  k.  of  Persia,  266,  268. 
Czechs,  agitation  of,  154. 

Dacian  war,  208. 
Da  Gania  joins  insur.,  133. 
Dagtierrotypes,  69,  161. 
Dahlgren,  John  A.,  53. 
Dahomey,  war  with,  164. 
Daimios^  insurrection,  265. 
Dakota  University,  95. 
Dale,  Richard,  com.,  14. 
Dallas,  Ga,  battles,  83. 
Damascus,  255. 
Dampier,  W.,  buc,  122,  280. 
Dana,  Charles  A.,  journ.,  59. 
Dana,  Richard  H.,  39. 
Dana,  Richard  H.,  Jr.,  56. 
Danes  in  Ir.  and  Sc,  170,  1"1, 
Danileskv.  hist.,  234. 
Danuawerke,  battle,  156. 
Dante,  Alighieri,  211,  214. 
Danton  executed,  159. 
Danube,  149,  150. 
Dare,  Virginia,  3. 


INDEX. 


293 


Darius  Ilystaspes,  itiG. 

Darius  takes  IJ.ibylou,  '2'>7. 

••Darlf  Dav,"34. 

Darnley,  Henry  S.,  mur.,  177. 

Dartmouth  College,  17. 

Darwin,  Charles  1{.,  141,  191. 

Dautlet,  Al|)hou6C,  165. 

Dau;;hter8of  A.  K.,  101,  108. 

Davenport,  John,  7. 

Duvi-l  I.,  k.of  f?cot.,  172. 

Davi-lll..  k.of  Scot.,  I7:i. 

David,  KinK,  "2(W. 

Davila  explores  Nic,  12*2. 

Davis,  Charles  H.,  a<lm.,  82. 

Davis,  David,  juiljre,  Im;. 

Davi.s,  .Jeirorson,  78,  85,  8H. 

Davis,  John,  dibcoverer,  :i. 

Davy,  Sir  Humphrv,  l'>5. 

Dawson,  Sir  J.  VV.."l». 

Day,  Judge,  sec.  ol  state,  112. 

Daye,  Stephen,  printer,  3, 

Daza,  pres.  of  iJol.,  130. 

Deaf  mutes,  58. 

Dcak,  Francis,  death,  2()5. 

Dehs,  Eugene  V.,  I(i5. 

Debt,  Imprisonment  for,  4G. 

**  Decameron*',"  214. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  33,  49.  GO 

Decimal  coinage,  20;  in  Den- 
mark, l.')<;. 

Declaration  of  Independence, 
18;  centenary  of.  90. 

Delagoa  railway,  280. 

Delaware,  5,  6. 

Delaware  State  College,  88. 

Dcdii  captuied,  2()0,  JOl,  '202. 

Dc  Lome,  Diipuy,  111. 

I)e  Long,  explorer,  94. 

D'Mnocraiic  Nat.  Conv.,  (Vi. 

Democrltiis,  1'.J5. 

D'MnostliencM.  195. 

Denelra.  rebel,  Chile,  135. 

I)"ninark,  l.V),  15<;,  22s,  -."Ju. 

Dental  hcIiooI  in  U.  S.,  09. 

Department  of  Agriculture, 
79,98;  Kducation,  wi;  For- 
eign AflTalrs.  4o;  Interior, 
73;  Justice,  k^;  Navv,  40; 
Treasury.  40;  War,  40. 

De  (Jidncey,  Thomas,  l.s; 

Dc  Huytcr,  Dutch  udni..  202. 

DcrvlBlies,  Ucfeat  of,  279. 


I  Descartes,  Rene,  158. 

De  Souza  at  S.  Vincente,  131. 

Dessalines  orders  mas.,  126. 

De  Thorbecke,  statesman,  203. 

Dettingeu,  battle,  159. 

Deucalion,  ilcluge  of,  193. 

Dcveus,  Charles,  gen.,  00, 

Dewey,  George,  112,  114,  270. 

De  Witt,  Corn,  and  John,  202. 

Diamond  Ilelds  disc,  279,  28tt. 

Diamond  Necklace  affair,  l.i9. 

Diaz,    Porlirio,    pres.    Alex., 
117. 

O'lberville,  on  Miss,  river,  2t>. 

Dickens,  Charles,  70,  80,  18d. 

Dickinson,  Anna  E.,  70. 

Dickinson,  Daniel  S.,  47. 

Dido  founds  Carthago,  273. 

Digna,  Osman,  279. 

Dinglev,  Nelson,  114. 

Dingley  Tariff  I'.ill,  110. 

Diocletian,  era  of,  208. 

l)if>genes,  195. 

Dionysius,  Areo))aglte,  I9f;. 

Dlonysius  of  Halicarnas.,  IVA',. 

Dionysius  the  elder,  218. 

Dlre<tory,  French,  100. 

Disciples  of  Christ.  03. 

D'lsraoll,  lienjamin.  1>7. 

Dlst.  of  Columbia,  41.48,  88, '.HJ. 

Dix,  Dorothea  L.,  5o, 

Dix,  J..hn  A..  40. 

"  Doctor,"  term  first  app.,  10. 

I)o<lge,  M.  A.,  108. 

Dole.S.  IJ..  pres,  111,282. 
j  Duillnger,  Dr..  151. 
'  Douicnichino  Zampieri,  20<). 
I  l>onilnlca,  W.  I.,  125. 

Doniiidon  of  Canada  formed, 
20;  currency  in,  21. 
.  Dondlian  a.ssasslnatt  d,  208. 
I  Doin  Miguel,  k.  Port.,  220. 

Dom  I'edro,  enip.,  90,  131. 

Doni  I'edro,  Portugal,  220. 

Don  Carlos,  sur.,  242. 

Donna  Maria,  Port.,  220. 

Dorla,  Andrew,  215. 

l)<trrego,  nres.,  128. 
I  Dorr's  Ilei)Cinon,  7o. 

Don,  Synod  of.  2ol. 

Dost  .Mohaninicd  Khan,  264. 
,  Douglas,  biupliuu  A.,  55. 


294 


INDEX. 


Douglass,  Frerlerick,  58, 105. 
Douw,  Gerard,  201. 
Dow,  Neal,  49. 
Draco,  laws  of,  194. 
Draft  riots  in  N.  Y.,  81. 
Drake,  J.  Rodman,  44. 
Drake,  Samuel  G.,  46. 
Drake,  Sir  Francis,  3, 141. 
Dred  Scott  case,  76. 
Dreyfus,  Capt.  A.,  164,  165. 
Droglieda  capt.,  179. 
Drought,  seven-weeks',  160. 
Drvilen,  John,  178. 
Dublin  built,  171. 
Du  Chaillu,  traveller,  275. 
Due  d'Enghien  exec,  160. 
Duel  bet.  Prince  of  Orleans 

and  Prince  of  Savoy,  165. 
Dufferin,  Lord,  '21. 
Duke  of  Cambridife,  192. 
Duke  of  Oporto,  227. 
Duke  of  York,  191. 
Dumas,  Alexandre,  163. 
Duncan,  k.  of  S<^ot.,  171. 
Dunglison,  Robley,  46. 
Dunstan,  Archbishop,  171. 
Dunster,  pres.  of  Harv.,  6. 
Dupont,  Sam.  F.,  adni.,  49. 
Duquesue,  Marquis,  27. 
Durer,  Albert,  166. 
Dushan,  S.,  conq.  Bui.,  237. 
Dustin,  Mrs.  Hannah,  8. 
Dwight,  Timothy,  13. 

Eads,  John  B.,  eng.,  97. 

Earl  of  Essex,  178. 

Earth(juakes,  85,  87,  97,  110, 
119,  124,  126,  129,  137,  144, 
172,  197.  212.  219,  221,  226, 
243,  25S,  2(J6,  268. 

East  Indies,  Dutch,  203. 

Eastern  Empire,  196, 198,  209. 

Eclipses,  2.56,  257. 

Ecuador,  137,  138. 

Eddystoue  lighthouse,  184. 

Edgehill,  battle,  179. 

Edict  of  Nantes,  158. 

F:dinb.  and  Lcith  burnt,  176. 

Edison,  Thomas  A.,  72,  92. 

Edmund II.  ("  Ironside  "),171. 

Education  compulsory,  251. 

Edward  the  Confessor,  171. 


Edward  I.,  k.  of    Eng.,  173; 

Edward  II.,  173;  Edward 

III.,  173;  Edward  IV.,  175; 

Edward  V.,  175;  Edward 

VI.,  176. 
Edward  the  Martyr,  171. 
Edwards,  Jonathan,  9. 
Egan,  U.  S.  minister,  13,5. 
Egbert "  overlord,"  171. 
Egusguiza,  pres.  Par.,  141. 
Egypt,  275-278. 
Elba,  Napoleon  at,  161. 
El  Caney,  fight  at.  31. 
Electors  vote  for  first  pres.,  40. 
Electric    light,    92;    disc,    by 

Davy,  188. 
Electric  street  railway,  94. 
Electric  telegraph  in  France, 

161;  inv.  by  Ronalds,  188. 
Electrical  measurement,  103. 
Electricity,  first  execution,  99. 
Eleusinian  mvsteries,  193. 
Elevated  R.  R.,  N.  Y.,  92. 
Elijah  translated,  203. 
Eliot,  Charles  W.,  67. 
Eliot,  John,  apostle  to  Indians, 

3,6,7. 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  Eng.,  176. 
Ellerv,  William,  10. 
EUet.'Col.,  b2. 
Elliot,  Com.,  259. 
Elliott,  Jesse  D.,  36. 
El  Moliuo  del  Rey,  115. 
Ely,  R.  T.,  polit.  ccon.,  75. 
Em:iucipatio:),  proc.  of,  81. 
K.maniiel,  Charles,  246. 
Embargo  Act,  52. 
P^mbargo  on  shipping,  43. 
Emljargo  on  U.  S.  vessels,  .54. 
Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  49. 
Emigrant  alien  labor,  95. 
Emmanuel  II.,  Victor,  218. 
Emmanuel,  Vic,  211,  212,  216. 
Emmett,  Robert,  187. 
Empress  of  Aust.  assas.,  150. 
Endicott,  John,  gov.,  4,  7. 
Endymion  capt.  President,  56. 
Eng.  East  India  Co.,  178. 
English  used  in  law  pleadings, 

174  ;  in  courts  of  just.,  183. 
Enterprise  and  Boxer,  55. 
Epaminondaa,  death,  195. 


INDEX. 


29;") 


Epercier  captured,  55. 

Epicurus,  195. 

Episcopacy  in  England,  ISO. 

Episcop.al  Cliurch,  s. 

Episcopal  ordination,  :\S. 

Epizootic  tlisease,  8'J. 

Eric  the  Ked,  1. 

Erie  canal,  iyi. 

Erie  railway,  74. 

Ernest  Augustus.  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  I'lO. 

En-azuriz,  pres.  Chile,  135. 

Esar-haiMon,  256. 

Esau  and  Jacob,  2.(A. 

Eepartcro,  Duke,  •242. 

Espinosa,  Xavier,  Ecua.,  1.J7. 

EstjUiniaux  in  Greenland,  2. 

Essex  captured,  55. 

Ether,  lirst  application,  72. 

Eton  College  founded,  174. 

Etruscans, war  with  Rome,  20(5. 

Eucharistic  Congress,  in'i. 

••  Euclid,"  Eng.  trans.,  177. 

Euclid,  geometer,  I'.Xi. 

Eugene,  Prince,  2()4. 

Euripides,  IIVI. 

Euseblus,  Ch.  Father,  l'.»<;. 

Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C,  bat.,  ?,fi. 

Evangelical  Alliance  of  U.  S., 
8<i;  inCt.  lirit.,  I'.K). 

Evan8,Marian(Gco.Ellot),  isy. 

Evarts,  William  M.,  5«. 

Evelyn,  John,  17s. 

Evcninij  Star  lost,  s.!. 

Everett,  Eilwaid,  4.{. 

Ewlng,  Thomas,  g<'n.,  KM]. 

Ex-Confcderates,  all  disabili- 
ties removed  from,  Hi7. 

Exhlbitlojifi,  21,  24,  h.\,  '.tS,  '.>•>. 
1.V2, 1.5.5,  iC.i.HM,  I'.MM'.U,  i:.7, 
2(>:!,  2(15, 212, 22(1. 227, 22b,  229, 
2;{3,  2i:J,  245,  24S,  2.M. 

Exposllions.  W,  '.t4,  'J5,  'JC,  1K>, 
101,  1()2.  lo:i,  \m. 

Eyiau,  battle.  KJO. 

Eyre,  Ciov.,  In  .Jamaica,  12G. 

Ezela,  Carlos,  pros.,  124. 

Falrchild,  Lucius,  107. 
Fair  Oaks,  Va.,  battle,  79. 
Fallero.  Marliio,  bch..221. 
Faluioutli,  Me.,  tettled,  20. 


Fandne  in  Bengal,  262;  China, 

2,5»;    Mass.    liay   Col.,   5; 

Russia,  2;i4. 
"  Fanatics,"  revolt,  Bra.,  13.3. 
Faneidl,  Peter,  12. 
Faraday,  Michael,  186. 
Farmers'  Congress  org.,  96. 
Farnham,  Ralph,  death,  78. 
Farragut,  Adni.,  4s,  7'.i,  SJ. 
Fatiinile  caliphs,  2(;;),  272. 
Falimite  Mohammechms,  2(;7. 
Faure,  M.  Felix,  l(j5. 
Faust,  John,  16<;. 
Favre,  M.,  const,  tun.,  248. 
Fawkes,  Guy,  178. 
Fazy,  Jame.s,  states.,  248. 
Febiger,  rear-adm., death,  113. 
Federal  Election  Laws,  103. 
Fedorovitz,  Michael,  2.30. 
Feltou,  Cornelius  C,  51. 
Fenians  in  Canada,  20,  21,85, 

8s;  in  Ireland,  I'.d. 
Feodor  I.  murdered,  230. 
Ferdinand,  k.  of  Boli.,  VA. 
Ferriinand,  prince  of  Bui.,  155. 
Ferdinand  L.erap.,  14s. 
Ferdinand  IV.,  of  Den.,  155. 
Fessenden,  William  P.,  51. 
Feuflal  Rystem  in  .Scot.,  171. 
Field,  Cyrus  W.,  5'.i. 
Field,  Eugene,  73. 
Fielil,  David  D.,  jurist,  50. 
Fielding,  Henry,  l.sl. 
"  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold," 

1.57. 
Fields,  James  T... 58. 
Fifty-fourth  Mass.  Inf.,  81. 
Fillmore,  .Millard,  47. 
Fliumclal  crisis  in  N,  Y.,  95. 
Finland  ceded  to  Sweden,  230. 
Fires.  21,  23,  24.  67,  74,  77,  s4, 

K5,  8S,  89,  1»9,    Io;{,    107,    |0'.», 

U4,  1.52,  1.54,   1;»<;,  1»;,5,   l>o, 

208,  227,  2.31,  248,  250,  251, 

279. 
Fish,  Hamilton,  .5-2. 
Fish,  prop.agatlon  of.  49. 
Fisher's  Hill,  Va..  bat.,  KJ. 
Flsherv  matters,  21,  22,  2:1.  24, 

25.  42.  49.  92,   Hd,   107,  HO, 

114.   125.  191. 
Flsk,  James,  Jr.,  shot,  88. 


296 


INDEX. 


Fiske,  John,  historian,  70. 

Fisk  University,  86. 

Fitch,  John,  inventor,  12. 

Fitzsjeralds,  rebel,  of,  176. 

Five' Forks,  Va.,  oat.,  84. 

"  Flag  Day,"  108. 

Flag  of  Gt.  Brit.,  181. 

Flag  of  L'.S.,58. 

Flanisteed  catal.  stars,  181. 

Fleet,  first  Roman,  206. 

Fletcher,  John,  dram.,  177. 

Flodden  Field,  battle,  175. 

Flogging  abolished,  73. 

Floods,  94,  99,  192,  193,  203,  'V2, 
243,  259. 

Floience,  214. 

Flores,  Ant.,  pres.,  138. 

Flores,  Jose,  Ecua.,  137. 

Florida,  2,  3,  28,  71,  78. 

Florida,  Conf.  priv.,  83,  131. 

Florida  University,  94. 

F6,  religion  of,  258. 

Fonseca,  of  Brazil,  132, 133. 

Food  riots  in  Spain,  244. 

Football,  revival  of,  77. 

Foote,  Andrew  H.,  adm.,  51. 

Foote,  Henry  S.,  47. 

Forbach,  battle,  162. 

Ford's  The:itre,  102. 

Formidable,  war-ship,  192. 

Formosa,  266. 

Forrest,  Edwin,  50. 

Fort  Amsterdam,  7 ;  Donelson, 
Tenn.,79:  Duque3ne,14,27; 
Erie,  55;  Fisher,  84;  Fron- 
tenac,  15,  26,  27 ;  Hatteras, 
79;  Henry,  79;  Niagara,  15; 
Oswego,  14;  Pillow, Tenn., 
82;  Rouille,27 ;  StonyPoint, 
33;  Sumter,  78,  84;  Ticon- 
deroga,  18;  Wagner,  S.  C, 
81;  Washington,  32;  Wil- 
liam Henry.  15,  27. 

Fortune  arr.  at  Plymouth,  4. 

Foster,  Geo.  E.,  Can.,  20. 

Foundling  Hosp.,  London,  183. 

'*  Four  Hundred,"  gov.  of,  195. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  184. 

Fox,  George,  Quaker,  7, 179. 

Foxe,  John,  martyrol.,  177. 

Fra  Bartolomeo,  214. 

France,  157-165. 


France  conq.  Normandy,  172. 

Francia,  despot,  Par.,  I4O. 

Francis  I.,  emperor,  167. 

Francis  Joseph,  enip.,  148.  150. 

Franco-American  cable,  87. 

Francois,  Pierre,  28. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  9,  10,  11, 
13,  .83,  41. 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  74, 189. 

Frankhn,  Tenn.,  battle,  84. 

Franklin,  Wm.,  gov.,  15. 

Franks  settle  in  Gaul,  157. 

Eraser,  lieut.-gov.,  24. 

Fred.  Augustus  1.,  k.  of  Po- 
land, 236. 

Fred.  Augustus  III.,  elector  of 
Saxony,  236. 

Frederic,  elect.  Saxony,  235. 

Frederic  I.,  emp.,  216. 

Frederick  II.,  of  Aust.,  147. 

Frederick  II.,  the  Great,  228. 

Frederick  III.,  emp.,  169. 

Frederick  III.,  of  Aust.,  147. 

Frederick  IV..  of  Nurem.,  272. 

Frederic  the  Wise,  235. 

Frederick  William  II.,  228. 

Frederick  Wm.,  Prince,  228. 

Fredericksburg,  battle,  80. 

Frederickshald,  siese  of,  245. 

Free  coinage  bill,  100. 

Freedmen's  Bureau,  84. 

Free  lodgings  abolished,  107. 

Freemasons  In  America,  11. 

Free  schools  estab.,  6. 

Free  silver  advocates,  106. 

Free-will  Baptist  ch.,  34, 

Fremont,  John  C,  54, 70,76,79. 

French  army  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
34;  leaves  Boston,  36. 

French  Atlantic  cable,  162. 

French  East  India  Co.,  261. 

French  fleet  in  Narragansett 
Bay,  33;  in  the  Chesa- 
peake, 35. 

Freytag,  Gustav,  169. 

Frias,  T.,  pres.  of  Bol.,  130. 

Frolic  captured,  54. 

Fronde,  wars  of  the,  1.58. 

Frontenac,  Count  de,  26. 

Frost,  great,  in  U.  S.,  77. 

Froude,  James  A.,  188. 

Fry,  Eliz.,  philan.,  185. 


INDEX. 


!>!»' 


Fugitive  Slave  Bill,  73. 
Fu^'itive  Slave  Law,  83. 
Fulton,  Hobeit,  IG. 
"  Fuiulinc  Act"  vetoed,  93. 
Furuess,  WilUum  U.,  100. 

Giailsilen,  James,  4U. 

liadsilen  Purchase,  Tf), 

Lialnsljorough,  Thoinae,  183. 

LJalba,  emperor,  205^. 

Liale  in  (Julf  of  Mex.,  97. 

Galileo,  death,  111. 

Li'il latin,  Albert,  15,73. 

Liallaudet,  '1  homas  H.,  39. 

L:iaills6oiner<»,  Manjuis,  27. 

Liallus  invades  Arabia,  •-''>5. 

jalt.  Sir  Alex.,  19. 

jalt,  Thomas,  judge,  19, 

[ialveaton,  Tex.,  eapt.,  Si. 

Jambetta,  L^on,  1G3,  164. 

Lianges  Canal,  -2i'>l* 

LJarcia,  Gen.,  31,  107. 

LJarfield,  James  A.,  (Wi,  M. 

LJaribaldi,Jll,JrJ,  220. 

blarrlck,  David,  ls2. 

Liarrison,  Wm.  Idoyil,  r>Q,  G5. 

iarter.  Order  of  tlie,  174. 

Lias,  45,  «1,  9."),  ls<;. 

Liasca,  Pedro  de  la,  142. 

Jates,  Horatio,  geu.,  10. 

jauls,  196,  206, 

Giautama,  2(>o. 

Uavazzl,  Father,  213. 

Gen.  Armstmug,  priv.,  .W. 

jJeneral  P.  <),,  Lon<loii,  IT'.t. 

jeneva,  24ii,247. 

Lieneva  Tribunal,  Mt. 

jencvcse  in  Ireland,  247. 

Lienghis  Khau,  254,  260,  2C7. 

Lienoa,  215, 

:;en8eric  the  Vandal,  209,  274. 

LJeorge,  elector  of  8ax<)ny,236.  ! 

lieurge,  lieury,6'.»,  110. 

Lieorge  I.,  k,  of  Eng.,  Is2,  199;  I 
George  II.,  IKi;  George  j 
III.,  lf<4,lN;;Geo.  IV.,18«.  ' 

LJeorge  I.,  k.  of  Gr.,  197, 198.      j 

L.eorgo  \'.,  k.  of  Hanover,  199. 

Lieorgla,  11,  35,  78, 

Geoif/ia  duzette,  15. 

Ueriiian  colonization  boc.,  168.  I 

Liermau  Customs  Union,  252. 


German  E.  Africa  Co.,  275, 

German  Lutherans  in  N.  Y.,  9, 

German  Kelornied  Church,  42, 

Germania,  statue,  168. 

Germauie  Confederation,  168. 

Gennantowu,  battle,  32. 

Germany,  16.'>-170, 

Gerry,  Ell)ridge,  13,  55,  56. 

••  Gerrvniauder,"  54, 

Gettysburg,  l»aiile,  81. 

Gettysburg  Nat.  Park,  105. 

Gettysburg,  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment, 87. 

"  Ghost  dance,"  100. 

Gibbon,  Edward,  183. 

Gibbons,  James,  cardinal,  67, 

Gibl)ons,  John,  gen.,  107. 

Gibraltar,  181. 

Giddings,  Joshua  R.,  44. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  3. 

Gill,  J.  H.,  pres.  Par.,  141. 

Gillmoie,  Q,  A.,  gen.,  62, 

Gilmer,  sec,  of  navy,  71. 

Gilinore,  I'atiick  b.,64. 

Giorgione,  painter,  222. 

Girard,  Stephen,  13. 

Girard  College',  72, 

Glron,  insur,,  Peru,  143, 

Gist,  Christopher,  expl.,  13. 

Gladstone,  Wm.  E.,  191,  192. 

Glencoe,  massacre,  181. 

(ilohe,  iiostOD,  Mass.,  8y. 

Globe- Democrat  Cstab.,  74. 

Gneist,  Rudolf  von,  160. 

Goddess  of  Reason,  15".). 

Gofloy,  ••  i'ri.  of  Peace-, "  240. 

Goethe,  J.  Wolfgang  von,  167. 

Goffe,  regicide,  7. 

Gold,  ia3?„  per  cent,  81 ;  285 
ner  cent,  K5;  at  par,  92. 

Gold  coinage,  74,  174. 

(joldhunters,  endgralion,  73. 

Gold  in  Alaska,  07;  Australia, 
281;  Brazil,  131  ;Calilornlii, 
70,  72;  Georgia,  «;5;  Novu 
Scotia,  20;  I'tah,  105, 

••Golden  Hull,"  16<;. 

••Golden  Horde,"  2:U). 

Goldsborongh,  L.  M.,  50. 

Gol.lsmlth.  Oliver.  \K\. 

Gonda  (^oiiddl,  lii^ht.  271. 

Goulcharoll,  uuvulist,  234. 


298 


INDEX. 


Gonzalez,  pres.  of  Mex.,  117; 

of  S.Sal.,  1-24;  of  Par.,Ul. 
Goodrich,  S.  G.,  43. 
Goodyear,  Charles,  47. 
Gordou,  Gen.,  259,  270. 
Gordon,  Lord  George,  1S5. 
Gorges,  Thomas,  gov.,  5. 
Gorham,  Natlianiel,  3S. 
Gorm,  k.  of  Denmark,  155. 
Gortschakoff,  Prince,  224,  233. 
Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  3. 
Goths,  invasion,  20S,  219. 
Gough,  John  B.,  58. 
Gould,  Beuj.  A.,  Jr.,  62. 
Gould,  Jay,  68. 
Gounod,  M.,  death,  164. 
Graham,  Sylvester,  veg.,  44. 
Grammar  schools,  6. 
Granada,  Nic,  foundeil,  122. 
Grauados  deposes  Cerna,  120. 
Grand  Army  of  Kepublic,  b5. 
Grand  Trunk  K.  R.,  20. 
Grand  Visier,  Turkey,  250. 
Granger  capt.  Mobile,  83. 
Grangers,  org.  of,  86. 
Grant,  Ulysses  S..  61,  79,  82, 

84,  87,  89,  109,  265. 
Grasshopper  jilague,  90. 
Grattan,  Henry, ^83. 
Gravelotte,  battle,  162. 
Graves,  duel  with  Cilloy,  68. 
Gray,  Asa,  botanist,  98. 
Gray,  Capt.  Robert,  41,  42. 
Gray,  Thomas,  poet,  182. 
Great    Britain    and    Ireland, 

170-192. 
Great  Chartist  tlemonst.,  190. 
Great  Eastern,  77,  liK). 
••  Greater  New  York,"  107, 109, 

111. 
Greater  Republic  of  Central 

America,  119. 
Great  Fire  in  London,  180. 
Great  Northern  R.  R.,  102. 
Great  Plague  in  Loudon,  180. 
Great  Seal,  U.  S.,  36. 
Great  Sioux  reservation,  99. 
Great  Wall  of  China,  2.^8. 
Great  Western,  68,  189. 
Greece,  11>2-198. 
Greek  Church,  251. 
Greek  Nat.  Assembly,  197. 


Greek  patriarch,  d.,  249. 
Greeley,  Horace,  53,  70. 
Greely,  A.  VV.,  71,  93,  95. 
Green,  Joseph  F.,  adm.,  110. 
Green,  Seth,  57. 
Greenbacks  first  issued,  81. 
Green  Bay,  Wis.,  25. 
Greene,  Nathaniel,  12,  35. 
'•  Green  Mountain  lioys,"  17. 
Greenland,  1,  2. 
Greenough,  Horatio,  50. 
Greeuough,  Richard  s.,  59. 
Greenwich  Hospital,  181. 
Greenwich  Observatory,  180. 
Gresham,  W.  Q.,  105. 
Grevy,  F.  P.  Jules,  163. 
Grey,  Lady  Jane,  176. 
I  Griersou,  Gen.,  raid,  84. 
Gritiin,  Cyrus,  39. 
Grijulva,  expedition  of,  3. 
Grindehvald,  fire  at,  248. 
GrinuLll  Arctic  exped.,  74. 
"Grip"  in  U.  S.,  99. 
Griqualand,  col.  of,  279. 
Grisons,  League  of  the,  246. 
Guadaloupe,  W.  1.,.  125. 
Guanahani,  2. 
Guantanamo,31. 
Guardia,  pres.  C.  R.,  118. 
Guardiola,  pres.  Hon.,  121. 
Guatemala,  119,  120. 
Guelf  1.,  d.of  Bav.,  150. 
Guelplis  and  Ghibelliues,  166, 

214. 
Gnerriere,  54. 
Guiana,  Brit.,  138, 139;  Dutch, 

139;  French,  140. 
Guilford  C  House,  bat.,  35. 
Guinea,  possess,  ceded,  203. 
Guiteau.C.  J.,93,  94. 
Guizot,  M.,  death,  163. 
•'  Gulliver's  Travels,"  182. 
Gun-cotton  invented,  190. 
Gunpowder  invented,  166. 
Gunpowder  Plot,  178. 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  167,  236, 

244,  245. 
Gustavus  in.,  Sweden,  245. 
Gustavus  IV.,  Sweden,  245. 
Gustavus  Vasa,  244. 
Gutenberg,  John,  166. 
i  Guthrie,  Samuel,  65. 


INDEX. 


299 


Gutierrez,  pres.,  124. 
Gypsies  exp.  from  Eug.,  17<j. 

ITabeas  corpus,  S'l,  85,  IK). 
Haco  the  Good,  '^t2. 
Hadrian,  ITo,  -lot^. 
Hallz,  poet,  2(J7. 
Ilaiineiuann,  Samuel,  2.'{(3. 
"  Hail  Columbia"  writien,  4(j. 
Halnault  unit,  to  JIol.,  'iul, 
llakodadi,  2G5, 
Hale,  Edward  Everett,  Gl. 
Hale,  Johu  P..  51. 
Haliburtou,  Thomas  C,  19. 
Halidon  Hili,  battle,  17:^. 
Hall,  Capt..  Arctic  exp  ,  88. 
Halleck,  l'^tz-Greene,41. 
Halleck,  Gen.,  57,^0. 
Ualpiue.  Charles  G.,  (M. 
Hamot,  Bey,  iiaclia.  •27:-5. 
Hauiilcar  Harca,  '278,  274. 
Haiiiilton,  A  ,  i:>,  4(i,  44,  4'J. 
*•  Hamlet  "  publisiied,  178. 
Hamlin,  Hannibal,  52. 
Hampden,  John,  178,  179. 
ilancock,  John,  11,38. 
HancocJi,  Winflcld  S.,  02. 
Handel,  (ieorj^e  F.,  227. 
Handel  and  Hay<lM  Soc.,  50. 
Hiindel'a  "  Messiali,"  18:1 
Hannibal  and  .St.  Jo.  K.  K.,  77. 
Hannibal,  278,  274. 
Hanover,  I'J.i,  22M. 
Hanover  C.  Jlou.sc,  battle,  7y. 
Hanseatic  Leajjut,  U'A'>. 
Hanson,  Jolin,  35. 
Hapsburg,  Houne  of,  14'.>. 
Jlanllng,  Chester,  42. 
Hardrada,  Harold,  222. 
Har^'reavcs  di.sc.  >:<jid,  281. 
H.irlera  Klv.,  bil<l;re, 'J8. 
Harold  II.,  king,  172. 
Harper,  James,  44. 
Harper's  Ft-rry,  1.1,  4G,  77,  80. 
Jhirptr'n   Weekly,  7»;. 
Harrison,  Benjamin,  «;<J. 
Harrison,  Wm.  H.,  17,  53. 
HarU',  Franci.s  Brt-t,  Gl>. 
Hartford  Convention,  5(5. 
Harvard  ColK'Ke,  5. 
Harvard,  .John,  3,  5. 
Harvesters,  automatic,  ss. 


Harvey,  William,  177,  17s. 

Hasdrabal,  274. 

Hassan,  gov.  of  Egypt,  274. 

Hastings,  battle,  172. 

Hastings,  Warren,  ISC,  2«;i. 

Hatcher's  Hun,  bat.,  KJ,  S4. 

Havana,  28,  30.31. 

Hawaii,  104,  112,2M,2f<2. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John,  177. 

Hawley,  Josepli  li.,gfn.,  (i'l. 

Hawthorne,  Natiianiel,  4y. 

Haydn,  Joseph,  147. 

Hayes,  I.  1.,  explorer,  l»4. 

Hayes,  Kutlierlord  B.,  <>1,  1)1. 

Haynau  <lef.  Hungarians,  204. 

Hayne,  Paul  H.,(i5. 

llayne,  Rob.  Y.,  speech,  64. 

Hayti,  W.I.,  I'io,  12»i. 

Heat,  latent,  disc,  ls4. 

Hecker,  Isaac  T..  59. 

"  Heglra,"  the,  2.'»5. 

Helen,  abduction  of,  193. 

Heligoland,  109. 

Hellenes  in  I'elopon.,  192. 

"  Hell  (iate  '  blown  up,  91. 

Helmholtz,  Hermann  von,  1(;9. 

Helvetia,  24(;-24.h. 

Hendricks,  Thomas  A..  60. 

Hengist  founds  Kent,  171. 

Henry,  Patrick,  II,  16. 

Henry,  Prince,  navigator,  225. 

Henry  I.,  k.of  England,  172; 
Henry  11.  (Phmtagcnel), 
172;  Henry  III.,  173;  Henry 
IV.,  174;  lUnry  V.,  174; 
Henry  VI.,  174,  175;  Henry 
VII.,  175;  Henry  VIII.,  175. 

Henry  I.  of  Germany  (the 
Fowler),  165,  235;  Henry 
111.,  166;  Henry  IV.,  166, 
209. 

Henry  III.  of  France,  158; 
Henry  IV.,  ir>8. 

Henry  the  Lion,  150. 

Henry  the  Proud.  235. 

Merbiirt,  George,  17s. 

Ilenulaneum,  dis.  of,  219. 

Hermann,  or  -Vrmlnlus,  165. 

Hernamle/,,  Insur.  of,  146. 

Herod,  King,  264. 

Heroiiotus,  194. 

Hcrschel,  Sir  John,  lb6. 


300 


INDEX, 


Herschel,  Sir  William,  183. 
Herzegovina ,  199,  200,  251. 
Hesiod,  poet,  193. 
Hesse,  200. 
Hesse-Cassel,  200. 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  2C0,  228. 
Hezekiah,  Kiug,  264. 
Hibbius,  Auue,  witch,  6. 
Highland  dress  prohib.,  183. 
Hildreth,  liichard,  hist.,  51. 
Hill,  Ambrose  1'.,  gen.,  62. 
Hiucks,  Sir  Francis,  19. 
Hipparchus,  astron.,  196. 
Hirara,  Kiug,  268. 
Hirsch,  liaron,  233, 
Hitchcock,  Edward,  43. 
Hoang-Ho.,    inundation,    259. 
Hoar,  Ebeut  zer  K.,  57. 
Hoar,  Ueoige  F.,  senator,  63. 
Hoar,  Samuel,  71. 
Hoe,  Eichard  M.,  inv.,  54,  73. 
Holbi'in,  Hans,  166. 
Holland,  200-203. 
Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  52. 
Holt,  Joseph,  104. 
Holy  Alliance  formed,  231. 
"  Holy  Catholic  League,"  15S. 
Holy  Cross  College,  71. 
Homer,  193. 
"  Homer's  Iliad,"  182. 
Homildon,  Scots  def .,  174. 
Honduras,  120,  121. 
Honduras,  British,  122. 
Hong-Kong,  258. 
Hong-Koi}g  Gazette,  259. 
Hood,  Gen.,  84,  92. 
Hooker,  Joseph,  56.  81. 
"  Hooks  "  and  "  Codfish,"  201. 
Hoosac  Tunnel,  89. 
Hopkins,  Esek,  com.,  9. 
Hopkins,  Mark, 48. 
Hojikins,  Stephen,  9. 
Hopkinson,  Francis,  12. 
Hopkinson,  Joseph,  17. 
Hopper,  Isaac  T.,  Quaker,  17. 
Hoppin,  Augnslus,  107. 
Horace,  poet,  207. 
Horace  Mann  Scliool,87. 
Hornet     capt.     Peacock,     55; 

capt.  Penguin, ,%. 
Hosmer,  Harriet  G,  64. 
Hospital  at  Phil.,  14. 


Hotel  Windsor  burnt,  114. 
Hotspur  killed,  174. 
Houghton,  Dr.  Geo.  H.,  110. 
Houston,  Samuel,  43,  68. 
Howard,  John,  182. 
Howard,  Oliver  O.,  gen.,  G4. 
Howe,  British  gen.,  32. 
Howe,  Elias,70,  86. 
Howe,  Julia  Ward,  59. 
Howe,  Samuel  G.,  48. 
Howe,  Sir  Joseph,  21. 
Howells,  William  D.,  68. 
Huascar  sur.  to  Brit  ,  144. 
Huayna  Ccapac,  inca,  142. 
Hubertsburg,  peace  ol,  228. 
Hudson  Bay  Territory,  21,  26. 
Hudson,  Henry,  3. 
Hudson  River  R.  R.,  74. 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  180. 
Hughes,  Thomas,  192. 
Hugo,  Victor,  death,  164. 
Huguenots  in  Va.,  8. 
Hugues,  Victor,  Fr.  Gui.,  140. 
Hull,  Isaac,  com.,  18. 
Hull,  John,  mintmaster,  n. 
Humbert,  Prince.  '411,  212,  213. 
Humbert  br.  ov.  Tiber,  213. 
Humboldt,  Friederich,  228. 
Humboldt,  Karl  W  .  von,  228. 
Hume,  David,  182. 
Hungary,  147-150,  167.  203-205. 
Hunniades,  John,  204. 
Huns,  229,  246. 
Hunter,  Archibald.  279. 
Hunter,  John,  physician,  188. 
Huntington,  Samuel,  10,  34. 
Huron  wrecked,  92. 
Huss.  John,  burnt,  l.'iS. 
Hussites  in  Saxony,  235. 
Hutchinson,  Anne,  5. 
Huxley,  Thomas  H.,  188. 
Hyacinthe,  Pere,  162. 
Hyder  Ali  def.  Brit.,  261. 
Hvgiene,  Conf.  on,  152. 
Hyksos,  the,  276. 
Hypatia  murdered,  277. 

Ibrahim  Pacha,  250,  277, 278. 
Iceland  discovered,  1. 
Icelanders  in  N.  W.  Ter.,  21. 
Idaho  admitted,  99. 
)  Ignatius,  Ch.  Father,  196. 


INDEX. 


301 


Illinois,  27,  52,  58. 

///iMoj,'!,  battleship,  113. 

Illinois  Statf  rniverslty,  76. 

lUuniinatin^'-Kas,  C2. 

Imperial  Tarl.  Gt.  Brit.,  1S6. 

Imprisonment  for  debt,  102. 

Inachus,  k.  of  Argives,  ll>2. 

Income  ami  Property  tax,  189. 

In'lependencc  of  I'.  S.  rec, 
m,  37. 

Intlia,  gov.  tr.  to  crown,  190. 

Indiana,  47,  57. 

Indiana  SUxle  University,  fiO. 

Indian  ralhvav,  tirst,  2r,2. 

Indian  schools,  108. 

Indians,  mortality,  3. 

Indians,  petition  of,  23. 

Intluenz.i  in  Russia,  233. 

Ingersoii,  Robert  G.,  <;»;. 

Intfleslas,  prcs.  C.  Rica,  11'.). 

Inkerman,  Russ.  attack,  231. 

Inman  steamers,  74,  102. 

Innocent  III.,  Pope,  172. 

Inquirer,  Phil.,  64. 

Inquisition,  201,  210,  226,  2.39. 

Insurance  companies,  170. 

Intercolonial  R.  R.  op.,  21. 

Internat.  copyrijrlit,  100,  1S9. 

Inundations  In  Holland,  203. 

lonlans  in  Asia  Minor,  193. 

Iowa  admitted,  72. 

Ip-ns,  l)attle.  2(58. 

Ireland  partitioned  by  Eng- 
land, 172;  Kngllsh  laws  In- 
trodu(^ed,  172. 

Iren:cu8,  Saint,  106. 

Irish  adopt  surnames,  175. 

Irish  Land  Act,  191. 

Irish  local  ^ov.  bill.  V.r2. 

Iron,  galvanized,  74. 

Iron-works,  lirsf,  9. 

Iroquois  ca|»t.  Montreal,  2*;. 

Irving,  Washington,  ;{<;. 

Isa  ic  born,  2t\S. 

Isabella  II.,  Spain,  240,  241. 

Ismail  Hijy,  27:5. 

I. small  Pacha.  271,  27x. 

Isocratcs,  orator,  I'.t.'t. 

Israel,  kingdom,  2rv{. 

Israelites  cross  Red  .Sea,  2<VJ. 

Isthmian  ^ames,  l'j:\. 

Italians,  massacre  of,  100. 


Italy,  205-213. 
Itata  surreixlers,  13.">. 
Ito,  Count,  -HWu 
luka.  Miss.,  battle,  80. 
Ivan  the  Great,  230. 
Ivry,  battle,  158. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  16,  .56,  .58, 60, 

64,  66,  67. 
Jackson,  Charles  T  ,  .50. 
Jackson,  Dr.  (ether),  72. 
Jackson,  Helen  Hunt,  Ho. 
Jackson,  Thomas  J.,  V>2. 
Jacobite  rebellion,  182. 
Jamaica,  2,  125,  126. 
James,  Henry,  Jr.,  70. 
James,  Jesse,  killed,  94. 
James  I.,  k.  of  England,  178; 

James  II.,  1M»,  181;  James 

111.  (Pretender),  182. 
James  I.,  k.  of  Scotland,  174; 

James  III.,  175;  James  IV., 

175;  James  V.,  176. 
Jamestown,  Va.,  3. 
Jatni,  poet,  267. 
Jamleson,  Dr.,  Transvaal,  "280. 
Janissaries,  24k,  249. 
Jansenlsts,  1.59. 
Janus,  Temj)le  of,  20<;,  207. 
Japan,  265.  266. 
Japanese  Embassy,  88. 
./(tru  captured,  .54. 
Jay,  John,  13, :«,  4.5. 
.Imnnette,  92,  a3,  '.>4. 
Jedda,  mas.  of  Chris.,  2.50. 
Jelferson,  Joseph,  M. 
Jeirerson,  Thomas.   12,  38,  4.5, 

4^,  50. 
Jehoshai.hat,  263. 
Jena,  buttle,  KK). 
Jen»boani,  2'>;;. 
•lerome  of  Prague  burnt,  1.53. 
Jerrold,  Douglas,  187. 
Jerusalem,  2<U. 
Jesuits,    25,    120,    131,   1.37.   1.38, 

1.59,    ir,.s,  20'.>,  212,  219,  2J6, 

230.  247.  2.5.S. 
Jesus  Christ,  birth.  207,  2W. 
Jews.  129,  131.  172,  173,  20.5,  2.34. 

239.  242,  'H'>f<. 
•loan  of  Arc,  1.57. 
Johanni  II.,  271. 


302 


INDEX. 


John,  elector  of  Saxony,  236. 
John,  King,  slain,  153. 
John  George,  Sax.,  '236. 
John  I.  the  Great,  •22;y. 
John  IV.,  D.  of  Braganza,  226. 
Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  86. 
Johnson,  Andrew,  52,  84,  86. 
Johnson,  Gen.,  suit.,  85. 
Johnson,  Kevercly,  45. 
Johnson,  Richard  M.,  35. 
Johnson,  Sanmel,  182. 
Johnson's  "  Diet.,"  184. 
Johnston,  Albert  S.,  49. 
Johnston,  Joseph  E.,  51. 
Johnston,  J.  W.,21. 
Johnstown,  Pa.,  flood,  99. 
Joliet  in  Iowa,  26. 
Jones,  Inigo,  177. 
Jones,  Margaret,  witeh,  6. 
Jones,  Paul,  13,  34. 
Jones,  Sir  \>llliam,  183. 
Jonson,  Ben,  177. 
Joseph  II.,  emperor,  167. 
Joseph  in  Egypt,  263,  276. 
Josephine  divorced,  160. 
Joshua  conq.  Canaan,  263. 
Journal  of  Education,^. 
Jovellanos,  Parag.,  141. 
Juan  Fernandez,  isl.,  135. 
Juarez,  B.,  Mex.,  116, 117. 
Jubilee,  Pope's,  213. 
Judah,  kingdom,  263. 
Judea,  263,  264. 
Judson,  Adoniram,  40. 
Julian,  emperor,  209,267. 
Julius  II.  conq.  Romagna,209. 
Jumbo,  elephant,  in  N.  Y.,  94. 
"Junius,"  Letters  of,  184. 
Junius  Brutus,  205. 
Junot  def.  in  Spain,  226. 
Justinian  code,  198. 
Juvenal,  satirist,  207. 

Kaffirs,  revolt  of,  280. 

Kaio  Chau  taken.  260. 

Kalakaua,  D.,  King,  90,  282. 

Kaleidoscope  invented,  188. 

Kam^hameha,  King.  281;  II., 
visits  London,  -282;  III., 
proniul.  const.,  282;  IV., 
marriage  of.  282. 

Kane,  Dr.,  74, 76. 


1  Kansas,  75,  7<>,  78. 
Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  75. 
Kant,  Iramanuel,  167. 
Kapiolani,  q.,  in  Eng.,  282, 
Kara  George,  237. 
Kars,  Turks  def.,  249. 
Kauffmann,  Gen.,  d.,  233. 
Kaulbach,  Wilhelm  von,  228. 
Kean,  Edmund,  186. 
Kearney,  Denis,  impris.,  93. 
Kearsarge  and  Alabama,  83. 
Kearsarge  and  Kentucky,  ba^ 

tleships,  launched,  111. 
Kearsarge  wrecked,  103. 
Keats,  John,  186. 
Keble,  John,  186. 
Kelley,  W.  D.,  death,  99. 
Kellogg,  Clara  L.,  70,  78. 
Kemble,  Charles,  185. 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  bat.,  83» 
Kcnnedv,  John  P.,  44. 
Kentucky,  17,  39,  42,  91. 
Kepler,  Johann,  252. 
Kettle  Creek,  Ga.,  bat.,  33. 
Key,  Francis  S.,  33. 
Khasim,  Yemenite  chief,  256. 
Khiva  captured,  232. 
Khodynski,  disaster,  234. 
Khyber  pass,  254. 
Kidd,  Capt.,  hanged,  8. 
Kieft.  William,  gov.,  5. 
KiUiecrankie,  battle,  181. 
Kilpatrick,  Hugh  J.,  67. 
King,  Horatio.  109. 
King,  Rufus.  vice-pres.,  14. 
King,  Thomas  Starr,  62. 
King,  William  R.,  38,  74. 
King  Philip's  war,  7. 
King's  Col.,  Camb.,  175. 
King's  Col. .Windsor,  N.  S.,19. 
"King's  Daughters,"  96. 
King's  Mountain,  bat.,  35. 
Kipling,  Rudyard,  191. 
Kirke,  Sir  David,  25. 
Kirkland,  rear-adm.,  113. 
Klapka,  Gen.,  death.  205. 
Klondike  miners,  110. 
Kneller,  Sir  Godfrey,  227. 
Knights  of  Labor,  Phil.,  87. 
Knights  of  St.  John.  176. 
Knights  Templars,  157. 
Knox,  Henry,  gen.,  13. 


INDEX. 


303 


Knox,  John,  175. 
Kolln,  battle,  22ii. 
Konieh,  battle,  2o0,  277. 
Kiiiilggriitz,  battle,  148. 
Koran,  •2r>.'). 
Korea,  '205,  '2C6. 
Kosciusko,  2*24. 
Kossuth,  L.,  74,  '204,  205. 
Koszta,  Martin,  aOair,  75. 
Koull  Khan,  2(51. 
Krai)otkine,  Demetrius,  2:J2. 
Krliger,  Paul,  '280. 
Kublal  Khan,  258. 

I/ibor  bureau.  Belgium,  153 
Labor  Day,  104. 
Labrador  discovered,  2. 
Ladislas,  k.  of  IJohemia,  154. 
Ladidlas,  k.  of  Hungary,  2u4. 
Ladisias  VI.,  slain,  22.'5. 
Ladrones,  U.  S.  Hag  at,  112. 
Laeken,  castle  of,  152. 
Lafayette,  82,  «!2,  67,  id,  164. 
Lake  Champlaln,  27,  32. 
Lake  George,  l)atfle,  14. 
Lake  Uegillus.  i)atik-.  205. 
Lamar,  L.  Q.  ('.,  death,  102. 
Lamartine,  death,  1(;2. 
Land>,  Charles,  1k5. 
Landor,  Walter  Savage,  185. 
Landseer,  .Sir  Kdwin,  187. 
Laufranc,  anihbishop,  172. 
Laugevin,  Sir  Hector  L.,23. 
Langlon,  Stephen,  archb.,  173. 
Lanier,  .Siiliicy.  7". 
Lansclowne,  Mar<iuls  of,  22. 
Laot-se,  rellgi<jn  ot.  258. 
Larcom,  Lucy,  <*3. 
Lanlner,  DIonysiuB,  18<!. 
La  ilochefoiH-a'uhl,  15ti. 
La  S«lle,  25.  20. 
Las  Cttsas,  2;{'.». 
Lathrop,  (icorge  !'.,  Ill 
Latimer  f»urnt,  170. 
Latin  l'.U»le.  Ilrst,  h<r,. 
Laud,  anhbishon,  17'.l. 
Laurens,  Col.  .Jofui,  'M'>. 
Laurlcr,  Sir  Wilfred,  2it, 
Laval,  bishop,  2.5. 
Laveleye,  Kmilr  de,  1.52. 
La  Vendee,  war  In,  l.5». 
Law,  Geo.,  Ilnaiicler,  1.5i»,  l.'^2. 


Lawrence,  Abbott,  42. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  38. 
Lawrence,  James,  com  ,  35. 
Lawrence,  Kan.,  capt.,  70. 
Lawrence,  Sir  Thomas,  185. 
Lead-mining  in  Am.,4(i. 
Ledru-Uollin,  death,  103. 
Lee,  Ann,  f'r  Shakers,  II. 
Lee,  Arthur,  diplom.,  12. 
Lee,  Charles,  gen.,  34. 
Lee,  Fitzhugh,  30,  31,  112. 
Lee,  Francis  L.,  11. 
Lee,  Henrv.  14. 
Lbl-,  Hichard  Henry,  11. 
Lee,  Robert  K.,  51,  79.  84. 
Legal  Trnik-r  Act,  88. 
Legion  of  Honor,  160, 
Leibnitz,  Itaron,  167. 
Leif  Ericsson,  1. 
Leip>lc,  237;  battle,  167. 
Leland  Stanford  Univ.,  101. 
Lely,  Sir  Peter,  201. 
Lenox  Public  Library,  Kb. 
Leo  XIII.,  Pope,  212.  213. 
Leonidas  at  Thermopyhe,  194. 
/Ao/xird,  Hrit.  frlg-ite,  51. 
Leopold,  Marg.  of  Bay.,  150. 
LcopoM,  Prince,  iJl. 
Leopold  II..  k.of  I5.I..152. 
Leopold  of  Hohenzolltrn,  241. 
Leopold  uf  S.-Coburg.  151,  152 
Lepanio,  battle,  222,  249. 
Lesseps,  Fenlinand  de,  104. 
I  evant  <-aptured.  .5i;. 
Lexington,  battle,  18,  !Ht. 
Lexington,  Mo.,  siege,  79. 
Liu-ini/tun,  stmr.,  burnt,  09. 
Leydrii.John,  slain.  107. 
I.ilxnitnr,  (;5. 
Liberia  founded,  275. 
Llbertv,  slat.  of.  97. 
Liberty  Party,  09. 
Ml)rarv  Assoc,  of  ('.  S  ,  01. 
Lick  ohservatory,  9s. 
Light,  alHjrralloh  of,  ISi;  com- 
position of,  181. 
LlllungChang,  2.59,  .••'.(i. 
Liliuok.ilanl.  <juein,  282. 
Limerick,  capliulatlon,  181. 
Lincoln,  A...52.  7H.M-2,  84. 
Lincoln  Monument,  90. 
Llnd,  .lennv.  73. 


304 


INDEX. 


Linnjeus  fd's  R.  Acad.,  245. 

Linotype  machioe,  98. 

Li6bOD,-2.25,  226,  2-27. 

Li3sa,  naval  bat.,  211. 

Liszt,  Franz,  204. 

Lithographic  printing,  59. 

Lithuania,  224. 

Little  Belt,  warship,  53. 

Livermore,  Mary  A.,  61. 

Livingston^  Philip,  9. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  13, 

Livingstone,  David,  275. 

Livy, 207. 

Locke,  David  R.,  98. 

Locke,  John,  17S. 

"  Loco-focos,"  67. 

Locomotive,  first,  U.  S.,  G5. 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  73. 

Logan,  John  A..  63,  110. 

Logan,  Mary,  45. 

Logan,  Sir  \Vm.  E.,  19. 

Logarithms  in  v.,  17b'. 

Lollards,  pers.  of,  174. 

Lombardy,  215,  216. 

Londonderry,  siege,  181. 

London  Gazette,  ISO. 

London  Times,  1S6. 

London  Uuiveisitv,  188. 

Long,  John  D.,  69,"  111. 

Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  51. 

Long  Parliament,  17b. 

Longstreet,  James,  60,  82. 

Lougworth,  Nicholas,  36. 

Lookout  Mountain,  bat.,  82. 

Lopez,  N.,  exped.  of,  73. 

Lopez,  pres.  Par.,  141. 

Lopez,  v.,  pres.  A.  R.,  128. 

Lome,  Marquis  of,  21. 

Lorraine,  Duke  of,  204. 

Lossing,  B.J. ,  hist.,  101. 

Lothair,  D.  of  Saxony,  235. 

Louis,  Prince,  of  Ba'den,  204. 

Louisburg,  capt.,  13,  27. 

Louis  (le  Debonnaire),  165. 

Louis  of  Hungarv,  223. 

Louis  Philippe,  161. 

Louis  the  German,  235. 

Louis  the  Great,  204. 

Louis  VII.,  of  France,  157; 
Louis  YIII.,  157;  Louis  IX., 
157;  Louis  XII.,  216;  Louis 
XIV.,  158;  Louis  XVI.,  159; 


Louis     XVII.,     160;      Louis 

XVIII.,  161. 
Louisiana,  3,  28,  29,  47,  49,  54, 

78. 

Louisiana  State  Lottery,  104. 

L'Ouverture,  Toussaint,  126. 

Lovejoy,  Elijah  P.,  umr.,  66. 

Lovelace,  Francis,  gov.,  7. 

Low  Countries,  147,  202. 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  50. 

Lowell,  John,  47. 

Loyola  f  ds  Soc.  of  Jesus,  239. 

Lucan,  poet,  207. 

Lucknow  besieged,  262. 

Lucretia,  rape  of,  205. 

Lucretius,  poet,  206. 

Ludwig,  Archduke  Karl,  150. 

Luis  I.,  Portugal,  227. 

Luitpold,  Prince,  151. 

Luudy's  Lane,  battle,  56. 

Lusitauiaus  conquered,  225. 

Luther,    Martin,    166;    monu- 
ment at  Worms,  168. 

Lutheranism  in  Sweden,  244. 

Lutheran  Reformation,  166. 

Liitzen,  battle,  236. 

Luxembui'g,  203. 

Lycurgus,  lawgiver,  193. 

Lyon,  Xatiianiel,  gen.,  59. 

Lysippus,  sculptor,  196. 

Lytton,  Bulwer,  187. 

Macaulay,  T.  B..186. 
Macbeth,  k.  of  Scot.,  171. 
Maccabees,  264. 
Macdonald,  Sir  John,  20,  23. 
Macedon,  206. 
Macedonian  captured, 54. 
Macedonian  wars,  206. 
Maceo,  Gen.,  30. 
Machiavelli,  Niccolo,  214. 
Mackenzie,  Alexander,  23. 
Maclise,  Daniel.  187. 
Macready  riot,  72. 
Madison,  James,  13,  52,  55. 
Madras  founded,  261. 
Madrid,  bishop,  assas.,  243. 
Mairellan,141,269. 
Magenta,  battle  of,  148,  162. 
Magna  Charta,  173. 
Magnus  III.  killed,  222. 
Magyars  set.  Hungary,  203. 


iNi)i:x. 


305 


Mahan,  AlfredT.,  6;i. 
Mahdi,  tlie  prophet,  '278. 
Mahimid  Ghuznl,  2f;(». 
Mahomet  II..  1%,  iyj<,  237. 
Mahomet  IV..  249. 
Mahralta  power,  201. 
Maiue,  3,  7,  8,  2G,  S'J,  60. 
.VrtiHC,  battleship,  30,  111. 
"  Maine  Law,"  74. 
MalachI,  204. 

Malcohn  IV.,  of  Scot.,  172. 
Malietoa,  k.  ol  Samoa,  282. 
Mamelukes,  24H,  277.      . 
Mammoth  Cave,  52. 
3Iana6sas,  battle,  80. 
MancheBter  fehip-caual,  191. 
Waiu'lui  Tatars,  258. 
Manco,  inca,  142. 
Maneptah,  Pharaoh,  276, 
Manila,  112, 113,  26!«,  270. 
Manin,  Daniel,  222. 
Manitoba,  21,  24. 
Mann,  Horace,  45. 
Manning.  (:ar<linaMS7. 
Mantinca,  battle,  l'J5. 
Maranliatn,  col.  at,  \M. 
ftlarathon,  battle.  I'.M,  267. 
Marat  stabbed,  l.'i'J. 
Marble  quarrieil  in  Vf  .  9'). 
Marcelliis  con(|.  Mihin,  216. 
Marco  Polo,  2.')«i. 
Marcus  AnrelluB,  208. 
Marcy,  Wm.  L.,  39. 
Marengo,  battle,  160. 
Margaret  of  Dttninark,  l.V). 
Margaret  of  Norway,  173. 
Maria,  Queen,  of  Port.,  226. 
Maria  Christina  of  Aust.,  242. 
Maria  Louise  in.  Nap., UX). 
Maria  7'<  r<'.t«,  crulBcr,  113. 
Maria  Theresa,  Anst.,  147,  202. 
Marie,  Grand  DucIicbh,  232. 
Mniic  Antoinette,  l.V.K 
Marine  <-r)rp3  org.,  46. 
Marion.  Francis,  g«Mi.,  II. 
Maronltps,  revolt,  2.')1. 
Maroon  war,  126. 
Maninetle.  r..  26. 
Marsh.  (;eo.  P..  philol.,4S. 
Marshall,  .lohn,  jurist,  14. 
Marela  Tour,  battle,  162. 
Maraton  Moor,  battle,  179. 


Martel.  Charles,  rules,  157. 

Mariiai,  poet,  207. 

Martini. jue,  W.  I.,  125. 

Mary,  i\.  of  England,  176.  l&L 

Mary,  (j.  of  Seots,  176,  177. 

Maryland,  5,  10. 

Maryland  Hist.  Soc,  71. 

.Mason,  Capt.  John,  5. 

Mason,  Lowell,  42. 

.Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  15. 

Mason  and  Slidell,  79, 

Massachusetts,  4,  5,  8,  18. 

Mass.  Agrlcult.  Col.,  86, 

.Mass.  Emigrant  Aid  Soc,  75. 

Mass.  Inst,  of  Technology,  85. 

.Massacre  In  China,  259  ;'  Ire- 
land, 178;  Paris,  159;  St. 
Bartholomew,  l.')8. 

Massasoit,  treaty  with,  4. 

Masseua,  226,  240. 

Malaafa  and  Tamntese,  282, 

-Matanzas  bombarded,  30. 

Mather,  Cotton,  7. 

Mather,  Increase,  5. 

Mathew,  Father,  ls9. 

.Maupassant,  ileaih,  164. 

Maurice,  elector  Saxony,  2^56. 

Maurice,  staillholder,  201. 

.Maury,  Matthew  F.,  ")(». 

M  a  vrocordato,  Alexander,  197. 

Maximilian,  emperor,  116. 

Ma.ximilian  L,246. 

Maxlmlllan-Joseiih  I.,  l.'d. 

Maximllian-.Jo>eph  II.,  i:>I. 

Maximilian  the  (.real,  151. 

Mai/floiri'r,  Pilgrim  ship,  4. 

.yfai/floin  r  wliisciip,  97. 

Maynooth  Col..  ls<;,  189. 

.Ma//.lnl,2Ht.  211. 

M'Alpln.  Kenneth,  171. 

.Mac.Mahon.  Marshal,  163,  164. 

Mad'herson,  Jas.  H  ,  G^J. 

McClellan,  (ieo.  It.,  i'ui,  78. 

McChisky,  .lohn,  car.,  96. 

McCorinick  reap»*r.  67. 

McCosh,. lames,  KC. 

McCulloch,  John,  'm;. 

McDonahl,  Alex.,  12-2. 

McDonal.l.  W.C..2J. 

McDonoiigh,  Com.,  6t'>. 

McDonouKh,  Thomas,  37. 

McDowell,  Irvlu,  58. 


306 


INDEX. 


McGee,  Thos.  D'Arcy,  21. 
McKane,  John  Y.,  104. 
McKeau,  Thomas,  35. 
McKinley,  Wm.,  70,  109,  111, 

112, 113. 
McKinley  Tariff  Bill,  100. 
Meade,  George  G.,  57,  81. 
Mechanical  patent,  first,  41. 
Medical  Revoaitory,  45. 
Medical  So'c,  first,  16. 
Medici,  influence  of,  214. 
Medill,  Joseph,  ed.,  114. 
Mehemet  Ali,  256,  269,  277. 
MehemetII.,249. 
Mejia,  Gen.,  115, 116. 
Melanchthon,  Philip,  236. 
Melbourne  founded,  280. 
Melegnano,  battle,  148,  162. 
Melgarejo,  diet.  Bol.,  130. 
Memnonites  in  Kansas,  90. 
Memorial  Day,  86. 
Menander,  poet,  195. 
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,  167. 
Mendoza,  Andres  H.  dc,  143. 
Mendoza,  Antonio  de,  142. 
Menelek,  k.  of  Shoa,  271. 
Menendez,  pres.,  124. 
3Ienes,  lawgiver,  275. 
Mercedes,  Queen,  242. 
Merodach-baladan  II.,  257. 
Merrimac  and  Monitor,  79. 
Merrltt,  Gen.,  105,  270. 
Merwan,  Caliph,  255. 
Messcnian  wars,  193. 
Messina,  219,  220. 
Meteors,  great  display,  66. 
Methodism,  rise  of,  183. 
Methodist  Episc.  Ch.,  38,  71. 
Methodist  Soc,  first,  16. 
Metternich,  Prince,  148. 
Metternich,  Richard,  149. 
Metz,  surrender  of,  163. 
Mexico,  1,2,28,29,72,  114-117 
Michael,  Prince,  assas.,  237. 
Michigan,  7.  50,  68. 
Middleton,  SirF.  D.,  25. 
Midhat  Pacha,  death,  251. 
Mifflin,  Thomas,  37. 
Milan,  216,  217. 
Milan,King,  237,  238. 
Miles,  Nelson  A.,  31,69. 
Mil,  Order  of  Loy.  Leg.,  84. 


Militia,  42,  46. 
Mill,  John  Stuart,  187. 
Millais,  Sir  John  E.,  192. 
Miller,  Hugh,  187. 
Miller,  Wm.  (Millerites),  35. 
Mill  River  val.  disaster,  90. 
Mills,  Clark,  sculptor,  5<i. 
Milmore  Martin,  72. 
Miltiades,  Gen.,  194. 
Milton,  John,  178. 
Ming  dynasty,  258. 
Minghetti,  Marco,  death,  212. 
Minnesota  admitted,  76. 
Mints,  6,  28,67,115. 
Mirabeau,  death,  159. 
Miramou  shot,  116. 
Missolonghi  taken,  197. 
Missouri,  54,  60,  83. 
Missouri  Comp.  Bill,  60. 
Mississippi,  46,  57,  58,  78,  107. 
Mitchell,  Donald  G.,  61. 
Mitchell,  Maria,  58. 
Mobile  captured,  83. 
Mobilization  U.  S.  Army,  111. 
Modoc  war  in  Cal.,  89. 
Moguls,  260,  261. 
Mohammed,  255. 
Mohammedans,  239,  257,  260, 

267,  269. 
Mohammed  I.,  239. 
Mohatz,  battle,  204. 
"  Molly  Maguires,"  91. 
Moltke,  von,  marshal,  169. 
Monachism  in  Egypt,  277. 
Monasteries,  176, 198,  240. 
Monck,  Lord,  viceroy,  20. 
Mongol  dynasty,  258. 
Mongols,  267. 
Monitor  founders,  80. 
Monitor  lauuchevl,  107. 
Monmouth,  battle,  33. 
Monmouth,  Duke  of,  181. 
Monocacv,  Md.,  battle,  83. 
Monroe,  James,  15,  57. 
"  Monroe  Doctrine,"  61. 
Montana  admitted,  99. 
Montana  University,  100. 
Montcalm  killed,  15. 
Mont  Cenis  Tunnel,  163. 
Montebello,  148,  162. 
Montenegro,  2.50,  251. 
Monterey  surrenders,  115, 


INDEX. 


3U7 


Montevideo,  127,  145. 
Montezuma,  114. 
Mont^'ollh.'r  hios.,  159. 
Montgomery,  den.,  18. 
Moutrcal,  1.),  li^.H). 
Montserrat.  W.  I.,  125. 
Montt,  J.,  pros.  Chile,  l;J5. 
Moody,  DwlKlit  L.fk^. 
Moore,  Richard,  j,'OV.,  124. 
Moore,  sir  John,  iM«. 
Moore,  Thomas,  1S5. 
Moors,  2-25,  2:W,  240. 
Moraes,  Priidentc  de,  1.3:i. 
Morales,  jires.  of  Jiol.,  l:io 
Morale.",  I'ro.spero,  Ciua.,  120. 
Moravian  lirethren,  2.S«i. 
Morea  roiKjuered,  24S, 
Moreno,  (i.  G.,  Kciia.,  137. 
Morgan,     Wm.     (Freemason) 

63. 
Morgarten,  bat.,  147,  240. 
Mormon,  15.  of,  (.5;  Temi)ic,  70. 
Mormons,  76,  102. 
Morocco,  ir.l,24:{,  272,  27:5. 
Morphy,  P.,  chess  playt-r,  05. 
Morrill, . I ii-slin  .S.,  114. 
Morrill,  Lot  M.,  94. 
Morrill  TariO  Ulll,  77. 
Morris,  Charles,  «'om.,  37. 
Morris,  Geo.  1'.,  poet,  4S. 
Morris,  Gouvernenr,  13. 
Morris,  Kohert,  11,3.5. 
Morris,  Wm.,  poet,  192. 
Morse,  Jedidiah,  15. 
Morse,  Samuel  F.  B.,  41. 
Morton,  Dr.  (ether),  .50,  72. 
Morton,  regent  of  Scot.,  177. 
Moscow,  2:iO,  2.;i. 
Mofics  horn,  2'i.3. 
Motley.  John  l..,55. 
Moultrie,  Wm.,  gen.,  10. 
Mountain  Mi-adow  Mhhh.,  7'>. 
Mount  llolvokc  Coll  ,  <>-'^ 
Mount  St.  Kfarys  Coll.,  (;4. 
Mouravli-IT,224,  231. 
Mo/art,  Wfdfgang  A.,  ir.7. 
*'  Muckers,"  Gcrnuin,  132. 
Murat,  Joachln.Z-JO. 
MurfrccHhorough,  battle,  80. 
Murlllo,  240. 

Murray,  John,  Univ.,  12. 
Murray,  i.lndley,  13. 


Mustapha  II.  deposed,  24"J. 
Musuruft  I'acha,  251. 
Myron,  sculptor,  104. 

Nahonadius,  King,  257. 
Nahonassar,  2.57. 
Nabopolatsar,  King,  257. 
Nadir  Shah,  2.54. 
Nadodd  tiie  Norseman,  1. 
Niifels,  l.altle,  246. 
Nagasaki,  265. 
Nana  .Sahib,  2*12. 
Nansen,  Fridtjof,  223. 
Napier,  Sir  Robert,  271. 
Napoleon,  160,  161. 
Napoleon  II.,  160. 
Napoleon  111.,  llf.,  161,  163. 
Narborough,  Sir  John,  141. 
Narva,  battle,  245. 
Narvaez,  Marshal,  241. 
Naseby,  battle,  170. 
Nashville     caitt.    liuena    Ven- 
tura, 30. 
Nasr-ed-Din,  Fhah,  26S. 
Natalie,  Queen,  Servia,  238. 
Natchez,  26,  27. 
National  Ac^ad.  of  Art,  .54. 

Acad,  of  Science,  81. 

r.ank,  66. 

Rankruptcv  Bill,  86. 

Board  of  ifealth,  •^2. 

Bureau  of  Labor,  05. 

Coll.  for  Deaf  Mutes,  82. 

currency  provided,  81. 

<lcbt,  67. 

Dep't  of  Labor,  08. 

(iailery,  Lond(»n,  180. 

Liberty  rartv,70. 

Mil.  Park  atShlloh.  105. 

Mil.  Park  at  Chickamauga, 
100. 

Scandin.ivlan  Society,  245. 

Soldiers'  Home,  Togus,  W.. 
Naturall/.atloM,  44,  46,  4s,  2iO. 
"Nautical  Almanuc,"  184. 
Navarlno,  balll«',  250. 
Navarre  an.  to  Fr.,  1.5S. 
Navigation  laws,  103. 
Naxos  built,  21M. 
Nebraska  admilte<l,  so. 
Nebraska  Central  Coll.,  96. 
Nebuchadnezzar,  257,  264. 


308 


INDEX. 


Xecho  II.,  of  Egypt,  276. 
Nectanebes  II.,  276. 
Negroes,  enlistment  of,  SO. 
Nehemiah,  264. 
Nelson,  Horatio,  1S4, 1S6, 1S7. 
Nenianva,  Stephen,  237. 
Nepos, 'Cornelius,  206. 
Neptune,  planet,  disc,  190. 
Nero,  emp.,  208. 
Nerva,  emp.,  208. 
Nesselrode,  chancellor,  232, 
Nestorian  Christians,  258. 
Nestorius,  patriarch,  198. 
Netherlands,  200-203. 
Neutrality  Act,  43, 44. 
Neutrals,  rights  of,  152. 
Nevada  admitted,  83. 
Nevis,  W.  I.,  set.,  125. 
New  Brunswick,  15,  20. 
Newbury,  battle,  179. 
Newcomen,  Thomas,  181. 
Newfoundland,  3,  4, 10,  19,  21, 

22,  23. 
New  Hampshire  set.,  4. 
New  Haven  set.,  5. 
New  Jersey,  4,  7. 
New  Mexico,  73. 
New  Netherlands,  7. 
New  Orleans,  27,  49,  79. 
New  Orleans,  steamboat,  .53. 
Newspaper  stamp  abol.,  190. 
Newton,  John,  gen.,  61,  96. 
Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  179. 
New  York,  7,  8,  67,  84,  108. 

Daily  Tribune,  70. 

Gazette,  10. 

Herald,  67. 

Post,  48. 

Sanitary  Com.  Fair,  82. 

Stock  Exchange,  panic,  89. 

Sun,  66. 

Times,  74. 

World,  78. 
Ney,  Marshal,  shot,  161. 
Nez  Perces  Indians,  91. 
Ngami,  Lake,  disc,  275. 
Niasrara  Falls,  bridges,  20,22; 
French    at,    26;    reserva- 
tion, 95. 
Nicrea  conquered,  248. 
Nicaragua,  122,  123. 
Nicaragua  Canal  Co.,  103, 123. 


Nice,  council  at,  208. 
Nicholas,  cesarevitch,  232. 
Nicholas  I.,  emp.  Kussia,  231. 
Nicholas  II.,  Czar,  234. 
Nicolls,  hichard,  gov.,  7. 
Nieva,  Conde  de,  Feru,  143. 
Nightingale,  Florence,  188. 
Nihilism,  232,  233,234. 
Mle,  battle  of  the,  186. 
Nimegueu,  peace  of,  202. 
Nimrod,  or  Belus,  256. 
Ninus,  k.  of  Assyria,  256. 
Nipsic,  Vandal ia,  and  Trenton 

wrecked  at  Samoa,  282. 
Non-intercour&e  act,  52. 
Nordenskjold,  Prof.,  245. 
Normans,  157, 170, 171. 
North  and  South  Dakota,  99. 
North  Carolina,  6,  9, 13,  78. 
North  Dakota  University,  95. 
Northeast  pass,  disc,  245. 
Northern  Pacific  R.  E.,  87,  94. 
North  Sea  canal,  169. 
Northumbria  founded,  171. 
Northwest  Ter..  22,  39. 
Norway,  222,  223. 
Nunez,  R.,  Colom.,  136. 
Nunez,  Vasco,138. 
Nurses,  army,  pensioned,  102. 
Xuttall,  Thomas,  38. 
Nye,  Edgar  W.,  107. 

Gates,  Titus,  180. 
Obligado,  gov.  B.  Ayres,  128. 
O'Brien,  Smith,  insur.,  lyO. 
Observatorv,  first  in  U.  S.,  67. 
O'Connell,  Daniel,  185,  189. 
Octavius,  emp.,  207. 
Odaenathus,  269. 
Odd  Fellows,  60, 113. 
Odessa  bombarded,  231. 
Odoacer  takes  Rome,  209. 
O'Donnell,  Mar.,  240,  241. 
CEcumenical  Council,  210. 
Oglethorpe  set.  Georgia,  11. 
Ogvzes,  deluge  of,  192. 
Ohio,  27,  49. 
Ohio  River,  flood,  94;   bridge 

over,  91 ,  97,  100. 
Oleda  visits  Colombia,  136. 
Oklahoma,  98,  101,  l(i2. 
Olaf  estab.  Chris.,  222,  244. 


INDKX. 


oU'J 


"Old  Age"  pension,  2j;1.  i 

Oldcastle,  Sir  .John,  174.  I 

"Old  Pretender,"  death,  184. 

Old  Testament,  rev.  ver.,  95.      I 

Olmsted,  Frederick  L.,61. 

Olustec,  Fla.,  battle, 82. 

Olvmpiad,  llrst,  IW. 

Olympic  games,  11«,  197. 

Omar  Khavyam,  •J»J7. 

Omar  Pacha,  a.'il,  255. 

O'Neal,  Shane,  177. 

Oneitla  Community,  72. 

Ontario,  first  steamer  on  Great 
Lakes,  57. 

Opium,  97,  2.58. 

Oporto,  22<J,  227. 

Orange  Free  State,  280. 

Orangemen,  riots,  22.' 

Order  of  the  Black  Eagle,  22S;  ' 
of  Cincinnati,  37;    of    Po- 
cahontas, 70. 

Oregon,  batik-ship,  111,  112. 

Oregon  admitted,  77. 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle,  71. 

Origen,  Church  Father,  liW. 

"Origin  of  Species,"  190. 

Orslul  conspiracy,  1»j2. 

Osciir  1.,  k.  of  Swe.,  223,  245, 

Osceola,  Seminole  chief,  (is. 

Oslrtafcn  III.,  276. 

Ostcnd  Manifesto,  75. 

Ostracism,  law  of,  liU. 

Oswego  canal,  Hi. 

Othman  rules  Aral)la,  255. 

otho,  emperor,  20s. 

Otho  I.  crowned,  IW,  209. 

Otho  II.  con<i.  Lorraine,  im. 

Otho  of  I5avaria,  197. 

Otho  the  Illustrious,  151. 

Otis,  James,  orator,  10. 

Ottawa,  20. 

Otterburn,  battle,  174. 

Oltocar  I.  of  I5oh.,  l.VJ;  Otto 
car  II.,  I f).!.  I 

Ottoman  empire  founded,  24S.  , 

Olio  the  Illustrious,  2:S5. 

Ou«le,  war  In,  202. 

Ovlil,2o7. 

Oxygen  die.  by  Priestley,  185. 

Pacific,  steamer,  lost,  70,  90. 
Paclllc  railway  contract,  2^2. 


Page,  Wm.,  artist,  96. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  10. 

Painu,  Thomas,  18. 

Pahi'ologus,  Michael,  198. 

Palermo  taken,  220. 

Palestro,  battle,  162. 

Paley,  William,  183. 

Palfrey,  John  (j.,45. 

Palmerston.  Lord,  185. 

Palmyra,  269. 

Palo  Alta,  battle,  115. 

Pamir  frontier  dispute,  255. 

Panama  canal,  136,  164,  165; 
railroad,  75;  settled,  28. 

Pan-American  Congress,  99. 

Pan-Amer.  Med.  Cong.,  103. 

Panathenaau  games,  193. 

Panic,  linan.,  68,  76. 

Paper  duty  abolished,  190. 

Paper-mill,  lirst  In  Am,,  8. 

Pajier  money,  lirst  in  Am.,  9. 

Papineau  rebellion,  20. 

Paraguay,  140,  141. 

Pardo,  Manuel,  Peru,  144. 

Paris,  capitulation  of,  16.3. 

Paris,  Comtc  dc,  death,  164. 

Park,  Mungo,  27."). 

Parker,  Theodore,  53. 

Parkhurst,  Dr.  C.  H.,  103. 

Parkman,  Francis,  61. 

Parliament,  Knglish.org.,  173; 
Great  lirltaln,  181 ;  Japa- 
nese, 2«"><i;  Turkish,  251. 

Parnell,  Charles  S.,  liK). 

Parrhaslus,  195. 

Parsons,  Thcophilus,  45. 

Parsons,  Thomas  W.,  5'J. 

Parthians,  257,  26'.t, 

Parton,  .lames,  tieath,  101, 

Pa>c;il,  IWalse,  i:>8, 

Pasteur,  Louis.  164,  165. 

Patagonia,  141,  142. 

I'atrick,  >t  .  in  Ireland,  171. 

PattI,  Adeilna.  77. 

i'aul.einp.  Uusstn,2:!I. 

Paiddliig,  lliram,  :tdm.,  46. 

Paulding,  .lames  K.,  M. 

Pauslas  of  Slcvon,  I9.'i. 

Payne,  .lolin  llow.-ird,  4J,  '.M. 

Peabody,  (Jeortfc,  44. 

Peaboily  Inst.,  liallimore,  85. 

Peace  Conf.  (civ.  war),  84. 


310 


INDEX. 


Peace  Jubilee  (musical),  87. 
Peacock  captured,  55. 
Peale,  Rembrandt,  33. 
Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  bat.,  79. 
Peary,  Lieut.,  101, 103. 
Peasants'  wars,  166. 
Pedro  I.,  enip.  Brazil,  131. 
Pedro  II.,  enip.  Bra.,  131,  133. 
Pedro  v.,  Port.,  -2=1^,  -l-ll. 
Peel,  Sir  Robert,  186. 
Peerage  al^ol.  in  Fr.,  161. 
Peirce,  Benjamin,  52. 
Peiwar  pass,  254. 
Pekah,  k.  of  Israel,  264. 
Peking,  258,  259. 
Pelasgi  in  Peloponnesus.  192. 
Pelissier,  marshal,  d.,  162. 
Peloponnesian  war,  195. 
Peniberton  Mills,  Mass.,  77. 
Penguin  captured,  56. 
Penn,  William,  7,  8,  9,  179. 
Pennsylvania,  6. 

Acad,  of  Fine  Arts,  51. 

Bank  of,  34. 

State  Capitol  burnt,  109. 
Penny  postage,  189, 192. 
Pension  Bill,  99. 
Pensions,  58,  102. 
Peonage  in  New  Mex.,  86. 
People's  Party,  Kan.,  100. 
Pepin  the  Short,  157. 
Pepperell,  Sir  Wm.,  8. 
Pepys,  Samuel,  178. 
Pequot  war,  5. 
Pera,  great  fire,  251. 
Percival,  James  G.,  44. 
Perez,  Santiago,  Col.,  136. 
Pericles,  194. 
Perrv,  Com.,  55, 115,  265. 
Perry,  Matthew  C.  43. 
Perry,  Oliver  H.,  38. 
Perryville,  Ky.,  battle,  80. 
Persia,  266-268. 
Peru,  129,  142-145. 
Pestilence  in  Poland,  224. 
Peter  II.  (Russ.)  dep.,  230. 
Peter  III.  (Russ.)  mur.,  230. 
Peter  the  Great,  230. 
Petersburg,  mine  expl.,  !Ni. 
Petrarch,  Francesco,  214. 
Petroleum,  72. 
Pheidon,  sculptor,  193. 


Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart,  71. 
Phidias,  sculptor,  195. 
Philadelphia,  9,  36,  71;    City 

Directory,     38;     Sanitary 

Fair,  83. 
Philadelphia,  frigate,  49. 
Philip,  King,  Indian,  7. 
Philip  I.,  of  Spain,  147. 
Philip  II.,  of  Sp.,  201,  226,  239. 
Philip  III.,  ban.  Moors,  240. 
Philip  of  Macedou,  195. 
Philip  the  Magnanimous,  200. 
Philip  v.,  h.  of  Bourbon,  240. 
Philippi,  battle,  207. 
Philippine  Islands,  269,  270. 
Phillips  Academy,  35. 
Phillips,  Adelaide,  66. 
Phillips,  Wendell,  53,  68. 
Philological  Cong.,  Phil.,  105. 
Phipps,  Sir  Wm.,  8. 
Phcebe  CA\)t.  Essex,  55. 
Pha:>nician  letters,  193. 
Phonograph,  81,92. 
Piastus,  d.  of  Poland,  223. 
Piazza  di  San  Marco,  222. 
Picts  and  Scots,  170, 171. 
Pierce,  Franklin,  49,  74. 
Pierolas,  Nicolas  de,  144. 
Pierpont,  John,  38. 
Pilgrim  Fathers,  4, 178. 
"  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  180. 
Pillager  Indians,  113. 
Pillory,  punish,  abol.,  189. 
Pinckney,  Charles,  15. 
Pin9on,  Vincent  Yaues,  130. 
Pinzon,  admiral,  143. 
Pioneer  J'ress,  .St.  Paul,  76. 
Pirates,  depredations  by,  118. 
Pisa,  217. 

Pisistratus,  the  tyra»t,  194. 
Pitt,  William,  182. 
Pittsburg  Landing,  battle,  79. 
Pius  IX.,  Pope,  210,  212. 
Pizarro, 137. 142. 
Placilla,  battle,  135. 
Pla)itaaenet,  sea-fight,  56. 
Plataja'^,  battle,  194. 
Plato,  195. 

Plautius  founds  London,  170. 
Plautus,  Marcus,  206. 
Pleasanton,  Alfred,  62, 104. 
Plebeians,  205,  206. 


[NDEX. 


311 


Pliny  the  cMcr,  207. 
Pliny  the  younger,  '20S. 
Plunger,  torpeuo  boat,  1 10. 
Plutarch, 196. 
Po,  inundations,  212. 
Pocahontas,  8. 

Podiebratl,  Geo.,  k.  Boh.,  1.54. 
Poc,  Edgar  Alhm,  5.5. 
Polctiere,  l>attle,  157. 
Poland,  22;i-22r>. 
Polaris's  crew  rescued,  89. 
Poles,  Vi2,  203,  22.=). 
Polk,  James  K.,  4."),  71. 
Pollock,  .^Ir  George,  2.54. 
Polycarp,  Church  Father,  196, 
Polygamy,  SO,  100. 
Polygnot'us,  19.'). 
Pompeii,  excavations,  219. 
Pompey,  207,  -Itis,  HA. 
Ponce  de  Leon,  Juan,  2. 
Pontiac  war.  In. 
Pontius  IMIate,  264. 
Poole,  Wm.  F.,  lib.,  104. 
Poor  Richard' n  Ahnanuc,  11. 
Pope,  Alexander,  181. 
Pope,  Gen.,  61,  80. 
Porcelain,  manuf.  of,  2.36. 
Porter,  David,  com.,  34. 
Porter,  David  D.,  adm.,  b:>. 
Porter,  Noah,  .')3. 
Port  Hudson,  siege,  hi. 
Portland,  stnir.,  lofct.  111. 
Porto  Rico,  30,  31. 
Port  Koyal.  2."). 
Port  Royal,  Jamaica,  12G, 
Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  S,  2(5. 
Portugal,  22.5-227. 
Portuguese,  'HMt. 
Postal  cjinls  Isf-ucd,  89. 
Postal  Cong,  at  Heme,  248. 
Postal  money  order,  83. 
Post-Oflice,  44,  47,  .5;$. 
Savings  Hanks,  190. 
Potato  cro|),  falhne  of,  190. 
Ponghkeepsle  bridge,  98. 
Powder,  Fiiiokcless,  101. 
Powers,  Hiram,  .50. 
Powhatan,  sachem,  4. 
Prado,  Mariano,  Peru,  143. 
Praga  pnckeil,  224. 
Pragmatic  Sanrtion,  166,204. 
Prague,  battle,  154,  228. 


Prague  founded,  1.53. 
Pra.xiteles,  195. 
Prel)le,  Kdward,  com.,  15. 
Presbyterianism  in  S«-ot.,  177. 
Prescott,  Wm.,  col.,  10. 
Prescott,  Wm.,  historian,  45. 
President,  frigate,  ;"»;$,  56. 
President,  stmr..  lost,  r.9. 
Presidential  Elect.  Com.,  91. 
Presiflential  euece.'^slon,  96. 
Press,  freedom  abol.,  241. 
Preston,  battle,  l.'*^. 
Prestonpans,  battle,  is;}. 
Price  inv.  Missouri,  8."}. 
Priesthood,  augurs,  etc.,  205. 
Prim,  Gen.,  241. 
Prince,  Thomas,  divine.  8. 
Prince  PMward  Island,  21. 
Prince  of  Orange,  181. 
Prince  of  Wale.-?,  20,  173,  189, 

191. 
Princeton,  battle,  .32. 
Princeton,  e.\|)losion  on,  71. 
Princeton  College,  13. 
Princeton  Universitv,  107. 
I'rinting  in  China,  258. 
Printing-press,  8,  15H. 
Privateering,  18,  46. 
Prize-tlghting,  107. 
Protestant  Episc.  Ch,,  80. 
Prot.  League  of  Sn)aicaldc,li;7. 
Protestantism  in  Eng.,  17f'. 
Protestants  in  Abyst^iula,  271. 
Proudhon,  I*.  J.,  162. 
Prussia,  227-229. 
I'samnjctichus  L,  276. 
Ptolemy  I.,  k.  Egypt,  276. 
I'tolemy  obs.  eclipses,  257. 
Ptolemy  Soter,  264. 
Public  Lll)rary,  Home,  206. 
Pul,  Assyria,  2.56,  2.57,  263. 
Pulaski,Count,  .{2.  .{4. 
Pullman,  George  M.,  77,110. 
Pullman  Car  Co.,  li>4. 
Pultowa,  battle,  245. 
Puniacagua,  J'eruv.  chief,  143. 
Punic  wars,  20<;,  273,  274. 
I'urittm  wins  cup,  \*'>. 
Putnam,  Inraei,  gen.,  9. 
Putei.im,  Rufus,  gen.,  12. 
Pythagorns,  \'M. 
Pythian  games,  IKl. 


312 


INDEX. 


Quakers  in  Boston,  6. 
Quarantine  Act,  first,  8. 
Quebec,  25,  27. 
Quebec,  battle,  15. 
Queen's  Jubilee,  191, 192. 
Queensland  a  prov.,  281. 
Queenstown,  battle,  54. 
Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls 

Park,  95. 
Quincy,  Josiah,  17. 
Quincy,  Josiah,  Jr.,  13. 
Quintilian,  207. 
Quitman,  Gen.,  116. 

Rachel,  Mile.,  162. 
Racine,  Jean,  158. 
Raders,  Baron  von,  139. 
Railroads,  63,  73,  85,  197,  248, 

259,  265,  268. 
Raines  liquor  law,  107. 
Rainey,  J.  H.,  88. 
Rain-uiaking,  100, 101. 
Raleigh,  Walter,  3,  138, 176. 
Rameses  II.,  276. 
Rameses  III.,  276. 
Ramillies,  def.  of  Fr.,  1.59. 
Ramsour's  Mills,  bat.,  34. 
Randolph,  John,  17,  63. 
Randolph,  Peyton,  10. 
Rangoon  taken,  261. 
Rauke,  Leopold  von,  168. 
Rasle,  Father  Sebastian,  10. 
Raymond,  Henry  J.,  60. 
Read.  Thomas  B.,  poet,  61. 
Rebellion  in  Ireland,  186. 
Reciprocity,  23, 103. 
Reconstruction  Act.  86. 
Red  Cross  Assoc,  93. 
Red  Jacket,  Sen.  chief,  65. 
Red  Repul^licans,  161,  242. 
Ree  1,  Thomas  B.,  69,  99. 
Reformation,  177,  236,245,252. 
Reformed  Dutch  Church,  5. 
Reformed  Epis.  Church,  89. 
Registry  of  vessels,  100. 
Reichstag,  168, 169. 
Reid,  Samuel  C,  37. 
Reid,  Whitelaw,  68. 
Reiiui  Regente  sunk,  243. 
Jicindeer  captured,  55. 
Reindeer  for  Alaska,  111. 
Rembrandt,  Paul,  201. 


Remington  type-u-riters.  89. 

Renan,  Ernest,  death,  164. 

Republican  Nat.  Conv.,  76, 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  bat.,  115. 

Revels,  Hiram  R.,  88. 

Revere,  Paul,  11. 

Revere  R.  R.  accid.,  88. 

Reynolds,  J.  F.,  gen.,  60. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  182. 

Rhode  Island,  battle,  33. 

Rhode  Island  settled,  5. 

Rhodes,  Cecil,  279. 

Rhodes  taken,  249. 

Rialto  bridge,  222. 

Rialto  seat  of  gov.,  221. 

Ribault,  Jean,  3. 

Richard  I.,  k.  of  England,  172; 
Richard  II.,  174;  Richard 
HI.,  17.5. 

Richelieu,  Cardinal,  158. 

Richmond,  12,  84;  Capitol,  88. 

Ridley  burnt,  176. 

Riel,  Louis  David,  22. 

Rienzi,  Nicola  di,  209. 

Riff  tribe.  Moors,  273. 

Rigaud,  Philippe  de,  gov.,  27. 
i  Rinderpest  in  England,  191. 
I  Riots,  20.  22,  71,  72,  81,  91,  96, 
103,  113,  120,   129,   1.35,  144, 
I  169,  205,  213,  243,  244,  2.51. 

I  Ripley,  George,  48. 

Kisby,  John,  Lollard,  174. 
I  Ritcliie.  Sir  Wm.,  23. 

Rivadavia,  pres.,  127. 

Riviera  founded,  118. 
I  Rizzio,  David,  mur.,  177. 
i  Roach,  John,  shipbuilder,  97. 
\  Roanoke  Island,  bat.,  79. 
I  Robert  II.,  k.  of  Scot.,  174. 
I  Roberts,  Gen.,  254. 

Robespien-e  executed,  158. 

Robinson,  John  C,  109. 

"  Robinson  Crusoe,"  182. 
'  Roca,  pres.,  128, 129. 
I  Rocafuerte,  Vic,  Ecua.,  137. 

Rochefort  sentenced,  164. 

Rochelle,  siege,  1.58. 

Rodgers,  George  W.,  39,  61. 

Rodgers,  John,  17. 

Rodney,  adm.,  in  Guiana,  139. 

Rodrigo,  Cid,  2:39. 

Rodrigo,  last  Gothic  k.,  239. 


INDEX. 


313 


Rodriguez,  prc3„  119. 
Roger  I.  Count  of  Sicily,  21i«. 
Roger  II.  k.  Two  Sicilies,  '219. 
Rogers,  Joiin,  sculptor, G4. 
Rogers,  R;iu<lolpli,  <!2. 
Rogers,  Wni.  A.,  astron.,  111. 
Rolliu,  Cliarles,  hist.,  180, 
Roman  C.  Kinanc.  Act,  189. 
Roman  Catb.  Iiier.,  190,203. 
Rome,  2<)0,  2(t5-210. 
Romulus  builtls  Rome,  205. 
RoDtgen  rays,  24.  150. 
Roosevelt,  Theo'lore,  77,  ll;i. 
Rosa,  Salvator,2l9. 
Rosas,  iD  Arg.  Kep.,128. 
Rosbach,  battle,  228. 
Rose,  Joiin,  jurist,  20. 
Rosccrans,  Uen.,  59,  80,  81. 
Roses,  War.-?  of  the,  175. 
Roslindak*  li.  R.  acci.,97. 
Rossettl,  Chiistina,  1S9. 
Rossettl,  Dante  <;al)ricl,  188. 
Rossettl,  Gabriel,  185. 
Rossettl,  William  M.,  1^9. 
Rossini,  Gioaccliinio,  20'.». 
Rouen,  tratlers  from,  140. 
Roun<lhea<l  an<l  Cavalier,  179. 
Rousseau,  Jean  Jaccjues,  159. 
Rowan,  Stepben  C  ,  52 
Itoyal  Acad,  of  Arts,  184. 
Royal  Can.  Arad.  of  Arts,  21. 
Royal  George  sunk,  185. 
Royal  Irish  Acatlemy,  18<;. 
Royal  So<;.  of  London,  180. 
Roval  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales.  281. 
Rubens,  I'eter  Paul.  201. 
Rubinstein,  Anton,  2.S4. 
Rudolph.  Crown  I'rince,  149. 
Rudoipii  of  Ilapsburg,  lt;<;. 
Rumford,  Henj.  T.,  count,  14. 
••  Rump,"  expulsion  of,  179. 
Rum  problli.  in  (.Georgia,  11. 
UuinHey,  .James,  12,  S8. 
Rupert's  Land,  21. 
Ruric  the  Norman,  229. 
liush    Ki(hard.:U. 
Ituskln,  Jolni,  l^s. 
Russtdl,  .John  11..  in-.*. 
Kussell,  Lord  .I..lin.  18<;,  189. 
Kus.seli,  Lor.l  William.  1.-^. 
Russell,  William  K.,  108. 
Russia,  K-.2,  2.'9-2J:.. 


Rutgers  College,  17. 
Ryswlck,  peace,  158,  It; 


,  202. 


Sabine  Cross  Roads,  bat.,  82. 

Sablnes  take  Home,  205. 

Sacrillces  to  gods,  l'.t2. 

Sadducees,  sect  of,  2td. 

Sadl-Carnot,  prcs.,  104. 

Sadowa,  battle,  148. 

Saens-Pcna,  pres.,  129. 

Safetv  lamp  invented,  1S8. 

Sagasta,  prime  rain.,  242,  243. 

St.  Adalbert  slain,  227. 

•St.  Andrew's  University,  175. 

St.  Augustine,  3,  28. 

St.  Hartholomevv,  125,  12(;. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  39. 

St.  Clair  Tunnel,  23. 

St.  Domingo,  W.  I.,  12(3. 

St.  Kustatlus,  W.I.,125. 

St.  Uaudeus,  Augustus,  73. 

St.  Gothard  Railway,  248. 

St.  Gothard  Tunnel,  248. 

St.  Helena,  Napoleon  at,  ICl. 

.St.  Jacob's,  battle,  24(J. 

St.  John.  W.  I.,  Danes  in.  12U. 

St.  John's  College,  ISld.,  37. 

St.  Kitt's,  W.  1.,  settled,  125. 

St.  Lawrence,  brhlge  over,  22. 

St.  Lu.ia,  W.  I.,  125. 

St.  Martin,  W.  I.,  set.,  125. 

St.  Paul  in  Rome,  208. 

St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  180. 

St.  Peter,  death,  208. 

St.  Petersburg  founded,  230. 

St.  Peter's  Church,  209. 

St.  Regis,  llirht  at,  .54. 

St.  .Sophia  dedicated.  198. 

St.  Stanlhlau.H  murdered,  223. 

St.  Thomas,  W.  1.,  Danes  lu, 

126. 
St.  Ursula  convent,  07. 
St.  Vincent,  W.  1.,  120. 
Salad4n,2.55. 
Salamis.  battle.  194. 
Sall<iuo  law,  157, '240. 
Salles,  Campos.  Hrazll,  IS3. 
Sallust.  historian.  2»m;. 
Salmon  Kails   N    IL,  set.,  20. 
Salt,  manuf.  of  39. 
Salt  LakeCltv,72;  t<>mple.  102. 
Saltonstall,  Sir  Klchanl,  0. 


3U 


INDEX. 


Salvation  Army,  92, 102. 

Saniarcand  takeu,  232. 

Samaria  besieged,  268. 

Samas-Kimmon  II.,  256. 

Samuite  wars,  206. 

Samoa,  282. 

Samoset,  Indian,  4. 

Sampson,  Com.,  30,  111,  112. 

Sanchez,  Gen.,  Hond.,  129, 

Saucho  Inigo,  239. 

San  Francisco,  74,  78. 

Sail  Francisco  founders,  75. 

Sanitary  Commission,  78. 

San  Juan  Islands,  i^9. 

San  Salvador,  123, 124. 

Santa  Ana,  prea.,  115, 117. 

Santa  Cruz,  W.  1.,  125,  126. 

Santa  Cruz  rules  Bol.,  129. 

Santa  Maria,  Domingo,  134. 

Santander.consp.of,  Col.,  136. 

Santiago,  30,  31, 118. 

Sanzio,  Raphael,  209. 

Sapor  II.,  king,  267. 

Saracens,  239,  255,  269,  277. 

Saratoga,  battle,  32. 

Sardinia,  218. 

Sargon,  King,  257. 
Sarmatian  slaves  rev.,  209. 
Saskatchewan,  N.  W.  Ter.,  22. 
Sassanides  dynasty,  267. 
Satolli,  Mgr..  106. 
Saul,  King,  263. 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  19,  25. 
Savannah,  Ca.,  founded,  11. 
Savannah,  steamship,  59. 
Savings  banks,  57, 187. 
Savonarola  burnt,  214. 
Saxe,  John  G.,  57. 
Saxons  in  liritain,  235. 
Saxony,  235-237. 
Sayle,  W.,gov.,  7. 
Scandinavian  Society,  245. 
Schaflf,  Philip,  58. 
Schamyl,  Circass.  chief,  232. 
Schenk,  Carl,  death,  248. 
Scherifs  in  Morocco,  272. 
Schiflner,  Herr,  129. 
Schiller,  Joh.  C.  F.  von,  167. 
Schleswig-Holstein,  156. 
Schlev,  Com.,  Ill,  113. 
Schciffer,  Peter,  166. 
Schofleld,  Gen.,  65,  98. 


Schoolcraft,  Henry  U.,  43,  66. 
Schooners  lirst  built,  9. 
Schubert,  Franz,  148. 
Schumann,  Robert,  167. 
Schurz,  Carl,  64. 
Schwartz,  Christian  F.,  261. 
Scinde  war,  261. 
Scio,  sea-fight  near,  249. 
Scipio,  274. 
Scipio  Africanus,  206. 
Scobeleflf,  Gen.,  death,  233. 
Scotch-Irish  in  N.H.,  9. 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  185. 
Scott,  \yinfiel(l,  39,  75, 115. 
Screw  propeller,  first,  71. 
Sea-fight,  first  recorded,  193. 
Sebastian,  King,  death,  226. 
Sebastopol  Harbor,  231. 
Sedan,  battle,  163. 
Sedgemoor,  battle,  180. 
Sedgwick,  Catherine  M.,  40. 
Sedgwick,  John,  gen.,  55. 
Seleucus,  Xicator,  257,  267. 
Selim  I.,  249,  256,  277. 
Sella,  Sig.,  finan.  min.,  212. 
Seminarios, Col.,  Peru,  145. 
Seminole  war,  67. 
Semiramiri,  256. 
Sempach,  battle,  246. 
Seneca,  Roman  stoic,  207. 
Sennacherib,  256,  257,  264. 
Sentinel,  first  paper  N.  W.,  42. 
Septuagint,  264. 
Serapis,  temple  of,  277. 
Serfs  emancipated,  156,  232. 
Serrano,  Marshal,  241,  242, 243. 
Servia,  237,  238,  251. 
Seti,  reign  of,  276. 
Seven  Days'  battles,  79. 
Seven  sages  of  Greece,  194. 
Seven  Years'   War,  147,   167, 

2-28,  236. 
Severus  inv.  Caledonia,  170. 
Sewall,  Samuel,  6. 
Seward,  William  H.,  48. 
Sextus  Pompeius,  219. 
Seymour,  Horatio,  96. 
Shadrach  and  Sims,  slaves, 74. 
Shah  Jehan,  reign  of,  261. 
Shakers,  11,  184. 
Shakespeare,  Wm.,  177, 178. 
Shalmaneserll.,  256. 


INDEX. 


815 


Sfuinnoii  capt.  Chesapeake,  55 
Sharp,  Archbishop,  mur.,l(>0. 
Shaw,  H.  W.,  96. 
Shaw,  Lemuel,  jurist,  35. 
Shaw,  Robert  G.,81,  loy. 
Shays,  Daniel,  rebellion,  39. 
Sheep,  merino,  48. 
Shelley,  Percy  IJysshe,  186. 
Shere  All,  ameer,  254. 
Sheridan,  Philip  H.,  65. 
Sheriffmuir,  battle,  isi. 
Sherman,  John,  61,  112. 
Sherman,  Roger,  lo. 
Sherman,  Wm.  T.,  gen.,  60,  84. 
Shiilaber.  Benjamin  1'.,  100. 
Shishak,  k.,  263,276. 
Shogun  (tycoon),  2<)5. 
Short,  Thomas,  jirinter,  9. 
Shrewsbury,  battle,  174. 
Shubrick.  \Vm.  B.,  41. 
Siamese  twins,  90. 
Siberia,  2,30;  exiles  to,  235. 
Sicilian  Vespers,  21".t. 
Sicily  and  Naples,  218-221. 
Sid.lons,  Mrs.,  184. 
Sidney,  Algernon,  exec.,  IHO. 
Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  176,201. 
Siege  of  Corinth,  197. 
Sierra  Leone  settled,  274. 
Sigismond,  John,  elector,  227. 
Slglsmunrl  11.,  reign  of,  22.S. 
Slgismund  of  Boheniii,  I(;6. 
SIgourney,  Ly<lia  H.  11.,  41. 
Sikh  war,  261. 
Slllstrla,  Rush,  def.,249. 
SUllman,  Benjamin,  3.{. 
Sllllman,  Benj.,  Jr.,  57. 
Sllver.Act.H'.f.  (•rrilllcatcs,97; 

colnai^r,  14.'>;  defealed,  ill; 

trade  dollar,  s9,  91. 
Slmms,  Wm.  G.,  .'".1. 
Sims,  Dr.  J.  .Marlon,  94. 
Slnal,  law  jiromul.,  2<l{. 
Sioux  Indians  In  Minn.,  80. 
Slrhlnd  canal,  2<;2. 
Sirius  «-ro.-sc8  Atlantic,  6H. 
Sitting  Bull  killed,  100. 
Six  nations,  12. 
Sixth  Maf^H.  Regiment,  7><. 
Sklold,  tlrst  k.  of  Den.,  VtH. 
Slavery,  29,  W.  7r.,  79,  119,  125, 

126,  129,  132,  203,  ?fll. 


Slaves,  J2,  4,  7,  9,  27,  29,  43,  61, 

74,  75.  79,  118,  1'25,  126,  139, 

189,  209,  223. 
Slave-trade,  27,  47,  73,  79,  83, 

101,   110,  131,   137,  139,  161, 

177,187,240. 
Slocum,  Henry  W.,  6:i,  104. 
Smallpox,  9. 
Smith,  Adam,  18.5. 
Smith,  Capt.  John,  3. 
Smith,  Gerritt,  45. 
Smith,  Joseph  (Mormon),  .50. 
Smith,  Samuel  F.,  52. 
Smith,  Sydney,  185. 
Smith  College,  90. 
Smilhson,  James  L.  M.,  64. 
Smlth.sonlau  Institution,  72. 
Smolensko,  battle,  2:^1. 
Smollett,  Tobias  George,  182. 
Sobleskl,  John,  147,  2(I4,  2-24. 
Socialistic  settrt,  Par.,  141. 
Socialists  In  Germany,  168. 
Soc.  for  Prev.  Cru.  to  An.,  8.5. 
Soc.  for  sup.  slave  trade,  186. 
Society  of  Arts,  London,  184. 
Society  of  Jesus,  239. 
Socrates,  195. 

Solemn  League  and  Gov.,  178. 
Solferlno,  battle,  148,  162. 
Soliviaes  founders,  l;W. 
Soils,  Juan  de,  127,  145. 
Solomon,  King,  2<S. 
Solon,  legislator,  183. 
Solou(|ue,  126. 

Solyman  II.  takes  Buila,  204. 
Souiers,  Sir  Geo.,  In  Ber.,  124. 
Somers,  U.  8.  brig,  70,  72. 
Sonimelsdljk,  gov.  of  Gul.,  139. 
SonderbunrI,  end  of,  247. 
Sonora,  city  disc,  in,  117. 
Sorghum  cane,  75. 
Soto,  De,  in  La.,  3. 
Soto,  Marco  Aurelio,  121. 
Souilan,  27f,  279. 
Soult,  Marshal,  226.  240. 
South  Africa,  279,  280. 
Southampton,  Empress  Dock, 

191. 
South  Carolina,  7,  12,  49,  m;,  78, 

1(«. 
Sonthrni  l.'iilon  SUUon,  114. 
I  South  Dakota,  Hi. 


316 


INDEX. 


South  Mountain,  bat.,  80. 
South  Saxons  in  Brit.,  171. 
South  Sea  Bubble,  182. 
South  Sea  Company,  182. 
Spain,  112,  23S-'^44. 
Spalding,  Martin  J.,  88. 
Spanish  Armada,  177. 
Spanish  l^enin.,  war  in,  160. 
Sparks,  Jared,  40,  64. 
Spartacus  the  gladiator,  207. 
Specie  payment,  90,  92. 
Spectrum  analysis,  190. 
Spencer,  Herbert,  188. 
Spenser,  Edmund,  176. 
Spherical  form  of  earth,  194. 
Spinner,  Gen.  F.  E.,  100. 
Spinning -jenny  in  U.  S.,  38. 
Spiritual  rappings,  73. 
Spottsylvania  C.  H.,  bat.,  82. 
Sprague,  Charles,  42. 
Springfield,  Mo.,  bat.,  79. 
Spurgeon,  Charles  H.,  189. 
Stage  bet.  Boston  and  N.  Y.,  11. 
Stamp  Act,  16, 184. 
Standard  silver  dollars,  106. 
Standard  time,  22,  94. 
Standish,  Miles,  4. 
Stanislaus  abol.  torture,  224. 
Stanley,  Henry  M.,  191,  275. 
Stanley,  Lord,  gov.-gen.,  22. 
Stanto'n,  Edwin  M.,  56. 
Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  .57. 
Star  Chamber,  178. 
Stark,  John,  gen.,  10. 
Star-Route  trial,  94. 
"  Star-spangled  Banner,"  .56. 
State  Agricult.  Coll ,  Kan.,  81. 

University  of  Iowa,  72. 

University  of  Minn.,  87. 

University  of  Missouri,  69. 

University  of  Nebraska,  90. 
•Statuary  dis.  at  Athens,  197. 
Steam-ploughs,  74. 
Steam-vessel  patented,  183. 
Stedman,  Edmund  C,  66. 
Stephen,  first  k.  of  Hun.,  203. 
Stephen  of  Blois,  172. 
Stephens,  Alex.  H.,  54. 
Stephenson,  Robert,  187. 
Stethoscope  Invented,  188. 
Steuben,  Baron,  33. 
Stevens,  Thaddeus,  42. 


Stewart,  Charles,  adm.,  33. 
Stiles,  Ezra,  Yale  Coll.,  10. 
Stockton,  Robert  F.,  44. 
Stoddard,  Richard  H.,  63. 
Stone,  Lucy,  58. 
Stoneman,  George,  gen.,  105. 
"  Stonewall  Jackson,"  f-0. 
Stonington,  Conn.,  bomb.,  56. 
Story,  Joseph,  34. 
Story,  William  \V.,  59. 
Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher,  54. 
Sti-asburg  surrenders,  229. 
Strikes,  91,  94,  96,  100,  102,  104, 

106.  110,   152,  153,   169,  191, 

235, 243. 
Stringham,  Silas  H.,  46. 
Stuart,  Charles  Edward,  183. 
Stuart,  James  E.  B.,  65. 
Stuart,  Prince  Charles,  179. 
Students  rev.  at  Athens,  198. 
Stuyveeant,  Peter,  gov.,  6. 
Sucre,  Gen.,  gov.  Bol.,  129. 
Suetonius,  historian,  208. 
Suevi  conquer  Spain,  238. 
Suez  Canal,  251,  278. 
Sugar-cane,  27,  29. 
Suja  Shah,  254. 
Suleyman  Abu-Jahlr,  255. 
Sumner,  Charles,  53,  76. 
Sun,  motion  of,  180. 
Sunday  schools,  185. 
Surajah  Dowla,  261. 
Suttees  abolished,  261. 
Suwarrow  sacks  Warsaw,  224. 
Svenigorod,  Gen.,  230. 
Sweden,  244,245. 
Swedenborg,  Emanuel,  244. 
Sweyn,  k.  of  Denmark,  171. 
Swift,  Jonathan,  180. 
Swinburne,  Algernon  C,  189. 
Swiss  Guards,  247. 
Switzerland.  246-248. 
Sybel,  Von,  historian,  169. 
Sydney,  Aus.,  founded,  280. 
Sylla,  196,  207. 
Syracuse,  218,  220. 
Syria,  268,  269. 

Table  Rock,  remnant  falls,  97. 
Tacitus,  historian,  208. 
Tae-pings,  rebellion,  259. 
Tahiti,  163,  165. 


INDEX. 


31 


Talne,  H.  A.,  death.  164. 
Talamanca  founded,  118. 
Talisman,  Brit,  bhip,  144. 
Talleyrand,  death,  Kil. 
Tamerlane,  230,  249,  irA,  209. 
Tammany  Society,  40. 
Taney,  Roger  B.",  3_'. 
Tanner,  Dr.,  fasts,  93. 
Tarifa,  battle,  239. 
Tarquin  II.,  liome,  205. 
Tarquinius,  consul,  205. 
Taschereau,  Cardinal,  19. 
Tasso,  Torquato,  213,  219. 
Tatars,  204,  223,  230. 
Tauchnitz,  Baron,  169. 
Taylor,  Bayard,  62. 
Taylor,  Kdward  T.,44. 
Taylor,  (ien.,  Con  fed.,  8.^. 
Taylor,  Zacharv,  37,  73,  IIJ. 
Tea,   lir.st    in     Kngland,    258; 

thrown  overboard,  17. 
Tecumseh,  Indian  chief,  16. 
Telegraph,   68,  71,  190,  232,  268. 
Tel-el-Kebir,  battle,  278. 
Telephone,  149. 
Telescope,  105,  180,   1^6,  217. 
Tell.  William, -246. 
Temple  of  Solomon,  263,  264. 
Tenlers,  David,  201. 
Tennessee,  45,  78, 109. 
Tennv.son,  Alfred,  187. 
Tenure  of  OJlice  Act,  97. 
Terence,  poet,  203. 
Terry,  Alfred  H.,63. 
Terry,  .Iu<lge.  77. 
Teutonh-  knlghf*.  m\,  llli,  '121. 
Tewllk.  khedlve,  278. 
Tewkesbury,  battle,  175. 
Texas,  2*J,  72,  78,  110,  115. 
Te.xel  licet,  202. 
Thackeray,  William  M.,  187. 
Thames  tunnel,  189. 
Thanksgiving,  llrst,  4. 
Thaxtcr,  C»lla,  68. 
Theatres,  14.  43.  53,  61,  91. 
Tlieban  power,  195. 
Thi'bcs«l<stroye<i,  276. 
Themlstoclos,  194. 
Theodore,  King,  271. 
Theodorlc,  219. 
Theodorlc  I.,  238. 
Theodoaius  aidb  Brit.,  170. 


Thermometer,  182,  217. 
Therm opyhe,  pass  of.  1;»4. 
Theseus  In  Athens,  193. 
Thestaly,  197,  251. 
Thiers,  M.,  163. 
Thirty-nine  Articles,  177. 
"  Thirty  Tyrants,"  rule  of,  195. 
Thirty  Years'  War,  167. 
Thomas,  Geo.  H.,  57.  84 
Thomas,  Roi)crt  H.,  16. 
Thomas.  Theodore,  82. 
Thorn p.son,  I.aunt,  66. 
Thompson,  Sir  John  S.  D.,  23. 
Ihorntlnn     Karlsefue     in     K. 

1.,  1. 
Thorwald  in  Vlnland,  1. 
Thorwaldseu,    Albert  Bertel, 

156. 
Thothmes  III.,  Ej^ypt,  276. 
Thucydldes,  historian,  194. 
Thurman,  Allen  G..  106. 
Tiberius,  emperor.  207. 
Tibullus,  poet,  207. 
Tlchborne  case,  191. 
Tlciuus,  def.  of  Komans,  274. 
Ticknor,  George,  41. 
Tidal  wave,  Japan,  •2^')*^>. 
Tiglath  pileser,  256,  268. 
Tlgranes  of  Armenia,  268. 
Tllden,  Samuel  J  ,  55. 
Tllley,  Sir  Leonard.  19. 
Tilsit,  peaceof.  228.  231. 
Timepiece.  Harrison's,  183. 
Times,  Hartfoid,  70. 
Timoleon.  21m. 

Tlmour  tlu*  Tatar,  198,  260,  267. 
Tlppoo  Sahib, 261. 
Titian,  222. 
Titus,  208,  264. 

Titus  Lartlus,  llrst  diet  ,  205. 
Tobacco,  177,  260. 
Tobago,  W.  I.,  81  ttled,  125. 
Todlebcn.  Gen.,  death,  233. 
Toledo,  FYanclsco  de,  143. 
Toledo  liUide,  72. 
Tolstoi',  Count  L^on,  234. 
Toltccrt  In  .Mexic«).  1. 
Tompkins.  Daniel,  57. 
Tonnage  tax.  108. 
Toombs.  Robert,  96. 
Tornadoes,  94. 
Toro,  Mtttco,  gov.  Chile,  134. 


318 


INDEX. 


Toro,  M.  Morillo,  Col.,  136. 

Tortuga,  W.  I.,  125. 

Torture  abol.,  159,  236. 

Tourgee,  Eben,  death,  101. 

Tourgenieff,  funeral,  233. 

Trades  uuioiis,  97. 

Trading-posts,  53. 

Tra?telia,  Olaf ,  222. 

Trafalgar,  vict.  Nelson,  1S7. 

Trajan,  em  p.,  208. 

Trausmississippi  Com.  Cong., 
101. 

Transvaal  Republic,  279. 

Treaties  of  foreign  countries, 
122,  128,  132,  134,  135,  146, 
148,  149,  152,  162,  168,  l(i9, 
190,  211,  212,  213,  223,  226, 
228,  229,  231,  232,  233,  236, 
244,  247,  250,251,  259,  260. 

Treaties  of  United  States  with 
foreign  countries,  33,  36, 
37,38,39,44,  45,  47,  50,  51, 
56,  58,  59,  62,  67,  70,  71,  72, 
73,  75,  77,  79,  87,  101,  102, 
105,  107,  108,  109,  110,  114, 
116,  123,  130,  132,  229,  244, 
259,260,265,282. 

Trebia,  def.  of  Romans,  274. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  battle,  32. 

Trenton  and  Vandalia  wn.,  98. 

Trial  by  jury,  Spain,  243. 

Trial  by  ordeal  abol.,  173. 

Trinity  Coll.,  Cambridge,  176. 

Triple"  Alliance,  169,  180,  182, 
202,213. 

Tripoli,  48,  273. 

Triumvirate,  1st  and  2d,  207. 

Trojan  war,  193. 

Trowbridge,  John  T.,  63. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  12, 16. 

Trumbull,  Lyman,  108. 

Truxtun,  Thomas,  com.,  14. 

Trvon,  Wm.,  gov.,  17. 

Tschaikowsky,  death,  234. 

Tsin  dynasty,  258. 

Tudor,  Frederic,  57. 

Tugeudbund,  formation,  228. 

Tulaue  University,  95. 

Tullaboma  campaign,  81. 

Tunis,  251,  273. 

Tupac  Yupanqui,  Inca,  137. 

Tupper,  Sir  Charles,  19, 24. 


Turcomans,  232,  267. 

Turkey,  167,  248-252. 

Turkish  atrocities,  106;  inva- 
sion, 147. 

Turks  def.  at  Lepanto,  240. 

Turk's  Island,  126. 

Turner,  Joseph  M.  W.,  185. 

Turner,  Nat,  insur.,  65. 

"  TAvain,  Mark,"  67. 

Tweed,  Wm.  M.,  death,  92. 

"  Tweed  Ring  "  frauds,  88. 

Tycho  Bra  he.  155. 

Tyler,  John,  41. 

Tyler,  Rev.  Dr.  Josiah,  106. 

Tyler,  Wat,  174. 

Tyndale's  New  Testament, 
176. 

Tyndall,  John,  188. 

Tyrol  acq.  by  Austria,  147. 

Tyrone,  rebellion  of,  178. 

Ulrica,  Queen,  of  Swe.,  245. 

Ulrich,  Count,  252. 

'« Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  74. 

Underwood,  F.  H.,  104. 

Union  armies,  review,  85. 

Union  flag,  18,  32. 

Union  of  Eng.  and  Scot.,  178, 

181. 
Union  of  Gt.  Brit,  and  Ire., 

186. 
Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  87. 
Unitarians  and  Federals,  127, 

128. 
United  States,  frigate,  54. 
United  States  — 

army  reduced  to  peace  foot- 
ing, 88. 

Bank,  41,  57,  70. 

Capitol,  43. 

Congress,  first,  40. 

declares  war,  54,  56. 

exploring  expedition,  69. 

forts  seized,  78. 

Gov.  rem.  to  Wash.,  47. 

Mint,  39,  42,  74,  75. 

National  Museum,  72. 

Naval  Academy,  71. 

Navv,  43. 

tariff  bill,  first,  40. 
Universalists,  first  soc,  33. 
Universal  Postal  Cong.,  109. 


INDEX. 


319 


Cnlverelty  of  Aberdeen,  175; 
Alabama,  60;  Athens,  1»7; 
California,  87;  CambridKC, 
177;  Coiinbra,  -lir,;  Edin- 
burgh,177;  Evora,*2-J«l;Got- 
tingen,  199;  Kiinigsberg, 
•227;  Louisiana,  75;  Lund, 
244;  Michigan,  70;  Missis- 
sippi,  73;  North  Carolina, 
44;  Oxford.  173,177;  South 
Carolina,  50;  State  of  New 
York,  37;  Tennessee,  44; 
Texas,  at  Austin,  94;  l'])- 
eal,  244;  Veruioni,47;  Vir- 

flnla,  62;  Washington  at 
eattle,  bl;  Wisconsin,  73; 
Wittenberg,  235;  Wyo- 
ming, 98. 

Upshur,  sec.  of  state,  k.,  71. 

Uranus  ar.  in  (Treoce.  192. 

Urlarte,  II.,  pres.,  141. 

Uriburu,  jtres.,  1'29, 

Urquiza,  Arg.  Rep.,  mar.,  128. 

Ursuline  Convent,  26. 

Uruguay,  145. 

Ussher,  Archbishop,  177. 

Utah  admitted,  1%. 

Utrecht,  peace  of,  26,  159, 167, 
202. 

Vaccination,  47,  1^5,  192. 
Valdeniar  I.  and  II.,  155. 
Valdivla  enters  Chile,  133. 
Valley  Forge,  arniv  at,  33. 
Valparaiso,  American  sailors 

In,  101,  135. 
Van  Burcn,  Martin,  36. 
Vancouver  City,  22. 
Vandals,  219.  238. 
Vandcrbllt,  (^ornelius,  43. 
Vanderbllt,  W.  II.,  96. 
Van  Dyck,2Ul. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  IB. 
Van  Tromp,  vict.  of,  2(K,  202. 
Van  Twiller,  Wouter.  5, 
Varna,  battle,  223.  249. 
Vasco  <la  Gama,  2J6,  2«W. 
Vasquez,  pres.,  121. 
Vassar,  Matthew,  42. 
Vega,  Carpio  Feli.x,  239. 
Vega,  GarcllasBo  de  la.  2.39. 
Velasco,  pres.  of  l5ol.,  129. 


Velasquez,  i,  240. 
Vendome  Column,  16;]. 
Venezuela,  106.  108,  145.  140. 
Venice,  221,  222. 
Vera  Cruz,  siege  of.  115. 
Vermont  admitted,  41. 
Verrazzano  In  N.  Y.  bay.  2. 
Verres.  tyrannical  gov.,  219. 
Versailles,  peace  of,  159. 
Vespasian,  emperor,  208. 
Vespucci,  Amerigo,  2,  130. 
Vesuvius,  eruption,  219,  220. 
Vibal.  ruler  of  Para.,  140. 
"  Vicar  of  Wakelield,"  IM. 
Vice-ajilm.,  grade,  estab.,  84. 
Vicksburg,  siege  of.  81. 
Victor,  <luke  of  Savoy,  219. 
Victoria,  Princess.  188. 
Victoria,  gueen,  189,  191,  19-2, 

262. 
Victoria  a  province,  281. 
Victoria  R.  R.  bridge,  2u. 
lictorid  sunk,  22. 
Vienna,  147-150. 
Vigilance  Committee.  74. 
I'igilant  wins  cup,  Kt;}. 
Vimiera,  battle,  226. 
\  lucent,  John  II..  66. 
Vinci,  Leonardo  da,  214. 
Virgil,  207. 
Virginia,  4,  78. 
Virginia  Company.  124. 
I'iri/initts  captured,  29. 
Vlrglnlus  kills  Virginia.  206. 
Viscayn,  Spanish  cruiser,  111. 
Visigoths,  225.  238. 
VitellluH.  emperor,  208. 
Vittorla.  battle.  24o. 
Vladlndr  the  Great,  23u. 
VolUilre,  1.^)8. 

Volunteers,  78,  80,  H2,  83,  84. 
Volunteer  wins  cup,  98. 
Vulcanized  rubber,  69. 

Wade,  Benjamin  F..47. 
Wagner,  Rlchaitl.  Us. 
Wagner's  sleeping-cars,  70. 
Wahhabees,  2.V;. 
Walte,  M.  R.,5«8. 
Waldemar  I.,  Denmark,  244. 
Waldenslans,  252. 
Wales,  Prince  of,  77,  262. 


320 


INDEX. 


Wales  incor.  with  Knp.,  176. 

Walker,  Francis  A.,  69, 108. 

Walker,  Robert  J.,  48. 

Walker,  Wm.,   fililjuster,   75, 
77,118,119,121.123. 

Wallace,  Lewis,  63. 

Wallace,  Wm.,  executed,  173. 

Wallachians,  223. 

Wallenstein,  147.  236. 

Walton,  Izaak,  177. 

Warbeck,  Perkin,  exec  ,  175. 

Ward,  Artemas,  gen.,  lo. 

"  Ward.  Artennis,"  67. 

War  of   Spanish  Succession, 
147,  158,  240. 

Warren,  Gouverneur  K,,  64. 

Warren,  .Joseph,  12. 

Warren,  Wm.,  Jr.,  54. 

Warsaw,  2 -'4,  225. 

Warwick,  Earl  of,  d.,  175. 

Washington,  George,  11, 18,  27, 
32, 37,  40,  42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  70. 

Washington  admitted,  99. 

Washington  College,  Md.,  36. 

Washingtoniau  Temp.  Soc.,69. 
Washington  Incor.  as  city,  48. 
Washington  Monu't,  73,  91,  95. 
Washington's    Farewell    Ad- 
dress, 37. 

Wasp  capt.  Frolic,  54;  Hein. 

deer,  55;  def.  Ai'on,  5(). 
Water-cures  in  U.  S.,  71. 
Waterloo,  battle,  161. 
Waterloo  Bridge,  London,  188. 
Waterville  Coll..  60. 
Watt,  James,  183. 
Watts,  Isaac,  180, 182. 
Wauhatchie.  battle.  82. 
Weather  Bureau,  87,  101. 
Webster,  Daniel,  36,  64,  70. 
Webster,  Noah,  15. 
Webster's  Dictionary,  63. 
Wedgwood ,  Josiah,  18;^. 
Wedmore,  peace  of,  171.  i 

Weed,  Thurlow,  46.  I 

Weights  and  measures,  174.       ! 
Weldon  Railroad,  bat.,  S3. 
Welland  canal.  23. 
Welles,  Gideon,  48. 
Welleslev  College,  Mass.,  90. 
Wellington,  Duke  of,  184,  226, 
240.  261. 


Wells,  David  .\.,  113. 
Wesley,  John,  11, 181, 184, 
Wesleyan  Female  Coll.,  68. 
West,  Benjamin,  12. 
West  Indies,  125, 126. 
West  Indies,  Dutch,  203. 
Westminster  Bridge,  184. 
Westphalia,  199,  200,  247. 
West  Saxons  in  Hritain,  171. 
West  Virginia  admittid.  81. 
West  Virginia  University,  86. 
Weyler,  Gen  ,  30. 
Whaling-ships  lost,  91. 
Whalley,  regicide,  7. 
Wheatley,  Phillis,  14. 
Wheaton,  Henry,  38. 
Wheeler,  Joseph,  112. 
Wheeler,  WilUam  A.,  97. 
"  Whig"  and  "  Tory,"  180. 
Whig  party,  67. 
Whiskev.  44,  iK). 
White,  John  De  Haven,  106. 
White,  Peregrine.  4. 
White,  Richard  Grant.  61. 
Whitelield,  Geo.,  12,  182. 
White  House,  42. 
White  Nile  explored,  278. 
White  Pass  &  Yukon  R.  R.,  113. 
Whitman,  Dr.  Marcus,  70. 
Whitman,  Walt,  59. 
Whitney,  Eli,  16,  43. 
Whitney,  William  D.,  104. 
Whittier,  John  G.,52. 
Wilderness,  Va.,  bat.,  82. 
Wilhelmina,  Queen,  203. 
Wilkes,  Charles,  adm.,  46,  69. 
Willard,  Frances  E.,  69. 
William  and  Mary,  k.,  q.,  181. 
William  and  Mary  Coll.,  8. 
Wm.  George,  k.  Greece,  156. 
William  I.  of  Germanv,  163, 

168,  169,  170;   William  II., 

169,  225. 

William  I.,  Eng.,  172;  William 
II.  (Rufus),  172;  WilUam 
IV.,  189. 

William  I.,  Prussia,  229. 

William  II.,  king  of  Holland, 
203. 

William  H.,  stadtholder,  201. 

Wilham  III.,  k.  Holland,  203. 

WilUam  III,,  stadtholder,  202. 


INDEX. 


321 


wmiaml.  (the  Lion).  172. 
William  of  <  »ranpe  assas.,  201. 
Williams,  John,  miss.,  282. 
Williams,  Roger.  5. 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  bat.,  79. 
WUllamstown,  Va.,  8. 
Wlllibronl,  bishop,  201. 
Willis,  Nathanit'l  \\,M. 
Willoughby  in  Guiana,  138. 
Wilmot,  D.  (Wil.  Proviso),  55. 
Wllmot,  K.  D.,  l'.« 
Wilson,  Alexander,  16. 
Wilson-Gorman     Tariff    Bill, 

104. 
Wilson,  Henry,  ^A. 
Wilson,  John,  48. 
Wilson  Silver  Bill.  103;  tariff 

bill,  103. 
Winchester,  Va.,  bat.,  83. 
WIn«lom,  sec.  of  treas.,  100. 
Winslow,  Edward,  gov.,  5,  H. 
Winslow.  John  A.,  adm.,  63. 
Wlnsor.  Justin,  librarian,  110. 
Wlnthrop,  John,  gov.,  4,  5. 
Winihrop,  John,  Jr.,  gov.,  7. 
Wlnthrop.  Robert  C,  52. 
Wirt.  William,  17. 
Wirz,  Capt.,  han:red,  85. 
Wisconsin  aflmittcil,  73. 
Wisconsin,  battleship,  113. 
Witchcraft  delusion.  8. 
WUlklnd  baptized.  235. 
Woerth,  battle.  Ifi2. 
Wolfe  killed.  15. 
Wollaston,    Mass.,     disaster, 

ir-2. 
Wolsey,  Cardinal,  17.^ 
Woman    perm,  to   prac.    law, 

92. 
Woman's  C'hr.  Temp.  League, 

m. 

Woman's  C'hr.  Temp.   I'nlon, 

101. 

Woman      Suffrage     in     Wyo- 
ming. N7. 
Wfimen  vote  in  K.-insas,  '.W. 
Wood.  Col.,  explores  Kv.,  0. 
Woodbury,  Levi,  40. 
Woodcutters  in  Hon..  122. 
Woodford.  Minister.  112,244. 
Woodworth,  Samuel,  .38. 
Woolscy,  Theodore  D.,  48. 


Worcester,  Joseph  E.,  37. 

Worcester's  Dictionary,  77. 

Worden,  John  L..  adm. ,110. 

Wordsworth,  WilUajn.  18.5. 

Workingmen,  aged.  Ki'.t. 

World's  Fair.  75;  Pari,  of  Re- 
ligions, 103;  Peace  Jubilee, 
8!>;  W.C.  T.  U.,  2.5. 

Wren,  Christopher,  178. 

Wright,  Elizur,  96. 

Wright,  Silas,  44. 

Wurtemberg,  2.V2,  253. 

Wycliffe,  John,  173,  174. 

Wyoming  admitted,  90. 

Wyoming  massacre,  15,  33. 

Xenophon,  195. 
Xeres,  riots  at,  243. 
Xerxes,  194,  267. 
Xinienes,  Cardinal,  239. 

Yakoob  Khan,  2.55. 

Yale,  Klihu,  6. 

Yale  College,  8. 

Yaou  extends  empire,  258. 

Yellow   fever,  2!t,  ^2,  110,  113, 

138. 

Yellowstone  Nat.  Park,  88. 
Yemen  Invaded,  255. 
York,  Cardinal,  187. 
York,  Me.,  attacked,  26. 
York  I  Toronto),  55. 
Young,  Brigham,  48,  76,  88. 
Y«)ung,  John  R.,  114. 
Young,  Sir  John,  21. 
Young.  Sir  William,  19. 
•*  Young  Greek  "  party.  197. 
"Young   Ireland''  paVtv,  189. 
"  Young  Italy  "  party,  2ln. 
Yukon  gold  region,  24,  25. 
Yupan<|id,  incn,  133. 

Zaidlvar,  pres.,  124. 
Zenta,  battle,  204. 
/euxls,  19.'). 

Zlska,  le.oler  Hussites,  153. 
Zola,  M,  trial  of,  KW. 
Zollvereln  forme<l,  Ittfl. 
Zoidoglcal  ."^oc.,  London,  188. 
Zoroaster,  2»t7. 
Zulphen,  battle,  2ol. 
/wlngU,  Uljlch,246. 


5"210  00436  2818 


DATE  DUE 

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NOV     3 

1966  5 

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DEC  12 

1983 

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